Chapter 15 [White mountains and black water soaring wolf smoke]-1

The war between the Ming Dynasty and the "Later Jin" was the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1559). In this year, except for the Japanese pirates on the southeast coast who retaliated wildly because Wang Zhi was trapped and killed by the Ming court and launched a new round of harassment, the rest of the empire was relatively quiet.The Tumen Khan of the Mongolian part began to toss around the Liaohe area in the 37th year of Jiajing. However, Li Chengliang and Qi Jiguang, famous generals in the Ming Dynasty, beat the Mongols hard and played Huairou at the same time. No big flaws.Of course, it was also in the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing that the noble Jurchen slave owner He Shi (known as Takshi in the Qing Dynasty) of Jianzhou Zuowei (now Xinbin, Liaoning) in the Ming Dynasty gave birth to a son with a swollen head and face. Typical Jurchen kid.The child was born with no abnormalities, the cry was not loud, there was no red light in the room, and the little boy stuck out his butt and urinated in the hole, it was nothing more than ordinary.And it just so happens that this Jurchen child who looks like a meat bun is actually one of the gravediggers of the Ming Dynasty.

This child is none other than Nurhachi, the "Taizu of the Qing Dynasty" who will stand shoulder to shoulder with Liu Bang, Li Yuan, Zhao Kuangyin, Kublai Khan, and Zhu Yuanzhang in Chinese history. After the founding of the Qing Dynasty, a bunch of "myths" were compiled, and the "unique talents" of the ancestors of the imperial family were actually 100% nonsense.There is evidence to test that it is the sixth ancestor of Nurhaci, Mengge Timur, who belonged to a ten thousand household at the end of the Yuan Dynasty (so his name is very Mongolian).At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, he was awarded the Commander of the Jianzhou Weidu by the Ming court. It can be said that the whole family has received the deep kindness of the Ming Dynasty.Since it was from this Mongolian-named Jurchen man that the Nurhachi clan made their fortunes, and the Manchu Qing later honored him as "Emperor Xingzuzhi".During the Chenghua period of the Ming Dynasty, the power of the three guards in Jianzhou became stronger and stronger. After the Ming court sent troops to trap and kill Dong Shan, the fifth ancestor of Nurhaci, they ravaged them. decline.As far as Nurhachi’s grandfather, Jue Chang’an, was forced to marry Wang Gao, the strongest Jurchen at that time, for his fourth son, Ta Keshi, to marry Wang Gao’s eldest daughter, Emuqi (the two gave birth to Nurhachi), because of the decline of his family background. The granddaughter (the daughter of his eldest son Li Dun) married Wang Gao's eldest son Atai.

Emuqi died of illness, and Takshi married the daughter of Wangtai, another chief of Jurchen (Nurhachi's stepmother).However, Wang Gao and Wang Tai had a blood feud between their sons and sons, and Jue Changan, Tu Keshi and his son were very close to Wang Tai, and they often acted as eagle dogs for the Ming army to wipe out the Jurchens who were half-hearted about Ming Dynasty. In the sixth year of Wanli (1578), Li Chengliang, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, led an army to wipe out Wang Gao, the Jurchen chief who kept attacking the border areas of the Ming Dynasty. He was arrested and sent to Beijing Lingchi for execution.After Wang Gao's death, his son Atai guarded the ancient city of Fai.Another chief of the Jianzhou Jurchen, Nikan Wailan, together with Jue Changan, Tu Keshi and his son, stood on the side of the Ming army and tricked the Jurchen compatriots in Gufa into surrendering.After the city gate was opened, the Ming army launched a massacre, with the purpose of completely exterminating these rebellious Jurchen barbarians.Jue Chang'an took his son Tu Keshi into the city to find his own granddaughter who was married to Atai, but the Ming army killed them when they saw the big braided head, and both father and son were killed in the confusion.Another possibility is that Li Chengliang, a Ming general of Goryeo blood, had a vicious mind and deliberately sent troops to kill Jue Changan and his son.Therefore, Goryeo Bangzi calculated Juchen Bangmai and won the first round.

The Ming Dynasty apologized for the "manslaughter", condolences to Nurhachi, asked him to take over as the commander of the left guard in Jianzhou, compensated him with 30 horses, and presented 30 imperial edicts (monopoly certificates).The ambitious Nurhachi was weak at the time, suppressed his grief and anger, and accepted the dismissal and compensation.And the "anger of vengeance" must have been burning in his chest. In the tenth year of Wanli (1583), Nurhachi set up an army with thirteen sets of armor left by his father and grandfather, and took the lead in destroying the Jurchen chief Nikan Wailan who led Ming soldiers to besiege Atai, because this person has always been considered the "killer" of Nurhachi's father and ancestor. "True Murderer" one.Nikanwailan was killed, and Nurhaci captured the city of Tulun.Thus, Nurhaci began his 30-year-long war to unify the Jurchen tribes.

From the perspective of major departments, Jurchen has three major parts: Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen, and Savage Jurchen.At that time, they all governed the "Nuer Gandu Division" belonging to the Ming Dynasty.The main body of Jianzhou Jurchen is concentrated in the east of Fushun Pass, north of the Yalu River, and at the southern foot of Changbai Mountain. Haixi Jurchen mainly live in the East Liao River Basin and the Wula River and Huifa River along the Songhua River. Savage Jurchen (Donghai Jurchen) mainly live scattered in Changbai Mountain. On the north slope, near the sea of ​​Wusuli River and the middle and lower reaches of Heilongjiang.In the first ten years, Nurhaci ate up all the tribes of Jianzhou Jurchen.Next, in the Battle of Guyu Mountain, he defeated the nine allied forces of the Hercynian Jurchen and the Horqin tribe of Mongolia, and then took advantage of the victory to destroy the four tribes of the Hercynian Jurchen and most of the East China Sea Jurchen, and defeated the most powerful Yehe tribe of the Hercynian Jurchen. driven to distraction.After that, the barbarian Jurchen Varka, Kulha, Sahalian and other ministries surrendered one after another.In the forty-three years of Wanli (1615), Nen River in Mongolia in the north, Yalu River in Korea in the south, and the East China Sea to Liaobian were all under the control of Nurhachi.

Some people may ask, what did the Ming Dynasty do during Nurhachi's mopping up, and why did he let him dominate. This is because the Ming court was happy to succeed, and hoped that these Jurchen barbarians would fight each other, and had always believed that Nurhachi was a "wolf dog" loyal to Ming Dynasty, and promoted him from time to time.Because he held a lot of amnesties and gifts from the Ming court, Nurhachi often showed off the "relationship" between the Ming Dynasty and him to deter the Jurchen compatriots.During this period, he himself, his brother and others went to Beijing to "pay tribute" many times, which was a big hit.Not only was he awarded gold and silver, but he also earned the court's trust in him. In 1595, the Ming court awarded him the title of "General of the Second Grade Dragon and Tiger".Such a senior official, Nurhachi has a lot of face. When fighting with his compatriots, he often makes people carry these official titles to show off.At the same time, due to the fact that the eunuchs went to Liao to mine mines and collect taxes during the Wanli period, many border residents in the Ming Dynasty fled to the area under the jurisdiction of Nurhachi, which invisibly strengthened his strength.

In 1616, Nurhaci founded the country in Hetuala (now Xinbin County, Liaoning), the country was named "Dajin", and the history was called "Houjin".This year, Nurhachi was fifty-eight years old, and his year name was "Destiny".Nurhaci's "capital" gradually moved along with his victorious footsteps, from Hetuala to Jiefan City, from Jiefan City to Saerhu City, from Saerhu City to Liaoyang City, and from Liaoyang City to Shenyang City.On the basis of "Niuerhachi", Nurhachi created the "Eight Banners System". On the thirteenth day of the fourth lunar month in the forty-sixth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1618), the fledgling Nurhachi finally declared war on his old master, the Ming Dynasty, which opened the prelude to the battle between Fushun and Qinghe.Since then, there have been successive battles in Sarhu, Kaiyuan, Tieling, Liaoshen, Liaoxi, and Ningyuan. Nurhachi pressed on every step of the way, and finally stopped at the city of Ningyuan.Later Jin's strategic offensive against the Ming Dynasty developed to the point where the two sides were at a strategic stalemate.

The Joy of Jurchen's Victory Before the battle, Nurhachi didn't think about the kindness of the Ming Dynasty to his ancestors, but announced the "seven major hatreds" , as an excuse to launch an attack. The most original text of "Seven Great Hate" is untestable, and the content is rambling. It is basically a slave who looks after the house because the master neglects him and pulls his hands, and complains like "Sister Xianglin". It is mean and unreasonable. After the founding of the Qing Dynasty, the original files may be tampered with or destroyed. The historian Mr. Meng Sen studied and judged in many ways, and found the closest to the real and original version of the "Seven Great Hatreds":

Khan of the Kingdom of Jin (Later Jin) ordered the officers and soldiers to know: Since my ancestors, I have been on the sidelines with the Ming Dynasty, and I have been loyal and obedient for many years.Just because the emperors of the Southern Dynasty (Ming Dynasty) were in the deep palace, and the civil and military frontier officials were bullied and obstructed. , in a thousand states.Among the biggest and worst cases, there are seven cases: my ancestors paid tribute to the Southern Dynasty, and they had been loyal and obedient for a long time. Suddenly, during the Wanli period, my second ancestors (Jue Changan and Tu Keshi father and son) were innocent and punished.It hates one too.In the year of Guisi, nine tribes including Nanguan (Jurchen Hada tribe), Beiguan (Jurchen Yehe tribe), Huiba, Wula, and Mongol tribes would attack us. Shelter the emperor and defeat all the ministries.Later, our country took revenge, broke through the South Pass, moved to the mainland, and my son suddenly became my son-in-law at the South Pass.The Southern Dynasty accused me of cutting without permission and forced them to send them back. I obeyed my orders and returned to my original place.Later, Beiguan attacked Nanguan and plundered wantonly, and the Southern Dynasty did not add any crimes.However, our country and Beiguan are both foreigners, and things are different, so why are you convinced?The so-called annoyance and hatred.The first Khan was loyal to the Ming Dynasty, and his heart was like a stone. He feared that his second ancestor would be killed, and he would be suspicious in the Southern Dynasty. Therefore, he and Wu Xihan, the deputy general of Liaoyang, slaughtered horses and cattle, sacrificed to the heaven and the earth, and erected an oath on the monument: "Those who leave the country privately will be killed, and the barbarians will be killed." Those who enter the country privately will be killed." Afterwards, the Han people along the border went out of the country privately, and they dug up the ginseng.Thinking about the benefits of the mountains and swamps is my life, and I have repeatedly complained to my superiors, but I don't hear them. Although there are grievances, there is no way to complain.I had no choice but to abide by the covenant of the stele, and began to take and injure it with my hands. I really wanted to believe in the oath of the alliance.When the new governor gets off his horse, he should kowtow to congratulate him as usual, so he sends the dry bones, square towels, etc. to salute.Such oppression, how embarrassing!The so-called haters are three.Beiguan and Jianzhou both belong to the barbarians, and our two families are quarreling, and the southern courts can settle their disputes. Why do they help soldiers and firearms, and the guards reject me?Too light and too heavy, good but sad!The so-called haters four also.The old girl of Beiguan (Dongge, the daughter of Buzhai, the leader of the Yehe tribe, was betrothed to the leaders of the Jurchen tribes many times because of her beauty. , also known as "Ye He's old lady") was a marriage hired by Khan first, but later she went to Yumeng and did not welcome her in person.

Even though it was so at that time, he still dared not promise others lightly, and the Southern Dynasty protected him and remarried Xilu (Mongolia).Such a shame, who can be willing?The so-called haters five also.Those who watch the borders of my family have lived and planted near the border for two hundred years.Later, the former court Xin Beiguan falsely said that they sent troops to force our troops to retreat 30 miles away, erected monuments to occupy the land, burned houses and discarded crops, leaving our troops without shelter and food, and everyone was waiting to die.The so-called haters six also.Sushun, our country, has never been a bit unruly, and suddenly sent the imperial guard Xiao Bozhi, wearing python clothes and jade belts, to make a big fuss, to speak foul words, to insult in every possible way, and the poison among the documents was unbearable.The so-called haters seven also.With these seven hatreds, don't tell me.The boss of Liaodong is already obeying the gods; the emperor of Wanli is like being separated from the abyss of heaven.Hesitating and wandering, helpless.So he told Tian Xingshi to gather Fushun, hoping that Emperor Wanli could avenge his grievances by inquiring about the matter, so he wrote seven hates in detail, released more businessmen from various provinces, and waited and waited, but there was no reply.

From July to July, Qinghe began to be conquered. At that time, the Southern Dynasty relied on the great crowd, and its momentum was about to flatten our land. ... Now I have repeatedly told you, those who are not afraid of earnestness, explain the reason why I raised the army, and clarify my intention of serving the heavens.I am afraid that people in the world will not know what happened and blame me for my madness, so it is advisable to make an announcement. ... roughly summarized, the main content is as follows: The Ming Dynasty provoked for no reason and killed my father and grandfather; I have hired my daughter to pass on to the Mongols; the Ming Dynasty sent troops to drive away my tribe to open land and tax food at the border; protect Yehe and send envoys to insult me; Yeh Department. After swearing in, Nurhachi led his people to pray to the sky and burn the watch, and the troops were divided into multiple groups, and they directly killed Fushun city.Then, Nurhachi asked a Han man who was captured outside the city to send a letter to the city, forcing Li Yongfang, the guerrilla general of the Ming Dynasty who defended the court, to surrender. The letter was full of intimidation: "The Ming Dynasty sent troops outside the border to help the Yehe tribe fight me. I am here now. You are just a guerrilla general in Fushun. Even if you dare to fight me, you will not be able to win. If you surrender today, my soldiers can go deep in the same day; If you don't surrender, you will go deep. I heard that you have always claimed to be intelligent, so you should be aware of current affairs. Our country is now recruiting talents. If you surrender, you will be tied with our country's first-class ministers, and you will be married. If you don't Surrender, in the end you will surely die with thousands of arrows in your body, what good is death! If you surrender, my soldiers will never enter the city to disturb you. If you don’t surrender, after our army enters the city, there will be no men, women, old or weak left! Don’t think that I (already He calls himself the emperor) to scare you by shouting loudly!" Li Yongfang was terrified, and still stood on the southern city wall by instinct, commanding Ming soldiers to guard.However, there were tens of thousands of Jin soldiers, and they came suddenly, and soon they erected ladders to attack the city.Jin, the Ming army guarding the city, was cowardly and ignorant of soldiers, and was immediately defeated. Seeing this situation, Li Yongfang really "knows the current affairs" and gallops down.Fushun garrison Wang Mingyin did not surrender, fighting to death.Nurhachi immediately ordered Li Yongfang to surrender the soldiers and civilians who were stubbornly resisting in the city. After killing many people, he finally completely occupied Fushun. The Hou Jin soldiers came prepared and not only conquered the big city of Fushun, but also destroyed more than 4,000 surrounding fortresses and more than a dozen small towns in one day, and captured more than 300,000 people and animals. Nurhachi did not break his promise, awarded Li Yongfang the general army, and married the daughter of his seventh son Abatai to him as his wife. Therefore, Li Yongfang became the first "celebrity" among Ming Dynasty officials to surrender to Hou Jin.In addition, a Ming Dynasty student named Fan Wencheng in Fushun City also came to join him. After this person claimed to be Fan Zhongyan, a famous official of the Song Dynasty, Nurhachi was very happy.And this Fan Wencheng also became one of the most important Han counselors in the later Jin Dynasty. When Zhang Chengyin, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, heard that Fushun had fallen, he was shocked and immediately led more than 10,000 Ming soldiers to rescue him.The imposing Nurhachi Eight Banners soldiers were waiting in full force. After the two sides fought, the golden flag opened and won. These people have many years of actual combat experience with real swords and guns, and they defeated the regular army with little combat experience in the Ming Dynasty.Both the general Zhang Chengyin and the deputy general Pu Shifang were killed in the battle, and the Ming army was basically wiped out. Nearly 10,000 horses and countless luggage were all obtained by Hou Jin. After recuperating for eight months, Nurhachi rushed to Qinghe City (now north of Benxi County, Liaoning) located in the southeast of Fushun.The terrain of Qinghe City is dangerous, and it is located among the four mountains. It is the only way for Hou Jin to enter the hinterland of Liaodong.Qinghe City not only has dangerous terrain and thick walls, but also has more than 10,000 Ming troops waiting in battle.Originally, if the Ming army set up ambushes on small roads outside the city or in narrow layers of mountains, they could lure the enemy deep and annihilate them step by step.However, Zou Chuxian, the Liaodong deputy general of the Ming Dynasty who defended the city, had no military acumen, so he rallied his troops and defended the isolated city. As a result, he was surrounded and attacked by the Houjin soldiers desperately.In the end, after paying the price of thousands of soldiers killed and wounded, the Hou Jin soldiers and ants attached themselves to the city, almost killing the Ming army and the residents in the city who were defending the city.Zou Chuxian, the general of the Ming Dynasty, locked his whole family in the government office and burned them to death.Then, he jumped on the horse and took the gun, rushed to the battle and died.Although this man is innocent, he is indeed a man. After destroying Fushun City, Nurhachi ordered the destruction of Qinghe City, destroying the defense facilities of the Ming army within dozens of miles around, relocating all the people, and looting everything that could be taken away. The loss of the two cities of Fushun and Qinghe was nothing more than thunder in a sunny day to the Ming court. The heart-wrenching failure of the Great Ming Dynasty in the Sarhu War The two cities of Liaodong were lost at the hands of Nurhachi, and the Ming court was shocked.This is not just a problem of losing a master, but a big problem of losing the barrier of the capital.Therefore, Ming Shenzong, who had been indolent in government, had to brace himself up and personally intervene in Liaodong political affairs. The Ming court was also busy and did not listen. They dispatched troops and generals. For this war, they specially sent "Liao pay" per mu across the country. After being busy for a long time, when choosing the supreme commander of the Liaodong War, the Ming court made a big mistake. It should have been absolutely wrong. It chose Yang Gao, who had commanded the party in North Korea many years ago, as the Liaodong strategy.The appointment of this person has actually heralded the failure of the Ming Dynasty in the Liaodong battlefield. Yang Gao was dismissed after the failure of the Ulsan Battle, and he was bored at home for more than ten years.In the thirty-fifth year of Wanli, he was reappointed by the Ming court as the governor of Liaodong, and immediately took the initiative to attack the Mongolian fried flower department.Then, because of his close relationship with Li Chengliang's family, he strongly recommended Li Rumei as a general. For this reason, he was impeached by the court officials and dismissed.After a few years of idleness, catching up with the rise of Nurhachi, the Ming court held discussions. Some people thought that Yang Gao was "familiar with Liao affairs", and appointed him as the right servant of the Ministry of War to manage Liaodong. Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty believed in Yang Gao very much, and specially gave him the Shangfang Sword, and he had the right to kill officials below the commander-in-chief without reporting. At the same time, the Ming court appointed Zhou Yongchun as the governor of Liaodong, the capital of Youqian.Zhou Yongchun was stationed in Guangning, and Yang Gao was stationed in Shenyang.The king of Joseon deeply felt the kindness of "saving his life" by helping him fight the Japanese before the Ming Dynasty, so he sent Marshal Jiang Hongli to lead more than 10,000 people across the Yalu River to help the Ming Dynasty attack Houjin. Yang Gao knows how to use power.After he arrived in Liaodong, he used the Shangfang sword bestowed by the emperor to immediately kill Chen Dao and Gao Xuan, the fleeing generals from Qinghe City, and took the lead in the army to serve as the police. Yang Gao, a literati engaged in military affairs, has no general idea, but he is just an "official oil son" who has been in the ups and downs of the officialdom for many years.From the perspective of the imperial court, academician Fang Congzhe and others started from the perspective of "politicians", fearing that the war would be delayed for a long time, and the ghost would send out red flags every day to urge Yang Hao to fight. Therefore, in the spring of the forty-seventh year of Wanli, on February 21st of the lunar calendar, all the Taoists of the Ming army swore to be masters.On the 21st, they made a big move out of the fortress.The army was divided into four routes: the north route was taken by Ma Lin, the commander in chief, the west route was taken by Du Song, the commander in chief of Shanhaiguan, the west route was taken by Li Rubai, the commander in chief of Shanhaiguan, who went out of Yahuguan to Qinghecheng, and the south route was taken by Liu Ting, the commander in chief, who left Kuandian. On the East Road, Korean soldiers assisted in the East Road attack.The troop dispatch was a big one. It was claimed that there were 470,000 soldiers (the real number may be 120,000). Due to the heavy snowfall, the soldiers of the Ming army were different sooner or later, and the strategy of concentrating the main force was temporarily changed to "defeat each" (the result was "defeat each"). When Houjin Nurhachi first heard about the Ming army’s large-scale campaign, he was also very flustered. He sent someone to deliver a letter saying that as long as the imperial court "gives" us three thousand taels of silver, three hundred taels of gold, and three thousand pieces of silk, Hou Jin will not confront the Ming army.To be honest, due to their impatience, the Jurchen's asking price was really not high.At the same time, Hou Jin sent more than 10,000 soldiers to Sarhu (now Fushun, Liaoning) to carry boulders and build a city on Jiefan Mountain for defense. Of course, the Ming army will not negotiate with Hou Jin, and all roads will continue. After stabilizing his mind, Nurhachi formulated the simplest strategic policy: "If you come a few ways, I will only go all the way!" This method of warfare is the "concentrate superior forces to attack the enemy" of the Taizu of this dynasty. As a result, Du Song underestimated the enemy in front of Iron Back Mountain. He didn't wait for Li Rubai's Ming army to come to meet him.In this war, there were 45,000 Houjin soldiers, and only 20,000 soldiers from the Ming army. Although the Ming army fought bravely, they were finally outnumbered. Juniper was shot to death in the fierce battle. was killed.In this way, among all the Ming armies, the West Route Army has been reimbursed so far.In this way, the Ming army actually had the upper hand at the beginning of the battle, and the Jin army could hardly be defeated after the fight.But the soldiers of the Ming army were greedy for merit. As long as one post-Jin soldier fell off the horse, a dozen Ming soldiers would dismount and compete for their heads. Marin, commander-in-chief of the North Route Army, is a coward.Hearing that there was no news about Juniper's battle, he was too frightened to move forward. He dug in Shangjianya (now Hada, Fushun County, Liaoning Province) to defend himself, and set up three battalions as horns.Nurhachi himself and the crown prince and other princes all went into the battle in person, broke through the Ming army's chariot camp first, rushed and killed, and the Ming army was defeated.Except for Marin himself who escaped for his life, his soldiers will basically be wiped out by Hou Jin.Jintaishi, the leader of the "friendly army" Jurchen Yehe Tribe who traveled to Zhonggu City (now Kaiyuan County, Liaoning Province), heard the news of Ma Lin's defeat, and hurriedly fled without helping the Ming army. After defeating Marin, Nurhachi heard that Liu Ting and Li Rubai's two Ming armies were approaching him.After judging the situation, they decided to contain and harass Li Rubai's troops with only a small number of soldiers and horses, and concentrate their main force to attack Liu Ting's Ming army. Liu Ting's first army marched to Fucha (now northeast of Kuandian, Liaoning) on ​​the fourth day of March due to the rough roads and heavy snowfall. Moreover, he did not know the news of the defeat of Liu Song and Ma Lin's Ming army, and still marched according to the original plan. , and the morale is high, with the spirit of "coming here to eat".In fact, before setting off, Liu Ting had suggested that the army be slowed down because he was not familiar with the terrain, but because he and Yang Gao had a quarrel when they were working together in North Korea, he was immediately intimidated by the opponent's Shangfang sword, so he had no choice but to resolutely leave the army. When the army marched to Qingfeng Mountain, Liu Ting met a spy sent by Hou Jin, who lied about Juniper's subordinates and asked Liu to join him in the attack.In order to grab the lead, Liu Ting hurried forward even more desperately, and traveled to Abdaligang (now Xinbin Yushu Township, Liaoning, very close to Hetuala, the capital of Houjin), where the Ming army encountered the soldiers in ambush of Houjin.Liu Ting hurriedly set up the formation, but before the formation was completed, part of the Hou Jin army had already rushed down from Gaogang to attack the Ming army.The Ming army under Liu Ting fought desperately. Thousands of soldiers under him were all warriors in hundreds of battles, and their combat effectiveness was extremely strong.Soon, the Hou Jin army rushed forward with all its wings and more and more people, the Ming army was gradually exhausted, and suddenly collapsed.Liu Ting fought with horsepower, and finally he was under the chaos of the Houjin soldiers. Only a few of his more than 20,000 Ming troops escaped. After the Jin soldiers took advantage of the victory, they went to Fuchadian, where they encountered the Kangying cadre Ming army and more than 10,000 North Korean reinforcements.Hou Jinbing shouted forward and quickly killed thousands of Ming troops.The despicable North Korean marshal Jiang Hongli saw that the situation was not good, and at such a critical moment, he even reined in his troops and surrendered to Houjin.When North Korea was about to fall more than 20 years ago, Daming reached out to help. Today, the North Korean army surrendered to Houjin instead of saving them.After the North Korean army surrendered to Houjin, it also handed over hundreds of Ming generals and Ming soldiers who were separated from the main force after the defeat to the Houjin army.Qiao Yiqi, a guerrilla general of the Ming army, fought bloody battles for three days and three nights. Just after eating a bowl of cold noodles in the North Korean army camp, he was forced by the stick soldiers with knives and ordered him to leave the camp and surrender to the Jin army.With blood coming from both eyes, Qiao Yiqi yelled loudly, jumped off the cliff and died, devoting his loyalty to the country.However, the sticks who surrendered did not end well. Jiang Hongli and other generals were detained all the time, and all the soldiers under him were sent to various banners as slaves. In the end, less than 3,000 people fled back to North Korea, and the rest were killed by Houjin. Or tortured to death. So far, the four armies under Yang Gao's command have lost all three armies.He immediately ordered Li Rubai to return to the army.The Li family has always been inextricably linked with Hou Jin. At that time, they were desperate to save Liu Ting. Many people suspected that there was actually some kind of private transaction between Li Rubai and Hou Jin. In the Saarhu War, more than 310 civil and military generals of the Ming army died in battle, and more than 50,000 sergeants died (the official figure of the Ming Dynasty is more than 45,800 people).Yang Gao, with a crowd of 120,000, was defeated by the Jin army of 60,000, and his crime is not insignificant.This time Yang Gao had no one to excuse him in the court, and he was arrested and sentenced to death. Soon, in order to take all of Liaoshen, Houjin took Jiefan as the temporary capital, and captured Kaiyuan and Tieling in the summer of the forty-seventh year of Wanli. Kaiyuan is located on the left bank of the middle reaches of the Liaohe River and was an important military defense town in the Ming Dynasty.Due to lax security, more than 40,000 post-Golden soldiers marched up the city in one go, and the commander-in-chief Ma Lin, general Hualong and others were all killed in the battle.After breaking the city, the Hou Jin soldiers massacred in Kaiyuan for three days, killing nearly 100,000 residents, then burned the city and looted away. After another month or so, the Hou Jin soldiers attacked Tieling, and all the Ming troops defending the city were killed. While capturing Kaiyuan and Tieling, the Later Jin defeated the Mongolian and Yehe Jurchen of the Khalkha tribe of the former Red Aid Ming Dynasty. The combination of "barbarians and captives" eventually became a huge disaster in the northeast of the Ming Dynasty. After the Battle of Sarhu, Houjin had about 200,000 elite soldiers, and the armored mules and horses obtained from the killing and looting enriched their logistical support.Nurhachi has the real capital to start a country and a dynasty in his hands. According to the facts, among the various routes of the Ming army, the Ming army such as Juniper and Liu Ting had high combat effectiveness. Unfortunately, a single soldier had the upper hand, and their tactics were rigid, and they were finally defeated by Houjin one by one.The Ming army and the Houjin formation basically formed their camps first, and bombarded the Houjin army with bird guns and artillery.But the power of the firearms at that time was not enough. The Hou Jin army could always rush forward desperately and quickly kill the Ming army. The unprepared Ming army often panicked. As long as they turned around, they would not be able to escape being hacked The fate of killing.Things have changed. Seng Gelinqin, a famous general of the Qing army in the middle and late nineteenth century, fought with the British and French allied forces. The cavalry of the Qing soldiers fell to the ground like fallen leaves under the Western machine guns.Therefore, if the hot weapons of the Ming army had half the power of the "Mark Bi" machine gun back then, "Houjin" might have become a historical term long ago. In the battle of Sarhu, Hou Jin defeated the 120,000 elite troops of the Ming Dynasty and killed half of them at a meager cost of 5,000 casualties. Among the "nine sides" of the Ming Dynasty, Liaodong was called "the head of the nine sides".Because Liaodong is located on the left wing of the capital, it is also called "Liaozuo".Liaodong has a very wide territory. It is adjacent to North Korea across the Yalu River in the east. It is connected to the capital by Shanhaiguan in the west. Yuli, 1,600 miles from north to south, is blocked by the sea on one side, and only the Shanhaiguan line is connected to the mainland.There are so many feudal vassals, the Ming Dynasty did not set up prefectures and counties in such a fertile place, only two prefectures were established in Kaiyuan and Liaoyang, and the rest were under the jurisdiction of the Weisuo.The Ming Dynasty’s consideration at the beginning was because the Liaodong Huayi was mixed, and the main focus was on the remnant forces of the "Northern Barbarians". For the "Dongyi" Jurchens, they mainly used "fondness" as a strategy, and wanted to make the "two barbarians" attack each other. Sit back and reap the benefits.What is particularly negligent is that the Ming government has not actively developed the Liaodong area, and has not implemented large-scale immigration to the border, resulting in a fragile defense system here.If some "corps" were inserted in it early to control the dangerous pass, it would not be so embarrassing in the future. Frustrated by the eventful autumn of the Liaoshen War. After the Sarhu War, the manager Yang Gao was dismissed. The Ming court promoted Xiong Tingbi as the right servant of the Ministry of War and the right censor of the Metropolitan Procuratorate, and the manager of Liaodong.At this point, Xiong Tingbi began to sing his main tragedy. Xiong Tingbi, courtesy name Feibai, was born in Jiangxia (now Wuhan, Hubei).This man is seven feet long, has the courage to know how to fight, and can draw a bow from left to right while riding a horse. He is definitely a genius in civil and martial arts.But this person is a 100% Wuhan person, "sexy, swearing, not inferior to others, and therefore not very attached to things."In the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, he once patrolled Liaodong. According to the actual local conditions, he supervised the people to garrison fields, built castles, verified military facts, refused to bribe, and cleaned up military discipline, which greatly won the hearts of the military and the people. Yang Gao lost his teacher and failed. The Ming court sent Xiong Tingbi to replace Yang Gao as the Liaodong strategy because Xiong Tingbi had work experience in Liaodong. He himself has not yet left Beijing, and the news of Kaiyuan's fall has already spread.Hearing this news, Xiong Tingbi was very worried, and said in a memorial: "Liaozuo is the shoulders of the capital, Hedong is the heart of Liaozhen, and Kaiyuan is the root of Hedong. If you want to protect Liaodong, Kaiyuan must not be abandoned. The slave chief (referring to Nurhachi) Before Kaiyuan was broken, Beiguan (Yehe) and North Korea were still troubles in their stomachs and backs. Now that Kaiyuan has been broken, Beiguan dare not disobey, and North Korea dare not disobey. Jiannu has no worries about his back and back. Combining the forces of the East and the West to attack, how can Liao and Shen be defended? Beg the imperial court to dispatch soldiers quickly, prepare rations, and repair equipment. To restrain your ministers, don't leave your ministers with hardships and dangers, so as to mislead your ministers, the Liao Dynasty, and the country." If you quoted words of excitement, Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty agreed and gave him the sword of Shangfang. It is a pity that as soon as Xiong Tingbi left the customs, news of Tieling's fall came, and the soldiers and civilians in Shenyang and nearby castles fled for a while, Liaoyang was raging, and people were extremely chaotic. Xiong Tingbi was in danger to control the chaos, and went to Liaodong on a starry night to pay homage to the soldiers who died, beheaded the cowardly fleeing generals, and impeached Li Ruzhen, the general soldier. Wan Dajun, distributed in Qinghe, Fushun, Chaihe, Sanchaer and other key points, corresponding from head to tail, "The small policemen will block their own defenses, and the big enemies will help each other." They also selected fine cavalry pioneers and took advantage of the time to enter the Houjin tribe. , More attacks to make the opponent exhausted. After his series of plans were implemented, the defense of Liaodong has formed a system. In the autumn of the forty-seventh year of Wanli (1619), Nurhachi's troops completely wiped out Yehe Jurchen.After judging the situation, Xiong Tingbi had no choice but to retreat to Yangjian City, planning to stick to it as a major plan, first to ensure that the city was not lost, and then to make progress gradually.Originally, the court had approved his plan, but Xiong Tingbi recruited villains in the court, which made him unable to settle down.Yao Zongwen used to be a good friend of Xiong Tingbi's in Hu Ke's case. Ding You wanted to make up his official position after returning to the court, but he never made up.Therefore, he wanted to pretend that he had the credit for recruiting Mongolian tribes, but he was refused to report it repeatedly.When he was running out of money, he wrote to his old friend Xiong Tingbi, asking him, the thriving Liaodong economic strategist, to take his place.Xiong Tingbi was busy with Liao affairs at that time, so he didn't take care of this matter, which made Yao Zongwen resentful.Soon, he regained his official position in the Ministry of Officials, and went to Liaodong to inspect the military situation as a special commissioner of the Central Committee.In addition, the censor Liu Guojin, who was born in Liaodong, assisted Xiong Tingbi in recruiting soldiers in Liaodong as the head of the Ministry of War. He advocated that Liao people should be the main recruits.Xiong Tingbi reported this matter to the court, and Liu Guojin hated it deeply.And this Liu Guojin, like Yao Zongwen, used to be the same speech officer as Xiong Tingbi in the court.Losing each other for a long time, Yao and Liu stayed together, full of resentment towards their old friend Xiong Tingbi.Therefore, the two joined forces on the outside and on the inside, falling for Xiong Tingbi in the court. Yao Zongwen returned to the court from Liaodong to observe the military situation, and immediately wrote a memorandum. He said that Xiong Tingbi used his belly for his own use, which led to the loss of the country. There is no end to work." Then, he secretly contacted the official censor, who was in the same voice as himself, and impeached him together, intending to remove Xiong Tingbi from the position of Liaodong economic strategy. At that time, Ming Guangzong died of illness, Ming Xizong was first established, there were many troubles in the court, and various parties and factions fought and attacked each other.Under the circumstances of being attacked by many people, Xiong Tingbi, who was extremely angry, could only write a letter to ask to go, and Yuan Yingtai was appointed by the court to take his place.Fortunately, Zhu Tongmeng, who was sent to Liaodong to inspect Xiong Tingbi's work, was a gentleman. After he returned to the court, he told Xiong Tingbi's achievements in Liaodong: "When the minister entered Liao (East), the scholars and the people wept and said, "Hundreds of thousands The living beings are all kept by (Xiong) Tingbi alone, so how can their crime be underestimated! Only (Xiong) Tingbi has the deepest knowledge, the battle of Puhe, the enemy's contribution to Shenyang, (his) rode his horse to save him, how strong he is! "Therefore, Lai Junzi defended that Xiong Tingbi was not imprisoned this time. Yuan Yingtai is a loyal minister and a good man, but his strategy is far inferior to that of Xiong Tingbi.During his tenure, Shenyang and Liaoyang fell one after another, and he himself finally committed suicide and died for his country. Yuan Yingtai, a native of Fengxiang, Shaanxi, was also a Jinshi.After he entered Liaodong to take charge of military affairs, he opposed Xiong Tingbi's strict rule of the army and lenient rule of the army, and placed many hungry Mongolian people who had been colluding with Jurchen in Liaoyang and Shenyang.Originally, Yuan Yingtai wanted to recover Fushun first, but before he set off, in the spring of the first year of Tianqi (1612), Hou Jin took the lead, and the Eighth Route Army attacked Fengji Fort 40 miles southeast of Shenyang, provoking the prelude to the Liaoshen War. On the tenth day of the third month of the lunar calendar in the first year of Tianqi, Nurhachi led tens of thousands of elite soldiers from the post-golden army to launch a fierce attack on Shenyang. The guard, He Shixian, was born in northern Shaanxi and was extremely brave.He set up several defenses outside the city, and the Hou Jin soldiers could not approach Jiancheng for a while. Therefore, knowing that He Shixian was brave and less resourceful, Nurhachi used the strategy of luring the enemy to fight, using old and weak soldiers to lure the Ming army out of the city to fight.He Shixian fell into the trick and led thousands of soldiers to chase after the "fleeing" Houjin soldiers. As a result, the Houjin soldiers who were ambushed hit everywhere, and the Ming army was completely dispersed. Liaoyang City Gate.During the fierce battle, He Shixian was shot by several arrows and died in a bloody battle. After invading Shenyang, the Houjin soldiers went on a killing spree, slaughtering nearly 100,000 soldiers and civilians, and taking all of Shenyang Jiancheng. Then, the Houjin army gave full play to its advantages in the field battle on the south bank of the Hun River, defeating the elite troops composed of generals from Sichuan and Zhejiang of the Ming army.After paying the price of thousands of deaths and injuries, nearly 40,000 Ming troops were annihilated, and they approached Liaoyang, the most important fortress city in Liaodong. The Ming Dynasty operated in Liaoyang for more than 200 years, with thick walls and strong city defenses. When Yuan Yingtai heard that Shenyang had fallen, he was horrified and hurriedly withdrew the Ming army from the major military strongholds around Liaoyang to defend the city of Liaoyang.In this way, the post-Jin army was unimpeded all the way, and Liaoyang actually became an isolated city.