Chapter 11 [The Destruction of Japanese Sword Fanatics] -1

The beginning and end of the "Japanese Invasion" along the coast of the Ming Dynasty At the beginning of 2006, various media reported this non-entertainment news from different angles: In Shexian County, Anhui Province, the Japanese funded the construction of a cemetery for Wang Zhi, the leader of the Japanese pirates in the Ming Dynasty.After the tomb was built, two young teachers from Zhejiang Lishui University and Nanjing Normal University angrily smashed the monument.According to the local government, they were supposed to use "historical" Set up a stage, "economy" plays, and want to turn Wang Zhi's cemetery into a tourist attraction, so he negotiated with "Japanese friends" and invited the descendants of Wang Zhi, a traitor of the Ming Dynasty who lived in Japan, to come to She County to erect a monument and repair the tomb.

The news was paid, and public opinion was "in an uproar" over it.Those who support smashing tombs naturally proceed from the righteousness of the nation, and they feel angrily that if traitors like Wang Zhi are allowed to build tombs, Wang Jingwei and others have more reason to rebuild tombs (according to his "level", they can build "" Those who opposed the smashing of the monument were naturally many pseudo-cosmopolitans who called themselves "love the enemy" and believed that the smashing of the monument was a "show" by "angry youths".

In any case, the Japanese built a stele for a national scum of the Ming Dynasty in China, and received strong "support" from local cadres. This is especially stimulating to the nerves of the Chinese people when many of us have confused and disputed views on history. However, including a lawyer in Nanjing and the president of the so-called folk history association, they all accused the two Chinese righteous men of smashing the stele from the perspective of "law" and "history".The lawyer argued sharply, and believed that the actions of the two smashing monuments were "irrational and illegal in procedure", which belonged to "intentional damage to public and private property"; the "President" of the Historical Association

It should be affirmed that "Japanese pirates" brought "early sprouts of capitalism" to China.It can be deduced from this that the invasion of China by the Eight-Power Allied Forces and Japan's invasion of China will probably be affirmed by such "historians" as "a positive force to break China's feudal society and dictatorship". In fact, for today's people, the name Wang Zhi is very unfamiliar, and the term "Japanese pirate" is too broad.Moreover, calling Wang Zhi the leader of the "Japanese pirates" will cause many people to be at a loss.In the minds of ordinary people, the Japanese should be called "Inuyang Hirohito", "Shigo Naoyang", "Yamamoto Fifty-Six", etc. How could there be a "Wang Zhi"?

The name is so Chinese!Furthermore, if Wang Zhi is Chinese, according to today's inertial thinking, he is at most a leader of the puppet army or the maintenance chairman, how could he become the leader of the Japanese pirates? It's really a long story. The long-standing scourge of Japanese pirates The Japanese pirates of the Ming Dynasty are generally thought to be a matter of the middle and late stages, but in fact, they have a long history.As early as the second year of Taizu Hongwu (1369), the Japanese pirates had plundered Suzhou, Chongming and other places several times, killing people and looting, and they were rampant for a while.

The scourge of Japanese pirates in the Ming Dynasty can be roughly divided into three periods: the first period is the period from Hongwu to Zhengde; the second period is the Jiajing period, which is also the most rampant period; the third period is the Wanli period. As for the definition of the nature of the Japanese pirates in the Ming Dynasty, before the 1980s, scholars had conclusively defined it as "the destructive and plundering war of the Japanese armed aggression group on the coast of China."With the easing of consciousness formation after the reform and opening up, many Chinese scholars have suddenly increased their "international vision" since the 1980s, using Japanese scholars and researchers as the yardstick, talking non-stop and talking about Japanese pirates in the Ming Dynasty. The nature is "the just struggle of people of all walks of life in the southeast coast of the Ming Dynasty against feudalism and maritime ban", and it is "the symbol of the budding of social capitalism in China in the Ming Dynasty".

In fact, the above-mentioned two types of views are all overkill. The former completely describes the "Japanese pirates" as aggression by the "Japanese", while the latter sensationalizes the pirates' aggression. The Japanese invasion in the Ming Dynasty was an unjust war of burning, killing and looting the Chinese people of the Ming Dynasty, induced by the Portuguese colonizers (Francis), led by commercial pirates along the coast of China, and supplemented by the Japanese Ronin Group. . As early as the Yuan Dynasty (Yuan Wuzong to the first year of the Great Yuan, 1308), there were already records of Japanese merchants robbing and plundering Qingyuan (now Ningbo).But the "Japanese pirates" at that time should basically be "real Japanese", and there were very few Chinese.At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, it happened to be the period of Japan's "Northern and Southern Dynasties", especially the "Zhengxifu" of the Southern Dynasties of Japan and the local daimyo forces who were divided and separated from each other. Merchants, refugees, etc. flooded to the coast of China.At the same time, they colluded with Zhang Changcheng, Fang Zhouzhen and other ministries who were defeated by Zhu Yuanzhang to kill, burn and loot from time to time in the coastal areas of the Ming Dynasty.

Although the pirates were rampant, at that time Zhu Yuanzhang believed that the confidant's trouble was the remnant forces in the north, and it was just a defense against the foreign invaders along the coast.He issued an edict to strengthen the coastal defense force, prohibiting the military and civilians from "privileging overseas", and the maritime ban has not been fully implemented, allowing the trade of tribute ships. When Zhu Yuanzhang first established the Ming Dynasty, he didn't know much about the situation in Japan.In the second year of Hongwu, when Japanese pirates invaded Shandong, Zhu Yuanzhang, still thinking of the "celestial dynasty", sent an envoy to Japan, and ordered him to come to the court with a threatening tone.Prince Huailiang of the Southern Dynasty of Japan was the son of Emperor Go-Daigo. Seeing that the tone of the Ming Dynasty's edict was tough, he refused to accept this, and dared to kill several Ming envoys and detained the envoy Yang Zai and others.In the next year, the Ming envoy came again, and Huailiang's attitude took a 180-degree turn. He treated the envoy generously, offered horses and clothes as tribute, and released to the Ming Dynasty the civilian men and women looted by Japanese pirates in Mingzhou and Taizhou. More than seventy people.Zhu Yuanzhang was overjoyed, thinking that the Ming Dynasty's heavenly power came, and finally made Xiaowo surrender.In fact, Huailiang's "softness" at that time was precisely because Japan's Northern Dynasty was aggressive, and Japan's Southern Dynasty's territory was shrinking.

It took a long time for Zhu Yuanzhang to know that the so-called "King of Japan" Huailiang was just a prince, and more than half of Japan was ruled by the "Northern Dynasty", so he sent envoys to Japan to contact the Japanese Northern Dynasty.Under Huailiang's obstruction, Ming envoys were unable to travel northward.It took nearly two years before the Ming envoy got in touch with the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (Michiyoshi Minamoto) who actually presided over the political affairs of the Northern Dynasty, and entered the Japanese capital to discuss the "friendship" between the two countries.Ashikaga Yoshimitsu was a man with long-term thinking. He sent envoys to bring tribute, but the old Zhu emperor believed that the Japanese envoys had no official statement of professing a vassal and vassal, and refused to accept the tribute.He rewarded the Japanese envoy generously and sent him back to the country.

In Japan, the Southern and Northern Dynasties were roughly formed in this way: In 1318, the second year of Bunho, Emperor Go-Daigo ascended the throne, and he belonged to the Daikakuji Emperor System.Taking advantage of the internal strife within the general shogunate, he wanted to promote the "falling of the curtain" to make his vacant position real.As a result, the shoguns took the lead and exiled Emperor Go-Daigo to Oki (today's Shimane Prefecture) and instead supported Emperor Mitsugan, a descendant of the imperial family who held the Meiinin line, as the throne.Prince Huailiang, the son of Emperor Go-Daigo, and the Osaka samurai Kusuki Masanari and others immediately rose up to fight against each other and launched a war of collapse.In the beginning, Prince Huailiang's faction went very smoothly, and even rescued his emperor's father from Oki.A general of the shogunate, Ashikaga Zun, was originally ordered to suppress it, but he defected halfway, supported Emperor Go-Daigo, and returned to the army to destroy the Hojo clan of the Kamakura shogunate.As a result, Emperor Guangyan abdicated, Emperor Go-Daigo was restored, and the Emperor himself was implemented.

The monarch and his ministers got along with each other for a long time, and the emperor wanted to kill his "benefactor" Ashikaga too, but this Ashikaga was not a vegetarian. He took the first step, arrested Emperor Go-Daigo again, and supported Emperor Komyo, who supported the Mingin system, to succeed him. Emperor Go-Daigo ran to Yoshino and stood side by side with Emperor Komei. Therefore, Japan came into a situation of "Northern and Southern Dynasties". The faction of Emperor Go-Daigo became the "Southern Dynasty", and the family of Emperor Guangming was called the "Northern Dynasty".This confrontation has lasted for more than fifty years.Of course, Ming didn't know what kind of "emperor" there was in Japan, and Muer Xiaobang was just imitating the title of "emperor" of Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty for his own entertainment. In the early Ming Dynasty, Japanese pirates, most of them were real Japanese, and most of them came from Satsuma, Nagato, Hakata, Kabashima and other places in the Japanese archipelago. The invasion route was the same as the previous tribute route. The wind sails along the coast.Therefore, the Japanese plague in Shandong and Liaodong Peninsula was the most serious in the early Ming Dynasty, followed by Zhejiang.At that time, Koryo (Korea), a vassal state of the Ming Dynasty, was the most troubled by the Japanese invasion.However, after the establishment of the Lee Dynasty, the domestic political situation in North Korea improved, and the Japanese pirates suffered repeated setbacks, so they shifted their focus of invasion to the coast of China. After the Hu Weiyong case happened, Zhu Yuanzhang was furious because the case involved Japanese ginseng. He hated Japan deeply and sent envoys to blame him.Unexpectedly, Prince Huailiang of the Southern Dynasty felt that the mountains were high and the emperor was far away, so he sent someone to send a letter, which was arrogant and rude: The ministers heard that the three emperors established the pole, and the five emperors were Zen, but there is a master in China, and there are no barbarians and no emperors.The universe is vast, not the sole power of one master, the universe is wide and flooded, and it is divided into various states.Whoever covers the world is the world of the world, not the world of one person.The minister lives in a distant and weak country, in a small country, the city is less than sixty, and the border is less than three thousand, and there is still a heart of contentment.Your Majesty is the lord of China, the lord of ten thousand chariots, with thousands of cities and millions of miles of territory sealed off, there is still a sense of inadequacy, and there is always the intention of extinction.Husband sent murderous intentions, moved stars to change places.The ground sends murderous intentions, and the dragon and snake go to land.People send out murderous intentions, and heaven and earth are repeated.In the past, Yao and Shun had virtue, and guests from all over the world.Tang and Wu Shiren paid tribute from all directions. The ministers heard that the Heavenly Dynasty has a plan to promote war, and a small state also has a plan to defend against the enemy.The dissertation includes the articles of Confucianism and Meng Daodao, and discusses the art of war of Wu Yousun and Wu Taolue.It is also heard that His Majesty selected generals with strong arms and raised elite troops to invade the court.A land of water and swamps, a continent of mountains and seas, has its own preparation, how can you kneel down and serve it?Going along does not necessarily mean life, and going against it does not necessarily mean death. Why should I be afraid to meet in front of Helan Mountain and chat about playing games.If the king wins and the minister loses, it is full of the meaning of the state.If the minister wins and the king loses, it will be the difference between a small state.Since ancient times, peace has been the most important thing, and fighting has become strong, so as to avoid the misery of the people and save the hardships of the common people. Special envoys, respectfully kowtow to Dan Bi, only the map of the country. After reading it, Emperor Zhu was so angry that he yelled.But in the end, taking the failure of the Yuan Dynasty to conquer the Japanese as a lesson, no troops were sent to conquer this arrogant small country overseas.Zhu Yuanzhang himself was a narrow-minded person, so he hated the Japanese people. Twenty-seven years after Hongwu, the shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu had unified Japan and became the actual master of Japan as the Minister of the Taizheng.He sent people to take the initiative to show his favor to the Ming Dynasty, but they were all rejected by Lao Zhu.Of course, Zhu Yuanzhang did not dare to underestimate Haiphong. He issued an edict to "build fifty-nine cities in Shandong, north and south of the Yangtze River, and East and West Seas in Zhejiang, and set up the Xingdusi in order to prepare for the name of the Japanese." One after another, in the past few decades, the Hongwu dynasty set up fifty-eight guards and eighty-nine guards in Liaodong, Shandong, Nanzhisu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and other places, with hundreds of thousands of troops and thousands of warships. More than one ship, take strict precautions against Japanese pirates. After the death of Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, his grandson Zhu Yunwen came to the throne, that is, Emperor Jianwen.Japan's Ashikaga Yoshimitsu hurriedly took the opportunity to send envoys to express his friendship. In the official statement, he claimed to be "the Japanese king's subject source (morality)", that is, he professed his vassal to Ming Dynasty as a vassal state.Emperor Jianwen reported generously to the envoy and received him warmly. However, when the Japanese envoys came to the Ming Dynasty again, the Emperor of Ming Dynasty had become Zhu Di.Although Ming Chengzu Zhu Di usurped his nephew's power, his attitude towards Japan did not change.He is very enthusiastic, especially Ashikaga Yoshimitsu's "paying vassals and paying tribute", which made this careerist very comfortable.For this reason, the friendly relationship between Ming and Wa was established, and it was agreed that Japan would pay tribute once every ten years, and the number of each time would not exceed 200, and the Japanese would be given "Yongle Kanhe". Modern people feel very proud when they hear that the small countries around ancient China paid tribute one after another, and the self-esteem of the big and big countries is suddenly satisfied.In fact, the so-called "tributary payment" of these small barbarian countries is just a disguised form to make money.Taking Japan as an example, the "tribute" brought by its envoys, China must "return" gold and silver according to its value, often a radish in exchange for ginseng money.As long as your small country recognizes our Ming Dynasty as the Celestial Dynasty, we will reward money to buy face; in addition to "tributes", the envoys also carry a lot of official goods to sell locally. duty-free” Treating, that is, not "taking points" for the goods, so as to achieve the goal of "loving the people far away"; finally, all the envoys carry private goods, from the envoys to the boatmen and servants, all carry private goods to sell Of course, the Celestial Dynasty turned a blind eye to this and allowed its goods to grow for profit.Therefore, the small barbarian countries especially like to deal with the Central Plains Dynasty. If you can get so many benefits in exchange for calling grandpa, you are a fool.Therefore, although it is stipulated that "one tribute every ten years" is limited to 200 people each time, Japanese tribute ships come to "pay tribute" several times a year. In order to show his loyalty to the Great, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu also searched for Japanese pirates in the country, and sent troops to Tsushima Islands, wiped out hundreds of thieves who looted the coast of China, and captured the top 20 thieves.Then, when Yongle paid tribute in the third year, all these "Japanese pirates" were handed over to the Ming Dynasty for disposal.Ming Chengzu Zhu Di was naturally happy and gave Ashikaga Yoshimitsu a great gift, but he refused to accept the Japanese captives and let the Japanese envoys handle it by themselves. The Japanese envoy was very "sensible". When he returned to Ningbo, he directed his subordinates to put all twenty Japanese pirate leaders into a large iron pot standing by the sea, steam them all over low heat, and then throw them into the sea to feed the fish.Naturally, this move was rewarded with a large amount of gold and silver by the Ming court. In the sixth year of Yongle, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu died of illness.His son is the new shogun.This Ashikaga Yoshichi is an anti-Ming faction, who severed the normal relations between the two countries, and the Japanese pirates came to invade more frequently.But later, with the succession of Ashikaga Yoshinaka, Japan resumed its friendly relationship with the Ming Dynasty.Therefore, in the nearly one century from Yongle to Zhengde, the official relationship between China and Japan was generally friendly.Even so, the coastal pirates of the Ming Dynasty occurred from time to time, and daimyo princes or samurai and ronin groups from all over Japan often pretended to be tribute ships and harassed and plundered along the coast of China. In the seventeenth year of Yongle (1419), Liu Jiang, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, defeated the Japanese pirates in the first battle of Wanghaiguo. He beheaded more than a thousand people and captured hundreds of them alive. In the fourth year of Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty (1439), more than 40 Japanese ships holding Ming Dynasty Kanhe took advantage of the unpreparedness of the Ming army and suddenly launched an attack. They killed tens of thousands of officers, soldiers and civilians in eastern Zhejiang. After landing, they burned their houses and dug their graves. Do all kinds of evil.The most heinous thing is that this group of real wives hangs the baby on the head of the pole, scalds it with boiling water, and makes fun of listening to the child howl. Whenever they caught a pregnant woman, the devils would gather in groups and bet with each other on whether the pregnant woman was a man or a woman, and then used a knife to cut open it to see it as a joke.At that time, many areas in Zhejiang "bleeded into rivers, and piled up corpses like tombs."All kinds of evil deeds, during the Sino-Japanese War in the 20th century, the descendants of these Japanese pirates intensified, and they were repeated in China. The government of the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to this, and sent heavy divisions to guard important areas, added forts, added large ships, and strictly guarded the coast, so that "bandits and robbers will rest easy." The official trade between the Ming Dynasty and the Japanese government still maintained, but it was all unequal trade, and the Japanese made high profits from it.Taking Japanese knives as an example, good quality knives of this kind may be worth at most 1,500 ren in Japan, but in the Ming Dynasty, they would cost at least 10,000 ren to sell.Since swords and swords do not take up space and are easy to carry, Japanese "tribute envoys" love to bring this kind of goods into China one after another.In fact, weapons such as swords were strictly prohibited from being imported as commodities.The Ming government still humiliated, fearing that a little intolerance would lead to great chaos.Sometimes, the officials of the Ming Dynasty refused to buy because the Japanese envoys carried too many swords, and the Japanese would threaten: "If the Ming Dynasty dislikes our goods, our king will be very unhappy. When the time comes, the pirates will come. Who can bear the responsibility for this crime?" As a result, the Ming court's economic burden in trade with Japan became increasingly heavy.In addition to the "reception fee" for hundreds of these bow-legged dwarfs each time, the Ming court is indeed suffering.The Japanese are a typical example of bullying the weak and fearing the hard. These caravans with Kanhe were served at various post stations in China, but they were still not satisfied. They often bullied the post officials and even beat Chinese to death many times people.When things went too far, the Ming government always calmed down and ordered the Japanese envoys to bring the "human criminals" back to their own country for interrogation, to show "the imperial court's forgiveness and tenderness."The Chinese have always had this tradition of being extremely "lenient" to foreigners , "Tolerance", "fraternity".After Japan’s defeat in the middle of the twentieth century, we still took care of war criminals whose hands were stained with the blood of the Chinese people, and many of our guards had their fathers killed by the Japanese and their mothers raped by the Japanese. "Benevolence" in the category of human nature.All of this is for one purpose: to make Japanese war criminals repent in tears.As a result, after these dwarves were released back to the country, they immediately wrote books and said that they basically turned into the most vicious right-wing forces in the end. From the Japanese invasion in the early Ming Dynasty, it can be seen that the "forbidden sea" in the Ming Dynasty was not the cause of the Japanese invasion, but the result of the Japanese invasion.The Ming court did not cut off the ship trade at that time, but only prohibited coastal residents from going to sea for trade without permission, which was not a "closed country". "Japanese pirates" Daxing Great troubles in the Jiajing period Since the mid-Jiajing period, the coastal pirates in the Ming Dynasty suddenly increased, no matter in terms of scale, number, and number of invasions, it was like a frenzy.What is the reason for this? From the "external" point of view, that is, Japan, the Ming Dynasty entered the Jiajing period, and Japan entered the "Warring States" period in its history.In such a divided country, everyone from the generals to the ronin became sea adventurers, rushing into the coast of China to plunder and plunder.Of course, there was also the help of Western colonists such as Portugal (Franji).They have many methods and many forms, but they have only one purpose, which is to give birth to the huge material wealth of the Ming Dynasty.From the perspective of "internal causes", the powerful officials and officials along the coast of Zhejiang and Fujian accumulated huge wealth through smuggling, and used money to bribe court officials to "endorse" themselves in the capital, with huge political and economic energy.These people have been sheltering pirate organizations.At the same time, the pirate leader headed by the traitor Wang Zhi colluded with the Japanese and Franji, and cooperated with the outside world to attack China.These, coupled with the fact that the treacherous and treacherous people along the coast have followed the Japanese for huge profits, so that the "Japanese pirates" Menacing.Of course, in terms of internal factors, the most important thing is the political corruption of the Jiajing court and the corruption of officials. Making a lot of profits, embezzling military salaries, enriching private pockets, extortionate extortion, extortionate extortion, and finally made the Japanese plague intensify. When talking about the process of suppressing the Japanese during the Jiajing period, the following figures must be mentioned: Wang Yan, Zhu Wan, Zhang Jing, Zhao Wenhua, Hu Zongxian, Yu Dayou, and Qi Jiguang.It is a pity that when people talk about the destruction of the Japanese pirates in the Ming Dynasty, they only know the "national hero" Qi Jiguang. In fact, there were many generals who fought against the Japanese earlier than him and had great reputations.Take Yu Dayou as an example. At that time, he was called "Yu Long Qihu". Regardless of his seniority and credit, Yu Dayou was above Qi Jiguang. Zhu Wan, who died of injustice, talked about the Japanese invasion during the Jiajing period, and at the earliest he must mention the "tribute tribute incident" in the second year of Jiajing (1523). Inside Japan, the shogunate shogunate had become a cover at that time, and the most powerful were the two "Warring States" daimyos: Ouchi and Hosokawa.Both parties were born of the huge profits gained from the trade with Ming Dynasty, and they finally reached a compromise: the Ouchi family paid two ships each time, and the Hosokawa family paid one ship each time.The Kanhe carried by the two sides is also different. The Ouchi family held the Zhengde Kanhe, and the Hosokawa family held the Koji Kanhe.In the early summer of the second year of Jiajing, Zongshe Qiandao, the tribute envoy of Ouchi's side, arrived in Ningbo with three large ships.Soon, Luangao Ruizuo, the tribute envoy of the Hosokawa Clan, also berthed in a large boat.The captain of the Hosokawa family is weak, but there is a Chinese named Song Suqing as the deputy envoy.This Master Song was well aware of the "rules" of Chinese officialdom. As soon as he arrived in Ningbo, he brought a large sum of treasures and bought off the eunuch Ryan who presided over the Shibo Department.Eunuch Lai is his father if he has money. He immediately took special care of the Hosokawa family and his envoys. He not only inspected and released a large ship of tributes for them, but also let Song Suqing and others sit on the top seats when hosting a banquet.Zong Sheqian, the tribute envoy of the Ouchi Clan, was furious from the heart, drank a few glasses of old Shaoxing wine, wow, pulled out the Japanese sword, rushed up and stabbed Luangang Ruizuo, the tribute envoy of the Hosokawa Clan who was competing with him for the seat. Feeling cold, he ordered people to start killing people, setting fires along the road, chasing and killing Song Suqing and others.The local government of the Ming Dynasty did not make any preparations, allowing Zongshi Qiandao and his gang to chase after him with swords drawn, as if entering a land without people.As soon as they could kill, this group of barbaric Japanese envoys went all the way from Ningbo to Shaoxing.Thanks to her quick legs and feet, Song Suqing was lucky enough to save her life.It is rare for foreign envoys and business groups to kill and set fire in other countries.Therefore, local military officials in the Ming Dynasty were caught off guard.After Zong Sheqiandao and his party killed and burned them, they snatched several Ming Dynasty warships and fled to sea.In the meantime, the Ming Dynasty commanded Liu Jin to lead the water army to pursue him, but he was also shot to death by the Japanese with a powerful crossbow. Hearing the incident, the Ming court was furious and arrested the corrupt eunuch Lai En and the Hosokawa deputy envoy Song Suqing who caused trouble, but Zong Sheqiandao had nothing to do with the murdered and arsoned escape. The Da Nei clan was also afraid when Zong She and others came back to tell the details, fearing that the Ming court would turn against them and cut off the trade.In that case, the benefits will be greatly lost.Therefore, the Ouchi family sent envoys to North Korea first, hoping that North Korea would act as a middleman to mediate.Ming Ting ignored it. In the ninth year of Jiajing, the Japanese general shogunate sent a petition to the descendants of the Ryukyu princes who paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty, hoping that the Ming court would resume paying tribute by ships.The Ming Dynasty replied, allowing Japan to capture Zong Sheqiandao, who had caused trouble before.Of course the shogunate couldn't hand it over, and the negotiations lasted for many years, until the 26th year of Jiajing. The Ming Dynasty never resumed normal tribute exchanges with Japan. In order to restrain Japan, the Ming Dynasty asked Japan to hand over more than 200 Hongzhi and Zhengde Kanhe owned by them, expressing that they would replace them with new Kanhe.Due to the lack of power, the Japanese side was helpless.In the 30th year of Jiajing, Ouchi Yoshitaka, the leader of the Ouchi clan, was assassinated by his subordinates, and all the investigation and cooperation were lost. The century-old ship trade in Riming City officially came to an end. It was also during this period that the pirates in the southeast coast were in the ascendant. Jin Zilao, Li Guangtou and other Chinese colluded with Franji (Portugal), and Wang Zhi and Xu Dong colluded with the Japanese. They looted everywhere and set up "bases" on the sea and along the coast. , ready to do a big job. Since the 18th year of Jiajing, the Japanese pirates have been working in full swing. Every time they use Chinese bandits as their guides, they steal at night or commit crimes during the day.In the 21st year of Jiajing, Japanese pirates entered Taizhou (now Linhai, Zhejiang) from Ruian (now Zhejiang) and attacked Hangzhou; in the 24th year, dozens of Japanese warships moored in Jinjiang (now Quanzhou, Fujian) and looted everywhere; In 2010, the Japanese pirates gathered together to snatch passing merchant ships and civilian ships in the waters of Zhangzhou and Quanzhou; As time went on, the coastal defense of the Ming Dynasty was very bad. In the past, there were not one warships in ten, and the number of troops was seriously insufficient.Zhangzhou and Quanzhou are such a large piece of coastal defense. In the past, there were 2,500 soldiers. In the 26th year of Jiajing, there was only one soldier left, and most of them were old, weak and disabled. In this case, the Ming court appointed Zhu Wan, the right deputy capital censor, as the governor of Zhejiang.Zhu Wan was born as a Jinshi in the 16th year of Zhengde.After he took office, he "steered the ferry, strictly guarded the armor, and searched for traitors."At the same time, because of his well-organized arrangements, Ming Dynasty general Lu Tong led the Fuqing soldiers to fight the enemy bravely, and soon defeated the Japanese pirates entrenched in Fudingji area, and defeated Wang Zhi in the Jiushanyangshui Battle.Then, the Ming army built fortresses in Shuangyu, captured many real and fake Japanese pirates, and even the bandit Baldy Li was caught and killed. However, the coastal rich people in Fujian, Zhejiang and other places all had agents in the court.They were terrified when they saw Zhu Wan's strict sea ban and searching for and killing internal thieves. They asked people to sue, falsely claiming that many pirates captured by Zhu Wan were "good people". The imperial censor, who has relations with the rich people along the coast, immediately came forward and impeached Zhu Wan for "taking the best measures, killing and provoking wars" , saying he blocked normal foreign trade. Zhu Wan was furious when he heard this, and wrote a letter arguing: "It is easy to steal from foreign countries, but difficult to steal from China. It is easy to steal from China's coastal areas, but it is especially difficult to steal from China's clothes (referring to local tyrants)." The Ming court did not argue between right and wrong, dismissed Zhu Wan from his official position, and sent people to the army for interrogation.Zhu Wan shed tears generously and said: "I am poor, sick, and angry. I certainly cannot bear the humiliation of interrogation. Even if the emperor doesn't want to kill me, the treacherous forces in Fujian and Zhejiang will put me to death. In this way, I will decide on my own, and I don't need others !” So, before the interrogator from the Ministry of War arrived, Zhu Wan took the medicine and died.The imperial court did not give up, and arrested Lu Ting and others who had previously fought hard, and sent them to death row for strict supervision. After Zhu Wan's death, the imperial court dismissed local inspection ministers again, so "China and foreign countries wave their hands and dare not say that things are forbidden."As a result, the pirates and wealthy people celebrated each other, ushering in a great time for their smuggling and plundering. In the summer of the 31st year (1552) of the Jiajing reign of Wang Yan, Japanese pirates invaded Taizhou, broke Huangyan, and plundered Xiangshan and Dinghai.The protagonists of the "Japanese pirates" at this time were all Chinese, and Wang Zhi was the most "famous" among them. Wang Zhi, a native of Anhui, was born in a family of maritime smugglers. He had many Japanese "mercenaries" under him, and he was loved and trusted by Japanese ronin.Moreover, most of the mid-level commanders of Wang Zhi's gang of Japanese pirates were coastal smugglers and pirates in Zhejiang and Fujian.On the other hand, the Japanese under their command were "brave and simple, and they didn't care about life and death. Every time they fought, they were naked and swung forward with a three-foot knife, and they were incapable of defending them." The soldiers and civilians of the Ming Dynasty had a kind of psychological deterrence.Among all these "Japanese pirates" groups, there are thousands of large ones and hundreds of small ones. Wang Zhi is the strongest, Xu Hai is the second, and there are more than ten sea bandit gangs such as Mao Haifeng and Peng Laosheng.They traveled to and from the sea, causing great harm to the sun.These people not only have super fighting power, but are also good at setting up ambushes, often attacking the crowd with a small number, which made the local government of the Ming Dynasty very troubled. The Ming court was furious, so it had to send the capital censor Wang Yan to supervise the military affairs.At that time, Wang Yan was inspecting Shandong and went to Zhejiang as soon as he heard the order.Because the local soldiers in Zhejiang were "crisp and soft and would not fight", Wang Yan took the generals Yu Dayou and Tang Kekuan as his confidantes, and recruited wolf soldiers and native soldiers from ethnic minorities to the coast to build fortresses and prepare for them. Because of knowing people well and commanding them properly, the next year, that is, in the spring of the 32nd year of Jiajing, the Ming army defeated the Japanese pirates in Putuo.Not only did Wang Yan use resourceful and courageous confidants like Yu Dayou and Tang Kekuan, but he also went to the imperial court to release Lu Tong, who was implicated in the Zhu Wan case and imprisoned.At the same time, he rewarded soldiers with silver to encourage loyalty, so the soldiers were willing to die if they used their lives. In this way, the officers and soldiers joined forces to attack the Japanese pirates' lairs at night. In the first battle, more than 100 people were beheaded, and more than 100 people were captured alive. Two or three thousand Japanese pirates fell into the water and drowned.Originally, Wang Zhi could be captured in one fell swoop in this battle. Unexpectedly, there was a strong wind at sea, and the officers and soldiers were in chaos. Wang Zhi took the opportunity to escape. Although they won the Putuo victory this time, they also overwhelmed the enemy, which caused the Japanese pirates to change from the original large group activities to scattered attacks.Since then, Wenzhou, Taizhou, Ningbo, Shaoxing and other places have been killed and plundered by Japanese pirates from time to time, causing local troubles. As Tang Kekuan led his troops to arrest and suppress them, the Japanese pirates moved northward and invaded Songjiang, Suzhou and other places.These areas have always been known as rich and prosperous, and the Japanese pirates plundered all directions and returned with a full load.Among them, a Japanese pirate organization of more than 400 people headed by Chinese Xiao Xian did harm to You Lie.After they conquered Nanjiang and Chuansha, they massacred all the local residents and camped under the city of Songjiang with arrogance.Soon, the Japanese pirates surrounded Jiading and Taicang, murdered and set fire everywhere, and ravaged endlessly.In the end, it was the Ming general Lu Tong who was able to fight, led his troops to cover the attack, and killed Xiao Xian in the formation. The remaining Japanese soldiers fled to Zhejiang and were completely annihilated by the Ming army of Yu Dayian's troops. In August of the same year, Chen Zhang, the magistrate of Taiping Prefecture, led his troops to defeat the Japanese pirates in Dushan, beheading more than a thousand people, and the rest fled by boat. At the end of the year, the Japanese pirates gathered two or three thousand people and attacked Taicang Prefecture together.When the siege failed, they divided and plundered the four territories, and the local residents were brutally poisoned.The officers and soldiers of the Ming Dynasty chased and interdicted, but the effect was not obvious, and many traitors who had become accustomed to smuggling along the coast took advantage of the situation and disguised themselves as Japanese pirates, robbing and killing people everywhere. "The real Japanese are only two or three out of ten."In the next year, at the beginning of the 33rd year of Jiajing (1554), Japanese pirates broke out from Taicang Prefecture and snatched civilian ships into the sea.Instead of fleeing overseas, they plundered Tongzhou, Rugao, Haimen and other counties, and burned all the local saltworks of the Ming Dynasty. Among them, hundreds of Japanese pirates on several pirate ships were blown to the Qingzhou and Xuzhou areas due to strong winds at sea. After these people landed, they killed everyone they met and burned houses when they saw them.Shandong earthquake. The Japanese power seems to be very strong, but in fact only Xu Huo is left under Wang Yan's blow.Wang Yan strictly supervised the Chinese local tyrants who communicated with the Japanese along the coast, built fortresses, and distributed spies widely, making it difficult for the Japanese pirate leaders to figure out the reality of the deployment of Ming soldiers on the shore. They often drifted aimlessly on the sea by boat. Flee back to the Japanese islands or flee to a deserted island. It's a pity that the officials and people in Hangzhou and other places couldn't bear the hard work, and they were very annoyed at Wang Yan's frequent shifts of guards on the city with soldiers.The Ming court didn't go into details, but saw the Japanese pirates stalking everywhere on the surface, and thought that Wang Yan was not effective in fighting against the Japanese along the coast, so he was assigned to be the governor of Datong as the censor of the right capital, and Li Tianchong, the deputy envoy of military preparations in Xuzhou, was appointed as the censor of the capital of Youjin. Shi, temporarily take his place. As soon as Wang Yan left, the Japanese plague re-emerged in Zhejiang. Fortunately, before Wang Yan left, he left behind two important anti-Japanese generals, namely Yu Dayou, the general soldier of Zhezhi, and Lu Tong, the general in charge. Zhang Jing, who was defeated but beheaded, was a native of Fujian Houguan and a Jinshi in the 12th year of Zhengde.All Hu Ke were born in the matter, and they often discussed impeachment when they were officials.Later, as the right servant of the Ministry of War, he was the governor of the military affairs of Guangdong and Guangxi, and defeated the Tengxia bandits;Soon, Yin Dingyou returned home.After his recovery, he was appointed as the governor of the three sides by the Ming court.Before he took office, the imperial court said that the palace impeached him for withholding his salary when he was appointed in Guangdong and Guangxi. The Ming court investigated this matter and revoked his appointment.After a while of investigation, there was no factual evidence, but it had already had a negative impact on Zhang Jing's career.He was changed to Minister of the Ministry of Households in Nanjing, and soon changed to Minister of the Ministry of War in Nanjing. In view of the rampant Japanese pirates along the coast and Zhang Jing's profound experience in combat command, the Ming court appointed Zhang Jing as the governor-general after Wang Ying was transferred away.At that time, he was given a lot of power, "Governor Jiangnan, Jiangbei, Zhejiang, Shandong, Fujian, and Huguang armies."After Zhang Jing took office, he first recruited wolf soldiers and native soldiers from Guangdong, Guangxi and other ethnic groups to Zhejiang and other places, hoping to wipe out the Japanese pirates in one fell swoop with the combat effectiveness of these people. Before the conscripts of the Ming Dynasty came, the Japanese pirates invaded in a large scale first.In May, a large number of Japanese pirates set off from Haiyan and headed straight for Jiaxing.Fortunately, Lu Ting, a strong general in the local area, guarded the marquis, and the thieves were slightly stopped.The next day, the Japanese pirates and the Ming army fought in Mengzongyan, pretending to be invincible and fleeing; Taking advantage of the victory, the Japanese pirates occupied Shidun Mountain as their base camp, and then divided their forces to plunder.Soon, the bandits gathered and jointly attacked Jiaxing Fucheng. The Ming general Chen Zongkui led his troops to resist, repelled the Japanese bandits, and burned many enemy ships. The Japanese pirates fled into Zhapu, and a few groups of people gathered together to roam around the counties of Haining to kill and plunder.Within a few days, the thieves raided the sea and arrived at Chongming. They succeeded in night attack, broke through the city, and killed the magistrate of Chongming.Then, the Japanese pirates took advantage of their momentum and pushed into Suzhou, plundering and massacring the surrounding suburbs. In July, another group of Japanese pirates set off from Wujiang and arrived in Jiaxing.In the battle of Wang Jiangjing, the Ming Dynasty's officers and troops were defeated, and Xia Guang, the commander of the Ming Dynasty, was killed in the battle.The Japanese pirates who besieged Suzhou copied and plundered Jiashan, turned to Songjiang, and then set sail to the sea, preparing to transport the "victory" back to the islands in the sea to distribute the fat.When they went to Wusong, they were intercepted by Yu Dayou, the general soldier, and the Ming army won a small victory. In September, Li Fengshi and Xu Guo met Japanese pirates at Xinjing Bridge, near Jiading.In this battle, the Ming army was killed and drowned thousands of people. When the Ming court heard the news, instead of planning a strategy to defend against the enemy, Zhao Wenhua, a member of Yan Song's henchman, ran out instead.The treacherous official who was the minister of the Ministry of Industry said: "Japanese pirates are rampant, please send ministers to worship the East China Sea to suppress them!" Such an absurd move was immediately approved by Emperor Jiajing, who worshiped Taoism, and ordered Zhao Wenhua to go to the southeast. Along the coast, Taoist priests were invited to perform deeds.If the old Zhao was only sent to jump the gods and burn the god papers, there would be no big troubles. Emperor Jiajing also asked him to "supervise coastal naval affairs", so that he became an imperial envoy who talked about Tianxian. After this old boy arrived in Zhejiang, he abused officials, commanded indiscriminately, disturbed public and private affairs, and there was no peace. In April of the 33rd year of Jiajing, Tianzhou Wa's native soldiers arrived first.The native soldiers are sharp and sharp, and they all want to fight quickly.Zhang Jing can't be serious.Soon, Donglan native soldiers and other minority soldiers arrived one after another.Zhang Jing all assigned these people to Yu Dayou, Tang Kekuan and other subordinates to take charge, and stationed troops in Jinshanwei, Mingang, and Zhapu respectively, and divided the troops to fight against the Japanese. After the army and the two armies converged, they worked together to attack the Japanese pirates, striving to carry out more blows against the Japanese pirates as soon as possible by fighting a big battle.Due to Zhang Jing's grand strategy and his outstanding military achievements in the past, at that time, "China and foreign countries felt that the Japanese pirates were not equal", and they all believed that his success was just around the corner. In the spring of the thirty-fourth year (1555), a large group of Japanese pirates from the Zhilin area attacked and plundered the Hangzhou area, ravaging villages and towns, causing blood to flow for tens of miles outside the city of Hangzhou.先张经来浙江的巡抚李天宠手中兵少，无可奈何，只得坚壁清野，烧掉城外民居建筑，以免使倭寇踏房攻城。 奸臣赵文华新至，很想立功。他与浙江巡抚胡宗宪友善，二人商议后，赵文华就死催身在嘉兴的张张经立刻出兵进击倭寇。张经持重之人，力言不可，非要等永顺军、保靖军到来后一起合击倭寇。 赵文华再三催促，张经皆不听，他自以为资历比赵文华老，但他忘了赵文华在朝中有严嵩撑腰。 赵文华恼怒，马上写密疏送予嘉靖帝，诬称张经如下罪名：“糜饷殃民，畏贼失机，欲待倭寇掠足遁逃之机剿余寇报功”，竭力请求朝廷立刻逮治张经。 朝中，由于赵文华是自己干儿子，严嵩立刻进言于皇帝，指称张经在苏州等地劳师费饷，扰民乱政。嘉靖帝大怒，下诏逮捕张经以及当时守卫杭州的李天宠。 当赵文华密奏张经“不作为”时，永顺军、保靖军皆已抵达嘉兴。见时机已到，恰好有大批倭寇来犯，张经指挥卢镗、俞大猷等人，先于石塘湾大败倭寇，又在王江泾复大败倭寇，斩首数千，贼寇淹死数千。剩余倭寇见势不妙，慌忙逃回老巢柘林，纵火尽焚所掠财物，然后驾船二百余艘往海上逃窜。“自而有倭患以来，此为战功第一。” 捷报上闻。但逮捕张经、李天宠的诏书已发下。兵科有大臣上奏，希望皇帝能让张经将功赎罪，留任于当地继续抗倭。嘉靖帝先前听严嵩之言，此时怒气未消，骂道：“张经欺诞不忠，听说赵文华上章劾奏，他才勉强一战，此人不可轻饶！” 过了几天，皇帝又觉不对味，唤严嵩入朝究问实情。严嵩自然全力为赵文华回护，表示说：“大臣徐阶等人都是江浙一带人，他们也说张经养寇不战。至于近日大功，乃赵文华、胡宗宪二人合谋之力，张经只不过是冒功罢了。”有了老严这句话，实际上是判了张经死刑。 张经被逮入朝后，备言进兵始末，并称自己任总督半年，前后俘斩五千倭寇，乞求皇帝原宥其罪。 嘉靖帝偏执，认定张经欺君，并于当年秋决之时处斩了张经以及巡抚李天宠。 “天下冤之。” 张经死后，都御史周珫接任。他上任仅三十四天，就为赵文华所劾，杨宜代其任。由于赵文华督察军务，杨宜知道自己两个前任一死一贬，非常小心，天天曲意奉承赵文华。虽如此，赵文华还朝后，仍觉杨宜不是自己人，推荐胡宗宪代杨宜为剿倭的总指挥。杨宜由于伺侯小心，只遭“夺职闲住”的处分，没有遭遇大祸。 自嘉靖三十二年至三十九年倭寇入侵，明朝苏松地区的巡抚共有十个人，没有一个有好下场： 安福彭黯，迁南京工部尚书。畏贼，不俟代去，下狱除名。黄冈方任、上虞陈洙皆未抵任。任丁忧，（陈）洙以才不足任别用。而代以鄞人屠大山，使提督军务。苏、松巡抚之兼督军务，自（屠）大山始。阅半岁，以疾免。寻坐失事下诏狱，为民。继之者（周）珫。继珫者曹邦辅。以文华谮，下诏狱，谪戍。次眉州张景贤，以考察夺职。次盩厔赵忻，坐金山军变，下狱贬官。次江陵陈锭，数月罢去。次翁大立。当大立时，倭患已息，而坐恶少年鼓噪为乱，竟罢职。无一不得罪去者。 张经所指挥的王江泾大捷，其实给予了倭寇沉重打击。正是由于严嵩、赵文华一伙人的背后拆合，加上张经死后入江、浙一带的狼兵、土兵不听调遣，倭患逐渐转剧。 嘉靖三十四年九月间，百余倭寇自上虞登岸，在当地造成巨大惊扰。同时，又有一伙倭寇百十号人突现杭州，西掠于潜、合化，直至严州。在明军围捕下，这伙人突入歙县，沿路剽掠，径直太平。很快，他们忽然东向，直犯江宁，杀明指挥朱襄等数百人。特别骇人听闻的是，这一拔倭寇到江宁时人数不过八、九十人，竟然冲破千余名明军防守的秣陵关，流劫溧水、溧阳等地，趋宜兴、无锡，一昼夜狂奔一百八十里，杀抵浒墅关。明军拦截，死伤数百人，只杀掉倭寇十九人。接着，这伙狂贼又往太湖方面奔，准备在水上夺船逃跑。幸亏明军数千人大集，在杨家桥一带包围了这几十号人马，终于尽歼其人。可叹的是，这百十号倭寇，自绍兴开始流劫各地，经行数千里，杀伤明军四五千人，猖狂八十多天，才被彻底消灭，可见明军的指挥和战斗力何等糟糕。 由于从各地征召的少数民族狼兵、土兵扰民剽掠，明廷下令遣送这些人回乡。 虽然俞大猷等部明军小有斩获，倭势并不减弱。 赵文华回朝复命，为了彰显已功，便上奏“水陆成功”，谎报军情，最终使倭患更加严重。 迁延数日，嘉靖帝渐知赵文华没有据实上报，屡次质问严嵩。严嵩曲为回护，赵文华顺势把过错皆推诿他人。 嘉靖三十五年（1556年），明廷以胡宗宪为兵部侍郎兼佥都御史，总督各地兵民抗倭。 不得其死的胡宗宪后世言及平倭，总是讲戚继光、俞大猷、张经等人，其实，平倭最得力、立功最大的，非胡宗宪莫属。可惜的是，他为人油滑，在朝中交结赵文华、严嵩，致使后人对他的品行大打折扣，影响了他平倭的勋劳。 胡宗宪，字汝贞，南直隶徽州绩溪人。嘉靖十七年进士。此人为官，一步一个脚印，由知县、御史、巡按，这样，他不仅在地方历练，军队中也久经“锻炼” （巡按宣府、大同）。 嘉靖三十三年，胡宗宪巡按浙江。当时，张经为总督，李天宠为巡抚，这两个人对朝廷派来祭海兼督察军务的赵文华皆不买帐。惟独胡宗宪深晓官场三味，一心奉迎赵文华。赵文华大喜，与胡宗宪暗中谋划，齐力倾陷张、李二人，并最终把他们送上法场。但实话来讲，明军王江泾大捷，虽然总体上讲是张经指挥有方，胡宗宪本人出力不少。当然，报功时，最终在赵文华的陈说下，大功皆归于胡宗宪一人，他被超升为右佥都御史，代替李天宠为浙江巡抚。后来，也是在赵文华努力下，胡宗宪竟能以兵部右侍郎的身份充任总督一职，取代杨宜。 胡宗宪任上一直很卖力，绞尽脑汁想平定倭患。他先派出手下人蒋洲、陈可愿到日本活动。这两位爷乃胡府门客，皆能讲一口流利倭语，是纯熟的外交人才。 二人入日本，首先见到王直的养子王滶. 由于大家是大同乡，自然一见意气相投，并由王滶引见，蒋陈二人得与王直会面。 王直并不在日本本土居住，他占据日本沿海五个岛屿，拥众自保。他手下财物山积，人员上万，俨然一方国王。王直最初在日本吃得很开，岛民们纷纷在他率领下侵入中国沿海杀掠，获利颇丰。后来，由于明兵征剿，死人多多，甚至出现过一个小岛上几百男性倭人出海无一人生还的事情，倭人逐渐对王直产生了怨恨情绪。为此，王直心里不踏实，所以他近年一直居于自己能控制的海中岛屿上。 凭借与王直同乡的关系，胡宗宪首先把关在金华监狱中的王直老母和妻子释放出狱，好吃好喝养起来，供奉甚厚。如今，蒋洲、陈可愿又来致意，王直心动，对二人讲：“正是俞大猷对我下手太重，想赶尽杀绝，我才跑到这里。如果朝廷赦免我，恢复通市，我肯定会归国效力。” 于是，蒋洲自己做人质留在岛上，王直派养子王滶与陈可愿一起回国。 王滶并不是单身与陈可愿回到沿海，而是率一只千余人的船队回去。胡宗宪面见王滶，激以忠义，厚赏财宝，让王滶“杀贼立功”。 结果，深晓倭寇行踪的王滶出手不凡，在舟山等地大败倭寇（王滶本人和他的手下人，无论是华人或倭人，皆倭寇打扮，所以容易迷惑对方）。 胡宗宪把捷闻送达于朝廷，以“中央”名义赏赐王滶等人财物，并做出言之必信的姿态，听任王滶等人受赏后扬帆回日本。 王滶又喜又感激，回去后积极做工作。不久，他就派人送信给胡宗宪，告诉说另三个倭寇头子徐海、陈东、麻叶三人要来攻袭沿海。