Chapter 6 The third moral

one We have talked about it twice above, once on "truth" and once on "life".Truth is told from the outside, life is told from the inside. If we look at the world from the outside, we can have two different views, one is to see it as a "world of Dao", and the other is to see it as a "world of reason".The world of Tao is being created, and the world of reason has long been regulated.The actual world is just one, which we can call a world in which "reasons unite and complement each other".The world of Tao is active, but its activities have scope and regulations.The rational world is fixed, but within its fixation there is still plenty of room for movement.

When we talk about reason, we mainly talk about a kind of cosmology.Talking about life is mainly talking about the outlook on life. Life can also be viewed in two parts, one part is sex, and human nature is forward, dynamic, demanding, and pioneering.Part of it is destiny, and destiny is pre-determined, that is, it is pre-determined why human nature should move forward, what it requires, and what it creates.But its human nature has its pre-determined part, so human nature is common and similar, regardless of people and me.But in common similarities, there can still be differences.Those differences, both internally and externally, are fatal.Therefore, although there are many possibilities in life, the possibilities are ultimately limited.Although life can move forward infinitely, there must be a track in the end.

In the above two lectures, one belongs to the scope of cosmology, and the other belongs to the scope of life theory. The general meaning is the same, but the lectures are all in the abstract.The next test will be divided into two parts if it is implemented in detail.The topic of the third lecture is "Virtue", this lecture takes over the second lecture, and it is a concrete example of implementation in the world of life.The topic of the fourth lecture is "Qi Luck", following the first lecture, and explaining the concrete implementation of the universe and nature. two There is one great difference between Chinese thought and Western thought.There are so-called philosophers in the West, but China has never been called a philosopher.There are so-called thinkers in the West, but China has never been called a thinker.If we say that Confucius is a philosopher, or a thinker, we finally feel a little inappropriate.This is psychological.We should not ignore or underestimate it, because this is exactly where Chinese thinking and Western thinking are completely different.

We Chinese do not always like to talk about how good a certain person's philosophical theory is, or how good a certain person's ideological system is, but we always like to talk about how good a certain person's virtue is.At this level, we can say that in Chinese thought, virtue is more important than thought and theory.In other words, in the hearts of the Chinese people, it seems that the meaning and value of virtue in life is more important than their thoughts and theories.This level of opinion itself is a thought.What is its rationale?Based on what?This is worthy of our elaboration and development.

We can also say that the last talk about "life" is about the principle of life.This talk about "virtue" is about life practice.But the word "virtue" should also be discussed separately.Let's talk about "virtue" first, and then "action". three What is virtue?The ancient Chinese books all say: "Virtue is acquired." Acquisition is called virtue, and what is obtained?Zhu Mu of the later Han Dynasty said: "The virtue of one's nature is called virtue." Guo Xiang also said: (quoted in "The Analects of Confucius Emperor Kan Yishu") "He who has virtue is also one who has his nature." So Chinese people often talk about virtue, because virtue , which means to get its nature.In Tang Hanyu's "Original Dao", it is said: "It is virtue to be self-sufficient and not to look outside."But what is the so-called attainment of nature?Let's break it down one by one.

It turns out that there is nothing to be gained in life, and nothing is gained in the end. It can also be said that life ends in emptiness.When you die, what can you take with you?There must be death in life, so when it comes to the first game, it is empty.Not to mention death, what can we gain in his life?Strictly speaking, there is still no gain.As far as common sense is concerned, there should always be something in life. Let us talk about it in several aspects.One is to get it from the current world.We have said above that life represents many desires, such as eyes desire to see, ears desire to hear, every organ in the human body represents one desire, or more than one desire.Like a human mouth, it needs to eat and speak, at least it represents two desires.The human body is a great collection of desires, and the whole body is full of desires.Desires always want to be satisfied, but the fulfillment of a certain desire is at the same time the disappearance of a certain desire.Therefore, all enjoyment is necessary, such as eating, but also delicious food, but it only stays on the tip of the tongue for less than a second, and it is finished after swallowing three inches of throat.This is true for appetite and taste, but why not for other desires?Instantly gratified, that is, immediately gone.Mencius said: "Whether a man eats a man or a woman, can a man's great desire survive." There are two major conditions for human beings to maintain life, namely, diet and men and women.Therefore, eating and drinking have become the two basic desires in life.We should have food and drink, and we should have men and women.But like lust, what can you get?Is it not still satisfied at the same time, that is, disappearing at the same time?

People in this world always want to gain wealth, but wealth is something outside the body.If other desires can be satisfied by virtue of wealth, since all desires disappear when they are satisfied, isn't it still nothing in the end?Power is more indirect, status is indirect, and reputation is still indirect.People who have power, position, and fame can have wealth and enjoyment.Confucius said: "A gentleman will not be named when he dies due to illness", which is speaking in another sense.As far as reputation itself is concerned, who cares about what happens after the death of loneliness?The whole village has heard that Cai Zhonglang, who has a long-lasting reputation and a long-lasting stigma, is equally lonely in terms of the dead. Doesn’t it mean that no sound can enter his ears?If it is said that meritorious deeds are established, the meritorious deeds are satisfying the desires of the majority of other people, and the meritorious deeds themselves, at most, have obtained wealth, power, status and reputation due to the meritorious deeds. As analyzed above, what does he actually gain?And the satisfaction of most people's desires, isn't it still disappearing at the same time as they are obtained?Therefore, all achievements in the world are still empty.When Buddhism came to the East, it developed this meaning deeply and meticulously, and the Buddhist common saying called it "after all, emptiness".Life will definitely fall into the realm of ultimate emptiness, and from the beginning to the end of life, it will fall into the realm of ultimate emptiness. No one can deny this, and no one can do anything about it.Buddhism teaches people to truly understand this state, and then they can live in this state. This is the so-called Nirvana state in Buddhism.In fact, in the state of Nirvana, there is still nothing to gain, and it is still empty after all.It's just that people don't understand it, and insist on seeking gains in this ultimate empty realm, insisting on satisfying all their desires, which leads to all kinds of ignorance and sin in life.

The theory of Buddhism in this aspect is really fearless, positive, and courageous.He saw it, he didn't hide it, he pointed it out.Why not Christianity?Christian teachings say that human beings are inherently sinful, and that people should believe in Jesus and ask for atonement, and their souls can go to heaven after death.Paradise may be different from Nirvana.But isn't the real life in front of us, like Buddhism, considered to be irresistible after all?Jesus went to the cross, did he suffer some pain?Did he get a death sentence?Those are a void after all.Whether it is suffering or death, it is over when it is over, and it is over immediately, and it is over immediately.So these are insignificant.Most religious people look at life in the same way, whether ancient or modern, Chinese or foreign.

Why can't the Chinese create their own religion?Why can't religion prevail in Chinese society?Why can't all religious teachings be deeply rooted in the hearts of Chinese people?I am looking at life for the Chinese, but I think life is rewarding in the end.From a common perspective, the Chinese are a kind of realists, but at a deeper level they are not.What Chinese people think in their hearts that they can earn something in life does not refer to all the above-mentioned realistic statements.However, there is another thing in the hearts of the Chinese people, who recognize it as a gain in life.This thing can also be said to be reality, or it can be said to be unreal.Let me go a step further.

Four The Chinese believe that one can gain something in one's life, but this gain does not refer to life.Because life must have an end, and at the end of life there must be death, so life cannot be regarded as gain.As for everything that accompanies this life, it cannot be regarded as gain.The ancient Chinese also saw this level, but they did not describe it as thoroughly as other religious scholars.Because in the hearts of the Chinese people, they believe that in the process of life, there is still something to gain in life, and to seek something, you must rely on life.Therefore, the Chinese attach great importance to life, and even everything that is attached to life, the Chinese do not despise too much.Mencius said: "Food and sex are also sex." Eating men and women is not only necessary for life, but also part of the essence of life.Therefore, in the meaning and value of life, both food and sex are included.Mencius said that nature is good, even food and sex are also good. This is the great desire of life, and life cannot be separated from these two things.Food color should be returned to other food color, and should not be underestimated.Mencius also said: "What is desirable is good." Food and sex are two things that can be obtained in life, and they are two things that are necessary, so they are also desirable. How can it be said that they are not good?But life cannot stop at food and sex. Besides food and sex, there are more meanings and values ​​to be pursued.Some desires in life are desirable and some are not.Hungry and want to eat, it should be, it is desirable.But if you only think about eating, seek perfection and beauty, delicacies from mountains and seas, and become a person who eats and eats as Mencius said, it seems that people only focus on eating all their lives, then it is not good.

Since we say we want it, we should actually ask for it.If you are hungry and want to eat, you should eat it, and if you swallow it, it will be digested in the stomach, and this is the real gain.Therefore, Mencius also said: "There is something called faith." Faith means telling the truth.There is such a thing, and it is really for me.Just like the glass of water in front of me, I have to take it in my hand and drink it in my mouth. It really quenches my thirst, and this is what I call faith.Painting cakes to satisfy hunger, looking at plum blossoms to quench thirst is neither true self nor faith. Mencius went on to say: "Fullness is beauty." For example, if you eat, if you are hungry, you can eat a mouthful or two. For example, if you are thirsty, drink a drop or two. If you don't quench your hunger and thirst, it doesn't count.You should get what you want in life, and if you really get it, you should get a considerable amount.If you see a piece of mutton, it doesn't count, you must be able to eat that mutton.And if you only eat a slice, and you can't taste the mutton, it still doesn't count.It must be eaten in pieces and full before we say that the mutton tastes delicious.Beauty is beauty in the fullness of its weight.For example, when you see a beautiful woman on the road, you take a glance at her and feel that she is beautiful, so you want to have a few words with her and become acquaintances.We met each other and wanted to keep in touch with each other and become friends.The friendship is getting deeper and deeper, and I want to be married with her.We have become a couple, and we want to live together for a hundred years.Even after death, they still want to be buried together in the same cave, never to be separated.This is happiness.Commonly speaking, happiness is what Mencius called fullness, which is full of meaning.Therefore, those who are dissatisfied and not fulfilled are not beautiful. You may have doubts, what Mencius said refers to the words of virtue, not the words of sex.Of course, we should know that food and sex are also virtues.Virtue has its size and depth, but it cannot be said that food and sex are not virtues.The ancient Chinese talked about life, and the characteristics are as simple as this.Not only do we know it, but we all do it.From this starting point, it is gradually pushed to a higher depth.Therefore, what he said can become an irrefutable truth in life.Religionists talk about the soul, about God, about heaven, about the Western Paradise, and about Nirvana. These have never been realized in real life, and they cannot really have themselves, let alone how to seek enrichment.Chinese people are willing to accept whatever religions say, as long as they can be realized in real life.But if you can't prove it, you can't honor it.The Chinese refused to believe it.Religion must be believed, but all believe in something outside of me.The Chinese, on the other hand, seek it to be true within me, to be true to myself, and only then can it be said to be credible.Therefore, the Chinese talk about the truth of life, and they don't like to talk about beliefs, but they like to talk about experience.Experience is real and can be verified at the moment.Believe it or not.Then seek enrichment, satisfaction, expansion, and progress on these verifiable things. Enriched endlessly, there will be brilliance.If the electricity is sufficient, the light bulb will glow.Life emits brilliance and shines outward. This brilliance surpasses himself, can shine far away, and magnifies his life circle. This is called greatness.Therefore, Mencius went on to say: "To be full and brilliant is to be great." When a person reaches a great state, various changes will occur both internally and externally.Let me make some simple examples. For example, if a person eats a lot of food and his skin is moisturized, his face will be radiant.Another example is a harmonious family, a loving husband and wife, a loving father and a filial son, respectful brothers and sisters, a prospering family fortune, and the envy of many people. This means that the family is full and shining.Of course, what Mencius was referring to above is not about diet, nor about men and women.Mencius refers to the words of human virtue.Only when a person shines in virtue can he become an adult.But virtue is not a magical thing, everyone has it, and everyone has it in their lives.Let's start with the shallow.The shallower the knowledge, the more true it is, but the true meaning of life lies in those shallow places. Bigger can change.Mencius went on to say: "Big and transformed is called sage." This so-called transformation, regardless of internal or external, can be done at will and undergo various changes because of its brilliance and candlelight.This is the ideal life of the Chinese people has reached the highest state, that is a saint.Since it is big and has reached the realm of being capable of transformation, transformation cannot be predicted in advance.Therefore, Mencius also said: "What is transformed and unknowable is called God." The so-called God does not go beyond the world of life and go to another world.In fact, he is still just a person, still in this human world, but a person has reached the holy state and cannot be known beforehand, so we say that he is a god.This is man but God, so Chinese people often say that it is sacred. Fives Let me repeat what Mencius said.When people come into this world, one eye, colorful, mottled and blurred, we should first understand what is desirable and what is not.Secondly, get what you want, and don't want what you don't want.Third, what you want should be sufficient and flawless.Fourth, it must be fully completed, and then it will be able to grow and change.How can we say that if we are full, we can grow and change?For example, when a mountain is high, it produces clouds.When the water is deep, there will be waves.Life falls to the ground, naked, everything is lacking.Do your best to enrich yourself.The first is diet, followed by men and women.When he is always looking for something outside to supplement what he lacks in his naked body, then his life will always be limited to one body.Human life is only a physical birth, so how is it different from the birth of a bird?But when he becomes an adult, has a family, and has a son and a daughter, he is not only taking something from the outside, but also giving something from the outside. His life is no longer limited to his body, and his life circle is enlarged.All the energy in his body has turned into brilliance and radiated outward.So he used to be a little man, and then he became a big man.A villain refers to living in a small circle.The life of the small circle, we call it the life of the body.An adult refers to living in a large circle.The life of the big circle, we call it life.In the life of a villain, he only wants to enrich his life with everything outside.When adults live, they dedicate themselves to society.Dedicate your body to the society, and then you can see your virtue and shine here.If so, then everyone will radiate the brilliance of his life to the outside, and the light will reflect each other in the human society, and various changes will naturally occur. If life can be directed according to this, everyone will not go astray, and everyone will be able to shine more and more in a fulfilling life.The more the brilliance radiates, the bigger it is, as long as his brilliance reaches it, it will turn into light.Personally, he is an adult, a saint, and more advanced is like a man of god.If everyone is like this, you will see the greatness of life, you will reach the holy realm of life, and you can hope that life will be deified.At that time, the human world is nothing more than a paradise, a paradise, and a fairy descending from the earth.Since everyone can be Yao and Shun, everyone can become a god.Only by practicing in life, one step by step has reached the nearness of being a god. Isn't this the ultimate gain in life?It's just that its gains are definitely not outside life, but in the virtues completed in the course of its life. six As mentioned in the previous lecture, man is endowed with nature, and because of this nature, he becomes a human being, and he also begins to become a self.Virtue begins with nature, so the Chinese often call it virtue.If people have filial piety, they will have filial piety.If a person has the nature of perfection, he will have the virtue of perfection.Virtue is also known as character, and character has a classification definition and a classification definition.Although people have the same kindness, they have different personalities. Goodness can have many types of goodness.There are many levels of people's perfection of goodness.A sage is the supreme good and the highest rank among human beings. Since heaven endows me with goodness, my virtue is obtained from within myself, from what is inherent in me, not from seeking it from outside.But it is obtained within oneself, so if you want to get it, you will get it.Therefore, it is said: "A gentleman does not enter without gaining content." He also said: "A gentleman behaves according to his position. He is always rich and honored. Although there are many differences in the era and environment, the person in this era and environment is always one me, always one self.I always ask myself, then all changes in the environment of the times can be no problem at all. But what is it that you seek?The so-called self-satisfaction means not only obtaining it for oneself, but also obtaining another self, that is, obtaining a self.Let me ask you, if you gain everything else but lose yourself, what is the point of gaining that?If I get property, I become a rich man.Once I'm bankrupt, I'm a poor man again.But although rich and poor are different, I am still me, and I have nothing to lose.If I am happy, I am a happy person, and when I am in trouble, I am a troubled person.Though happiness and trouble are different, I am still one, and I have nothing to lose.But let me ask, what is the so-called self?If you say, I am a rich man, this is unreliable.Because you may become a poor person once.If you say that you are a rich man, once you become poor, won't you be lost?Even if you are not poor, if you die, and you cannot bring your wealth and jewels into the coffin, you will still lose you.We should know that the life of a person is endowed with human nature, because he has human nature, he becomes a human being, and it cannot be said that he becomes a human being only when he has wealth and happiness.There is a me among people, and because I am in human nature and have my own personality, I become me, not when I have wealth.But what does personality mean?Just as Shun was a great filial man, Zhou Gong was also a great filial man, and filial piety is a kind of virtue.Shun and Duke Zhou completed this virtue, so Shun and Duke Zhou are filial sons.A filial son is of the same order and color in life, while Shun and Zhou Gong have indeed become a person of quality and appearance.But Shun and Duke Zhou, one is poor and humble, one is rich, one is happy, and the other is afflicted. The time and environment are absolutely different. It can be seen that the time and environment have no great relationship with life. If I want to be filial, I will be able to be filial. Filial piety is self-willedness, and at the same time, it is life.Because I can get what I want, so it is said to be a life.Moreover, filial piety comes from human nature. If I want filial piety, I just want filial piety, and there is no other requirement than filial piety.Therefore, practicing filial piety is immediate and immediate, present and sufficient, and the retribution is immediately fulfilled, the so-called peace of mind and reason.If so, the virtue of filial piety is a kind of great freedom and freedom.This kind of freedom is also called blessing in Chinese.Therefore, it is also called "seeking more blessings for oneself", and it is also often said with blessings.You should know that only a virtuous person is a blessed person. Chinese people often value morality rather than talent.Because virtue is what one seeks for one's self and nothing is impossible, so emphasizing virtue will lead to peace and peace.To be talented is to seek what is beyond and not to gain. Therefore, emphasizing talent can lead to danger and injustice, that is, chaos.Blessed are those who respect virtue, and there is peace.Those who value talent will seek it from the outside, and their talent will be great, but their life circle will become small instead. Therefore, a villain can also have talent, but it cannot be said that he is virtuous. Perhaps people will say that if Shun and Zhou Gong are dead, isn't that the end of filial piety?You should know that although Shun and Zhou Gong died, they were more and more brilliant because of their filial piety during their lifetime.This kind of brilliance always exists in the world of heaven and earth.The so-called brilliance must be reflected in the hearts of others and then reflected to become brilliance.A rich man's wealth shines on others.When the wealth is lost, he becomes colorless.Moreover, wealth is by no means life, and filial piety is the true expression of life itself.So gaining wealth is not gaining life.To put it bluntly, he exchanged his life for wealth.Shun and the Duke of Zhou obtained the enrichment of their lives through filial piety. People may wonder, if filial piety has gained the fullness of life, wouldn't unfilial piety and greed for money also get the fullness of life?But who would consider himself unfilial and greedy for money?Know that unfilial piety and greed for money are evil virtues.Therefore, it is said that it is a person of evil virtue, because if a person is unfilial and greedy for money, he will hide it deeply and refuse to admit it frankly.There are many unfilial and money-greedy people in the world, but they don't respect each other.But the filial son and the generous and righteous man not only know each other, admire and respect each other, but also admire and respect each other unabated.In the world, it is only heard that there are filial sons who influence unfilial sons, and that people who donate money and righteousness influence people who are greedy for money. It is never heard that there are unfilial sons who influence dutiful sons, and people who are greedy for money influence people who donate money and righteousness.This is due to filial piety and generosity, which is the public heart of human beings, that is, human nature.Therefore, anyone who has this kind of virtue in the heart can easily communicate with each other, and inspire each other with righteousness. Therefore, such a person is called an adult, and it is said that he has brilliance, can shine, and can turn the darkness of the world into light.As for being unfilial and greedy for money, this comes from each person's individual selfishness, that is, human desire.Since the selfishness is different, the voices are not connected, and there is no sense of morality.Such people are always closed in the small circle of their own selfish desires, and they are only called villains.He has no radiance to shine outward, and the radiance from outside cannot penetrate his heart.When he was born, it was already pitch black, isolated from the outside circle of life.He dies and rests, how can it be said that he has also obtained the fullness of life? Only a person with a public heart and morality can enrich his life and set an example for others. We call him a decent person, that is, a person with character and virtue.As long as there are human beings, as long as the big circle of life exists, those decent people, those who are virtuous and virtuous, will always leave his likeness, that is, his moral character, in the hearts of the people and the world.Let me take modern people as an example, such as Mr. Sun Yat-sen, he also experienced poverty, wealth, adversity, and barbarians, but Sun Yat-sen has completed a Sun Yat-sen after all, and he has completed the appearance of an adult.Because he is virtuous.Let me ask you now, what has Dr. Sun Yat-sen achieved in his life?If it is said that he has left a name, he will be lonely in the affairs of the afterlife.In terms of his achievements, he created the Republic of China.Before his death, he himself said: "The revolution has not yet succeeded", which is not considered a gain.But what did he gain?We can only say that when Mr. Sun Yat-sen became a character and a virtue, he became his own person.As a person, he has entered the circle of life.Blessed is he therefore.Yuan Shikai died knowingly, so he must be insulting, but Mr. Sun Yat-sen has no regrets! What is the big circle of life? This term seems very abstract, but it is very concrete and very real.All things that belong to the small circle of life, you should know that they are illusory and unreal, and they will become empty at the moment.All religionists will point you to the set of knowing that the present moment is emptiness.If you talk about peace and happiness, you can deny it immediately. Where is the happiness?When you think about it, the moment of happiness is empty.If you talk about poverty, you can still deny it right away, but where is poverty?When you think about it, poverty and lowliness are empty at the moment.Everything else succeeds and fails.Anyone who belongs to a small circle of life, Gu Keru denies it immediately.But in the big circle of life, there are things that cannot be denied.For example, if you talk about filial piety, in my heart I really feel that I have this kind of filial piety, and in the hearts of others, I also really feel that I have this kind of filial piety. Then filial piety becomes a quality and a virtue, which is undeniable.There is only undeniable in life, and we should try our best to fulfill it.Only what is undeniable is the easiest thing to accomplish and the sure thing in life. To be more specific, the process of life is just to be a person, from beginning to end, life is just to do one's best, to be a person.But you can't be an abstract person, you have to be a concrete person.If you want to be a concrete person, you must be yourself, that is, me.What I am is my character.Mencius said: "The other person is also, I am also a person, and if he is capable." If he can be a person, I can also be a person.Abstractly speaking, they are the same person.Specifically, that is that, and I am I, and there is a difference between them.As a human being, you should reach the end.To be a man to the end is only in morality.This is what Mencius called exhaustion.One can be said to be a perfect person if one is perfect in one's nature, the so-called parents are born with completeness, and children return with completeness.Whoever returns to everything is a perfect person, and a perfect person is also a saint.A sage is no different, he just became a person, that is, himself, that is, I.That is to say, in terms of my character, I have indeed completed the appearance of a person. seven Let me take the three sages in Mencius as an example.Mencius said: "Yi Yin, the one who is holy. Boyi, the one who is pure. Liu Xiahui, the one who is holy." These three people are also saints, because they have reached the end in the same way, and they also have individual personalities.The three people have different personalities, but they each complete a person with the same appearance.Speaking from the outside, Lide is creating a person from the perspective of the big circle of life.In today's language, it is establishing a personality standard.If we live in a world of darkness, chaos, and filth, don't we hope that there will be someone who will stand up to take responsibility, struggle actively, and do more for the world.Yi Yin is that kind of person, and he can reach the end, so he is a holy person.In the world of darkness, chaos, and filth, we also hope that someone can be clean, white, bright, untainted by dirt, and keep his light alone.Boyi is that kind of person, and he has reached his end, so it is said that he is Sheng Zhiqing.In the same world, we also hope that there will be a person who can peacefully respond to things, has no disputes with the world, has no barriers to people, has no distinctions, does not offend others everywhere, and at the same time perfects himself without any harm.Liu Xiahui is such a person, and Liu Xiahui has reached the end of Liu Xiahui, so he is the sum of the saints.Today, no matter whether it is pure or peaceful, in this dark, chaotic and dirty world, if one person does this, he will be saved.If everyone does this, the world will be saved.The three of them have become the three models of life that are beyond everyone's ability and meet everyone's expectations, that is, three great personalities.And if you want to save yourself and others in this dark world, chaotic world, and filthy world, you can't escape these three examples.Therefore, it is said that these three sages can all be teachers of a hundred generations.They stand up for themselves, build up others, reach out to others, and walk the road in the world.Today, all our sins and sufferings are due to the lack of a group of capable and peaceful people.We should learn from Yi Yin Boyi and Liu Xiahui to complete ourselves and save this world.These three people have become three kinds of products, three characters.Now Mencius is similar to Yi Yin, Zhuang Zhou is similar to Boyi, and Lao Tzu is similar to Liu Xiahui.All great figures probably cannot leave these three categories.If you are looking for something higher, there is only Confucius.Confucius is a saint of the time, he can be in charge from time to time, sometimes clear, sometimes harmonious, he can change unpredictable, everything is decent, so Confucius's personality is not only big and transformed, but also transformed and unknowable, this is really almost like a god . Speaking of this, we can understand what Shu Sunbao called the three immortals of life in the Spring and Autumn Period.Immortality is what religionists call eternal life.However, the eternal life in religion refers to the soul after death. The so-called immortality of the Chinese refers to the virtues and achievements before life, as well as their thoughts and lessons.But these three immortals are mainly based on virtue.Virtue is taught by example and life.He acted like a man so that future generations could learn from him and become a teacher for generations to come.How can there be a greater achievement in the world than this?How can there be other speech lessons that are more intimate and true than this one?But in himself, he only completes himself, which is called self-improvement.If someone acquires a million dollars, not only does he become a rich man himself, but this one million wealth can be used by everyone. For hundreds of thousands of years, everyone can use his million dollars and become a millionaire. A rich man, but he still keeps this one million, and there are not many pennies, so what is it if it is not a god?If there is such a person, how can it be said that life is empty in the end, that there is nothing to gain, and that death is the end? Speaking of which, everything in life is empty, only Lide is not empty.Contributing meritorious deeds are like the finishing touch, but they still have to return to Lide.Virtue is the only possible thing in life, and it can be gained by others as well as by oneself.As a Chinese saying goes, the virtues accumulated by the ancestors can be passed on to the descendants.We should know that the evolution of human culture is nothing more than adding more human appearances, creating more ideal people, and teaching more people so that they can walk on the road of life that is truly rewarding.Those things are all the virtues of the predecessors.Virtue has been accumulated, and everyone has virtue. At that time, the world of people has become the world of gods. The above ideas are really the unique outlook on life of the Chinese, and they can also be said to be a religion created by the Chinese. We should call it humanistic religion.It can also be said to be a kind of moral education.If we use the Chinese point of view to measure other religions in the world, Jesus is also a virtuous person, and Sakyamuni is also a virtuous person. The Chinese call eminent monks great virtues.If it only has virtue, then all religions can no longer have the division of this boundary and that boundary.Therefore, under the concept of virtue in Chinese thought, Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Zhou, and Confucius are of course inherited from each other, and all saints have the same virtue.That is to say, there are saints in the East China Sea, West China Sea, South China Sea, and North Sea, so why not all saints have the same virtue?These saints melted together in the humanistic circle.Each has its own character, each has its own virtue, and the collection of each character and its own virtues, magnifying the brilliance, is called humanities, and this is called culture.What you get in life is what you get this culture.Get the magnification of this humanity.And its foundation lies in the character and virtue that each person has gained. Eight The above mentioned the meaning of the Chinese people's concept of virtue.But what I said above mostly quoted Mencius's words, because on this aspect, Mencius's words can almost represent the entire opinion of Chinese Confucianism.In fact, Taoism also attaches great importance to virtue. There are more words of virtue in Zhuang Lao's books than in Mencius.Moreover, the book also puts forward many words about the ideal person, but Zhuangzi doesn't like to be called a saint, so he changed the name to the perfect person and the real person.And on top of the perfect man, there is also a god-man, that is, a man and a god, and the same imagination as Mencius.This concept of man and god has become the source of the thoughts of immortals in later generations in the evolution of Taoist tradition. Next, let’s talk about Buddhism. Shenggong of the Southern Dynasty has tried his best to advocate that all people have Buddha-nature, but all people have Buddha-nature, so everyone can become a Buddha. Isn’t it the same as Mencius’s theory that everyone can be Yao and Shun?But Shenggong's so-called epiphany still refers to his understanding of reason.With the rise of Zen Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty, it began to mention direct pointing only, and specifically said "seeing the nature clearly".The so-called sex in Zen Buddhism refers to a kind of consciousness.In fact, any so-called acquisition of nature must become a kind of enlightenment.This feeling is an inner consciousness.If it is said that everything in life is empty, but this kind of inner consciousness is by no means empty.According to Zen Buddhism, once the enlightenment is complete and the awareness is revealed immediately, it is fully present and one can become a Buddha immediately.If so, Nirvana is right in front of you, and the world of afflictions becomes a pure land of bliss in an instant, so why wait for birth or rebirth?You should know that this is still the so-called virtue in traditional Chinese thought.Obtaining the nature and being internally sufficient, and no longer waiting for anything outside, it becomes holy in Confucianism, true in Taoism, and Buddha in Buddhistism.The laws of the three religions are different, but as far as the concept of virtue is concerned, they are still interlinked and unified, and there is no difference.The son is practicing Buddhism, so he doesn't need to be born again, even in the secular world, he can achieve the same fruit.Therefore, the out-of-the-world sentiment of primitive Buddhism was diluted, and it was still turned back to the inner self-awareness emphasized by traditional Chinese thought. However, the concept of Germany in traditional Chinese thought has such a deep potential power. Therefore, until Song Ruge's school of Wuqiongli, such as Zhu Xi said: "The appearance and interior of all things are all refined and rough", wouldn't it have completed the Qiongge physics The ultimate realm?And he had to add another sentence and say: "The whole and great use of my mind is omnipresent." You should know that this sentence refers to the virtue of inner self-awareness.If there is virtue, there should be no doubts in his own heart.If there is no such virtue, all physics outside, even if exhausted, will still have nothing to do with one's life, and life will still be a big escape after all.May I ask, if physics is poor, what will be gained in life?If it is said that there is income, it must still return to all the material comforts of food, clothing, housing and transportation in the physical life.But those, as I mentioned above, have long been looked down upon by various religions, thinking that it will be nothing in the end.If we understand this meaning, we will know that Song Ruge's theory of Wuqiongli is, after all, different from the spirit of modern Western science.And as I said above, in Chinese thought, science and religion may be united, and they may also be involved. Nine The Chinese value virtue, so they value conduct even more.Confucius said: "Those who know are not as good as those who like it, and those who like it are not as good as those who enjoy it." If we talk about thinking, after all, it only belongs to the side of knowing, and what we like starts to turn to the aspect of action, and what we enjoy is purely the side of action, that is, This is the so-called virtue.After all, the most important thing in life is doing and virtue.Just knowledge cannot include the whole life.And how can a person know it out of thin air?You have to do it before you know it, and you have to do it after you know it.Knowing is just like the light from the back of Xia Ying's tail when she is flying.Therefore, the Chinese have always valued action more than knowledge.The ancient Chinese "Shangshu" said: "Knowledge is difficult, but practice is difficult." This is to teach people to do it again.Wang Yangming of the Ming Dynasty also said: "If you know it, you can do it. If you can't do it, you still don't know it." He still teaches people to do it again.He also said: "Knowledge is the beginning of action, and action is the completion of knowledge." But this so-called knowledge refers to conscience.Conscience is not to seek knowledge but to know oneself early.Conscience is the nature endowed by heaven, so it is still important to do it.最近孙中山先生又说：“知难行易”，他的意思，还是鼓励人去行。如是则在中国社会，便不易产出如西方般的思想家。 法国哲学家孔德，曾把人类思想分成三阶段，起先是神学的，宗教的。其次是玄想的，哲学的。最后始是实证的，科学的。如照孔德分法，中国思想很早便走上第三阶段，即孔德所谓的实证。于何实证？则只有实证之于行。科学的长处，长在可以随时切断，随处切断，逐步求实证。如演算草，二十二加三十一，尽可分开算。二加一等于三，先把此一节切断，看它对不对。如对了，再算二加三，等于五，又对了，那总数是五十三，再也不会错。当知一切科学，全可如此把来切断，逐步去求证一步对了再一步。 研求自然真理当如此，研求人生真理，也得该如此。孔子说：“学而时习之，不亦悦乎！”此可以切断下文，单从这一句求实证。你试且学而时习之，看己心悦不悦，尽不必连看下一句。纵使下一句有错，这一句先可实证确定它不错。然后再及下一句，“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎！”你也尽可不连上，不接下，切断看，单去实证它对不对。如有朋自远方来，且看你心乐不乐。待你学养工夫深了，孔子说：“人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎”这一句，一样可切断看。遇人不我知，试看我心愠不愠。若我心觉有愠，试问为何生有此一愠，成不成君子？因此孔子这些话，在中国人说来是德言，即所谓有德者之言，此乃由人生实践确有所得了才如此说，不是凭空由思想来。你要明白孔子这三句话，也只有如孔子般，同样去人生实际求实证。 或有人怀疑，中国一向无哲学，甚至说中国没有系统严密的思想。在中国，一些传诵古今的话，只像是格言，零零碎碎，各不相顾，奸像只是些经验谈，又像是平浅，又像是武断，又像是神秘。其实这是中国人把行为实证与语言思想，融合成一片，相顾并进而有此。中国人思想，则务求与体验合一，不让思想一条线单独地直向前，这是中国思想之妥当稳健处。中国人务求把思想与行为交融互化，一以贯之，此乃中国思想一大特点。若以言证言，又以言引言，说了一大套，到头只是一番闲说话，距离人生实际反远了。骤然看，不是没有奇伟深密处，但回头配合到实际人生来，便总有所不合。 西方思想，正为好从一条线引申推演到尽头处。如说宇宙何由始，万物何由生，人生终极到底为的是什么？不论宗教家和哲学家，都好在此等处用心思，尽推演，尽引申，未尝不言之成理，持之有故，自成了一套理论，但与实际人生则愈离而愈远。而且那一套，又是有头有尾，竟体完密。若说它错了，竟可是通体错。于是只可说：“吾爱吾师，吾尤爱真理。”不得不从头另再来一套。于是真理是真理，人生是人生。这一派是这一派，那一家是那一家。我们读西洋哲学史，真可说是上天下地，无奇不搜。极斑斓，但也极驳杂。极齐整，但也极破碎。若仅是一哲学家，著书立说，托之空言，还不打紧。若认真要把此某一家所发现主张的真理来确实表现到人生，来强人以必从，又或凭借政治力量来推行实现此真理，这总不免会出大毛病。即如柏拉图的理想国，幸而在当时，没有人切实去推行。其病则在从纯思辨纯理智的路上来求真理，真理只在思索上，只在言辩上。不知一切思索言辩，本从人生实际来，而人生实际，则并不从思索与言辩来。纯思维纯理智的路，越走越远，只能说人生中可有此一境，但此一境则走偏了，决不是人生之大全，而且也不是人生主要的中心。 人生实际，则彻头彻尾是一个行。在马克思当时，对他资本主义之弊害，亦非无所见。若能见到这里，从这里下手，且把当时所见资本主义之弊害，就人性人道人生实践中，随宜逐步求改变，初看好像是头痛医头，脚痛医脚，太不彻底了，但如此决不见大毛病。现在则所见只在一点上，由此一点演绎引申，自成一大全体，此一全体，则是纯思维，纯理智的，只成为一个哲学思想的体系。这一套真理，则是一套哲学的真理。由此再回头来，把他那套真理推进实际人生，则早不是那么一回事。 让我再说一浅譬吧！譬如医生诊病，就病论病来治病是应该的，却不该因见了病，而推演引申开去，从思辨上，在意想中，创造出一个不会有病的理想体格来，然后再回头，把此理想体格来改造人身之结构。如此的医理，则非杀尽天下人不可。所恨者，杀尽了天下人，而此一种理想体格，除却在其思想理论中出现以外，仍不能在人生实际中出现。 ten 我此上之所说，并不是在批评马克思，我是在批评那些把知行分别开，让思想单独演进，于纯思维纯理智中见真理，而再回头来强人以必从的那一套。若从中国人观点，言顾行，行顾言，不把言语单独地演进，因此名言逻辑之学，在中国思想史里特别不长进、而中国也遂没有了哲学家。中国人未尝不思想，但想了一头绪，便转向当前人生实际求可能之体验与实证。因此不会有大出错。所以说：“默而成之，不言而信，存乎德行。”孔子又曾说：“思而不学则殆，学而不思则罔。”又说：“我尝终日以思，无益，不如学也。”学，效也，觉也。须知与行合一并进始是学。而且学已偏重在行的一边了。因此在中国，则特别重视一学者。中国人又常称此人有学问，不称此人有思想。学之极致则为圣。中国人所看重的圣人，则毋宁是看重此圣人之德行，尤胜于看重此圣人之思辨。此因中国人认为人生真理当由行为见，行为中即包有思辨与理智。若单从纯思辨、纯理智的路去求真理，则决不能把握到人生真理之主要处。若要把握到人生真理之主要处，则惟有以人生实践为中心，而一切思想理论，则常环绕此中心，不许其驰离得太远去。至于如何是人生主要真理，其最要一项目，即如上述，乃在人生须确然有所得。因此中国人常好以“德行”两字连言。若求人生之真实确然有所得，则自必重于行。因此在中国人德行一观念之下，不仅个人与社会获得了调和，而且天人之际即人生与大自然也获得了调和。 我们又可说，中国人的重德观念，颇近于西方人之宗教精神。而中国人的重行观念，则颇近于西方人之科学精神。惟在西方，宗教与科学，各走一端，而各走不到尽头处，若求走到尽头，反会出大毛病。只有中国，乃求以人文科学之实践精神，即体验方法，来求到达与完成中国人人文宗教之理想与追求。中国人以人文为中心，即以人性为中心，故可尽教人走到尽头处。愈能走尽则愈好。因此中国人希望有全德，有大德。如是则在中国人德行合一的观念下，西方宗教与科学两途，也可获得了调和。