Chapter 25 Examination System in Chinese History-2

two During the chaos at the end of the Han Dynasty, the local government lost contact with the central government, transportation was inconvenient, and many localities did not have the actual power to govern. The electoral system collapsed.The government employs people without standards.Chen Qun was the secretary of Cao Cao's official department, so he established the "nine-rank Zhongzheng" system, thinking that it would replace the selection system for the Han township.This preparation has been condemned by future generations, but in terms of the original intention of creating this system, it is also painstaking, and it also has considerable effectiveness.The so-called nine-rank system is actually a kind of investigation and evaluation of talents.First of all, among the officials of the central government, the most respectable ones will be appointed, and then the district will appoint a central government official.A small Zhongzheng was established under the Dazhongzheng.The responsibility of Zhongzheng is to list the talents in his hometown as far as he knows. Anyone who has been an official but not an official can be included and sent to the Ministry of Officials for appointment.The difference between this system and the election in the Han Dynasty: First, in the election of the Han Dynasty, the power was exercised by the chief of the prefecture and the country, and the central officials were concurrently in charge of the Jiupinzhongzheng.Because of the turmoil in the four directions at that time, talents were exiled and concentrated near the central government. The local governors could not exercise their electoral powers, so they were temporarily replaced by central officials.The second is the election of the Han Dynasty, only those who have not entered the official position are selected, and the roster of the nine-rank Zhongzheng is included regardless of whether they have been official or not.This also has an ulterior motive.Because there was no standard for employing people at that time, especially in the army, all the chiefs appointed relatives and personalities.At this moment, the Ministry of Officials only relies on Zhongzheng's talent book, and those who are ranked as inferior can be eliminated by name based on public opinion in their hometown and replaced by newcomers.Because of this system, Cao Wei gradually employed people on track.

However, this system was originally an expedient method in troubled times. Once the Western Jin Dynasty unified the local governments, all local governments had been restored, and the Jiupin Zhongzheng system was still implemented, so abuses were inevitable.First, talents from all over the country must go to the central government to make friends and win reputations, hoping to be well received by Zhongzheng.In this way, the honest spirit of serving the local government with peace of mind in the Han Dynasty will be lost.Second, the Jiupin Book is listed regardless of whether they have been in office or not. There are also celebrities who have not been tempered in actual politics. After more experience, it is easier to grow the ethos of being superficial and vain.Third, the election of personnel in the Han Dynasty is different from civil service. Election is only a way to become an official. After he officially enters an official, he will be promoted and dismissed by the government's civil service based on his actual achievements.The Jiupin system relies entirely on the Zhongzheng roster.This book is changed every three years. Those with good reputations will be promoted, those with bad reputations will be demoted, and the officials will be removed accordingly.In this way, everyone will be surprised by the false reputation outside, and the service performance in their positions is actually very poor, but they will get a good name and get promoted.But buried in service, although the actual political performance is good, because Zhongzheng didn't know about it, he was demoted instead.And so on, unavoidable.Therefore, people below the Wei and Jin Dynasties are all about talking about false names, and they cannot be as serious and honest as the officials in the Han Dynasty. This system has a lot to do with it.As for being neutral or not, this is a matter of personnel and has nothing to do with the system, so I don't need to discuss it in detail.

From the above, it can be seen that every system cannot be perfect and can be implemented for a long time without harm.Each system must cooperate with other systems before it can exert its own efficacy.The founding of the Jiupin Zhongzheng System has no bad intentions.At that time, the power of family status had already been established. Since the Six Dynasties, this system has been transformed into a talisman for the power of family status.Despite much opposition, it failed to completely reform.At that time, the political style of talents was not as good as that of the Western Han Dynasty, and this system really had an impact.