Chapter 28 Jing Kang shame

Zhao Ji, the eighth emperor of the Song Dynasty Huizong, was passed on to the crown prince Zhao Huan when the Jin people invaded Bianjing in 1125 AD.This hard-working emperor, who had only been emperor for more than a year, was taken captive by the Jin people and imprisoned for 30 years for life. In fact, Huizong did not slip through the net. In 1126, also the first year of Jingkang, Emperor Qinzong collected gold and silver from Kaifeng and contributed to the Jin army, and admitted to ceding three towns in the north, including Taiyuan. Next time I will go to Kaifeng, Bianjing.Unexpectedly, the Jin people made a comeback between the court and the war. This time they stopped negotiating with Zhao Song, and captured more than 3,000 people, including the current emperor, empress, concubines, princes, and princesses, and went north. At the beginning of 1127, it is generally accepted by historians that the Northern Song Dynasty died in 1126.Afterwards, the two Huiqin sects died successively in Wuguocheng (northeast corner of today's China).

Only during this turbulent period, Huizong's son Qinzong's younger brother Kang Wang Zhaogou was able to escape with his troops and proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing as Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty.Not long after he came to the throne, he was chased by the Jin people along the coast of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and died on a boat for a while.Later, the capital (only called "Xingzai") was finally established in Lin'an (Hangzhou).It was not until 1141 that Qin Hui's peace negotiation was successful, Zhao Gou proclaimed his minister to the gold master, and paid 200,000 yuan in silver and silk for each year, and recognized the Huaihe River as the boundary. The situation in the Southern Song Dynasty was considered relatively safe. The Yuan Dynasty of Bie Lie was extended to Song Zuo for another 153 years.

The tragic title of Jingkang has been widely spread through the ages, probably because Yue Fei's lyrics "Manjianghong" contains the words "Jingkang is ashamed, but it has not yet snowed".It is called "shame", but it is something that should not have happened, but let it happen. When Wulibu marched into Kaifeng in 1126, his army strength was no more than 60,000. All parties in the Northern Song Dynasty called Qin Wang's division, which was said to be more than 200,000.It's just that the plan for peace and war has not been resolved, so that people's hearts have collapsed.At that time, if he kept quiet, why was he so humiliated?This kind of analysis and refutation has already been done by many historians.And to investigate the responsibility, since Jingkang was out of control, Huizong appointed Cai Jing, and because of Cai Jing, Shenzong appointed Wang Anshi.

The historian lays out the past, and its main task is to review the cause and effect of what has happened, and should not overemphasize what has not happened, and it may happen under different circumstances, and it can produce ideal evolution (unless such speculation raises side effects) positive and negative factors can make up for the lack of positive observation).Moreover, it has been more than 800 years since the Jin people entered the Central Plains and "abolished" the emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty as a "common man".Today we urgently need to find out the reasons recognized by all. It is difficult to conform to today's understanding that people at that time believed in individual accountability and maintained their own views.

From this standpoint, we can clearly see that in 319 the Zhao Song Dynasty dealt with the regime established by the ethnic minorities in the border areas, and they were often in a passive position. Because they could not fight, it was difficult to invite the agreement of the other party to make peace.Taizong's attack on Liao had already failed three times (see "Chanyuan Alliance"), and in 1041 Khitan was preparing to commit crimes in the south again. Fu Bi's negotiations finally fulfilled his mission, but he still settled with increasing the age coins, and in the end it was still military power not enough.The Northern Song Dynasty was not only like this with the Khitan Liao and the Jurchen Jin, they also could not take the initiative with the Xia Kingdom composed of the Western Qiang as the main body.Its military operations are often protracted, and the defeated soldiers lose their generals.The war in the Shenzong Dynasty lasted for 14 years, and there was a record of "600,000 dead in the official army, Jieqiang, and Yibao". Pain is known.At the time of the peace talks, the Song Dynasty still recognized the "gift" of Yinqi silk tea at the age of the year.

The military and diplomacy of the Southern Song Dynasty also showed no improvement. After the "Jingkang Shame", Yue Fei and his son became victims of the 1141 peace talks.It was only in 1165 that Song and Jin fought again, and when the outcome was pending, the peace agreement was successful. The Jin people called Song Jun the emperor, and the Jin lord as "uncle", and called themselves "nephew" instead of ministers. And the reduction of 100,000, Song people thought it was "respecting the enemy's national ceremony", such a harvest is already something to be proud of.It was only during this war that Yue Fei was reinstated and buried.However, in 1207, Han Tuozhou's Northern Expedition failed, and the Jin people wanted his head. The Southern Song Dynasty court also dissected the coffin and cut up his body, and sealed his head to Jin.At the same time, the annual coins have also increased to 600,000, and Qin Hui, who was in the peace talks more than 60 years ago, will be given the "rejuvenation posthumous posthumous title".It was not until Mongolia defeated the gold that Zhen Dexiu’s suggestion to eliminate gold coins was accepted. However, the alliance of the Southern Song Dynasty against Mongolia and the Jin Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty was exactly the same as that of the Northern Song Dynasty. The situation can be summed up in one word, that is, it cannot win the initiative.

A series of facts gathered before and after this seems to be really contrary to reason.The population of the Northern Song Dynasty should be more than 100 million even if it is estimated at a very rough rate (there were more than 32 million "Ding" in 1088. In 1079, there were 7.18 million Baojia and militia members), and the number of standing soldiers was after the middle of the eleventh century. Often over a million.That is to say, on the eve of the collapse of the Southern Song Dynasty, Wang Lixin and Chen Jia had three strategies, and still said that the soldiers from the south of the Yangtze River could get 600,000 if they were drawn across the river.Khitan Jurchen and Mongolia do not have such huge manpower.Zhao Kuangyin said that Khitan's elite soldiers were only 100,000, and when the Jin army surrounded Bianjing in the first year of Jingkang, their number was only 60,000.According to the research of Chinese and foreign scholars, when the Mongolian power was at its peak, its population was only between one and two million, and it may be close to one million.Even if Jurchen moved its capital to Kaifeng, when its registration reached its peak, it claimed to have a population of 45 million under its jurisdiction. According to the areas controlled by the two parties, its population should still be lower than that of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the vast majority of them are still Han.

In terms of educational level and economic strength, ethnic minorities cannot be compared with the majority. In the 12th and 13th centuries, China developed the production of Shuilisi tea, porcelain, and lacquerware to the highest level in the south. The standard of living in Kaifeng and Lin’an was comparable to that of other places in the world. Some scholars in the West and Japan still call it the China of the Song Dynasty. After a period of "Renaissance" and "Commercial Revolution".Although Liaoyang and Beijing were established at this time in history, they are still incomparable with the metropolises in the south because of their non-commercial cities.Even if the Southern Song Dynasty needed to provide year-old coins to the north, the 500,000 taels of silver silk still only accounted for a small part of the country's income (experts estimate that when the year-old coins reached 1.5 million, they were still only worth half of the southern government's revenue. 2%).Moreover, when the two parties discussed the market, although copper coins flowed into the north, silver coins still flowed into the south.That is to say, when the war was defeated, there was no shortage of supplies in the Song Dynasty. "Song History" "Shihuo Zhi" mentioned that during the reform period of Shenzong using Wang Anshi, the actual overflow of each warehouse exceeded the storage limit.During Zhezong's time, Su Shi said: "Yuanfeng and the property of the internal treasury, the Shanwei, were stored by the late emperor in many ways for emergency use. If they are accumulated and not used, how is it different from the money in the Western Garden of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the second treasury of Qionglin Daying in Tang Dynasty?" That is, during Huizong's time, " Cai Jing Biography still pointed out that "the time has been peaceful for a long time, and the wealth and wealth are overflowing, and Beijing advocates the theory of abundance, prosperity, Henan, and greatness" (money and materials have been accumulated abundantly, and they must be circulated frequently so that the economic scope can be ample and expanded. cyclic with each other).So he said to Huizong: "Today's spring coins have accumulated 50 million yuan, which is enough to enjoy the public, and rich enough to prepare gifts." Therefore, the wealth of the Song Dynasty surpassed that of previous dynasties.

The population and materials of the Song Dynasty could not be effectively mobilized, resulting in the collapse of military affairs and diplomacy, which became a great tragedy in history. So far, there is still a lack of a comprehensive work that examines the whole story in detail.Presumably, Western research has too detailed a division of labor, ignoring the traditional Chinese method of bureaucratic control based on "economy".Including everything related to the national economy and the people's livelihood.In the history of the governance of traditional Chinese scholars, the technical review is blocked by moral concepts.If we broaden our horizons, that is, by comparing the "Shihuozhi" and "Bingzhi" in "Song History", we can also generate a concept that we know that the modern financial economy requires detailed legal maintenance. First, we must determine the government's conscription and taxation In order to ensure the inviolability of private property, the national economy, which is sufficient to constitute a service sector, including transportation and communication insurance and the employment of lawyers, etc., can also be monitored from the side.Based on the experience of modern Western countries, such a large-scale government initiative can only have the second-line and third-line support of non-governmental organizations and become a sound institution.The most advanced sectors of the Song Dynasty, such as the circulation of currency and materials, already had this need.However, in its backward sectors, such as the basis of small-scale owner-farming production, the knowledge and ability of the yamen and subordinate staff, and the maintenance of homeless and unemployed people, it is not possible to talk about pursuing such efficiency.In this way, the accumulation of human resources and resources at the top is getting bigger and bigger, and the services at the middle level are becoming more and more lax and empty, which eventually turns into a numerical expansion. The crux of it is that it cannot be managed numerically.The dispute between traditional Confucianism and Legalism cannot expose the truth of this issue, and its circumstances are unique, which is only seen in Chinese and foreign history.

In traditional bureaucracy, the truth runs from top to bottom, and since the emperor's orders are "sacred decrees", there is actually no limit to the power of conscription and taxation. "Song History" "Shihuo Zhi" said that "both silk is used to make money and money is used to make wheat, and the money is twice as much as silk; when money is compared with wheat, wheat is twice as much as money. The people have nothing to complain about."It shows the lack of an independent judiciary, unlimited taxation power, and its calculation is purely based on pressure from the top to the bottom.The government does business, and the commercialization of the financial sector is even less legal and reasonable. "Shihuo Zhi" also said: "Since Xining (the era when Shenzong used Wang Anshi), in addition to Hebu, there are also Sicang, Bobu, Jiebu, Biaobu, Duibu, Jibu, and Quanbu. , Junbu, etc..” In this way, its legislation also lacks a system, and it is all based on the needs of a particular time and place. Even its legislative power can still fall into the hands of local officials and soldiers. Recruiting archers (the "Bow and Arrow Society" was a civil self-defense organization in North China at that time), it was a duty to go up to the battle, and it was also used for conscription. "Bing Zhi" also said that even Shenzong Zhao Xu felt that it was wrong.He once proposed that Fubing should be "necessary" with Zuyong.That is to say, if you want to recruit soldiers, you must adhere to the economic system of small farmers, collect taxes based on household registration, and collect in kind at a low tax rate (this is also the principle of Liao and Jin).That's why Sima Guang said: "Nowadays, we not only collect farmers' millet and silk to give to the main army, but also use them as an army. It is a matter for one family to give to two families", which is also the same argument.In the future, due to the need, I had to repeat it and use it.Even the emperor compromised and said: "It is necessary to formulate laws and regulations, not to announce them, but to implement them gradually."

The bureaucratic method has no objective conditions, and the only way is to hold the subordinates accountable, so they force the officials to lie and cover up.In general, fewer soldiers are reported to military and political institutions to reduce responsibilities, and more soldiers are reported to financial institutions to fight for food and pay, and people are hired to replace them when reviewing.So far, "Since the West Road has been rewarded generously, the Xiansi of the East Road has discussed it before and after, and it is very exciting."Even "those with hundreds of thousands of soldiers are imaginary numbers." "Shihuo Zhi" pointed out that long before Shenzong, the admonisher Fan Zhen had already gone to Shu, exposing that "now the Zhongshu governs the people, the privy governs the soldiers, and the three divisions govern the wealth, each of whom does not know each other."The redundant officials in the Song Dynasty can still be seen at a glance, such as "staying behind for observation and there are as many as thousands of governors in Yao County", obviously there are not so many official positions to accommodate such people.But the "redundant soldiers" in the army are not easy to check.In addition, it is impossible to pursue the work of recruiting villains and minorities as rare soldiers, and the main army is responsible for the logistics work. On the eve of the "Jingkang Disgrace", officials in Shandong pointed out that Liang Yangzu reported to the militiamen in Shandong that "the 240,000 and 110,000 played are almost in vain."Tong Guan's "Hebei generals are unique, and they often recruit more queuing quotas, and use their sealed piles (savings under the budget) for the upper offering."This is the case in the Northern Song Dynasty, which caused a bizarre phenomenon: all the treasuries were "accumulated", and there was a "money shortage" among the people.The government's coin minting was originally a bargaining chip of credit. Its tax revenue is unlimited, and its administrative efficiency relies solely on political pressure. Both inflation and deflation.Quan Hansheng researched the business of Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty. Generally, there were more imports and less exports. The income and expenditure were unbalanced. They relied on the money lending and rent collection of officials and the living expenses of the government's entourage such as students, warlocks, and tourists. Strictly speaking, it was also supported by taxes. A large-scale consumer market, in the case of high prices, will do more harm than good to the overall economy. Therefore, the quality, morale and combat effectiveness of the army's soldiers are only going from bad to worse.Song Taizu once used "sample soldiers" as the standard, and ordered the towns to supply the central forbidden army, and later replaced them with wooden poles.By 1035, the pay was still graded according to the soldiers' body size.In the future, there will be no such choice. Refugees will be used as soldiers, prisoners will be used as soldiers, and soldiers will be tattooed on their faces and arms to prevent them from fleeing.The quality of its personnel is as good as it is, and its equipment is just enough. In 1073, Shenzong set up a military supervision department, hoping to improve and standardize the quality of weapons.The "God Arm Bow" made by him is actually a strong crossbow. It is made of two kinds of wood, and the strings are also made of silk and hemp. It is said that it is effective against cavalry.But all parties asked for samples, and the military inspector said that the transportation was inconvenient and only the samples were delivered. We cannot say that the lack of military power in the Song Dynasty was all caused by bureaucracy. For example, Bianjing, the capital of the Song Dynasty, did not have effective control over the mountains of Shanxi, and the defense in the north lost the effect of geographical advantages.The Liao was ruled by two courts, Jin Yimeng'an and Mukehu (local chiefs of the Jurchens) lived together with the Han people, and had both nomadic and agricultural production skills, which were not available in the Huns and Turks before. "Shihuo Zhi" in "History of Liao Dynasty" stated that "horses and sheep are not allowed to enter the Song Dynasty". Although it cannot be completely banned, Zhang Zeduan's "Surfing the River During the Qingming Festival" draws the carts in Bianjing pulled by buffaloes.Obviously, the supply of Song army horses has been restricted.Moreover, Zhao Song forced the people in the combat area to move south, and the abandoned area was called "forbidden area". The tax in the south was also high. Before Jingkang, Fang La and Song Jiang rebelled.However, considering various factors, we still believe that government organization and work style are the most hindered military institutions from generating power.On the other hand, at the turn of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, the situation was chaotic, and thieves everywhere were indistinguishable from independent armies, but capable generals such as Yue Fei and Han Shizhong appeared.They are not fettered by bureaucracy, and only by fighting to support war can they fully generate strength.And because of this, they were finally intolerable by Qin Hui. This kind of bureaucracy is a kind of historical creation. Simply put, it is also a kind of political organization with small farmers as the main body. It lacks the adaptability to control a pluralistic and constantly growing and changing urban economy.Not only did Zhao Song do the same, but Khitan and Jurchen also made the same mistakes in the future.Stated the study of the former, Sheng called the "growth of feudal factors" in the Liao Dynasty.Tao Jinsheng studied the latter, and said that after Jin Nanjin the Jurchen nation's corruption and weakness were similar to those in the Northern Song Dynasty.In fact, the most obvious trend among Huigai is that a very simple central totalitarian system cannot dominate a gradually modernized economy.No wonder "Liao Shi" Shihuo Zhi said that "to the end of the year, the funds were huge, and the drums and casts were as old as before, and the national use was not enough."Gold's record is even lower.According to Peng Xinwei's research, the inflation rate reached 60 million times.