Chapter 14 Battle of Feishui

In the winter of 383 A.D., the "former Qin" emperor Fu Jian, who was of Tibetan descent, made a massive attack on Jin.Not long after he unified the north, the residents near Chang'an were still of all kinds. The so-called "Xianbei, Qiang and Jie are all over Jidian".Although the Jin Dynasty leaned to the left of the Anjiang River, it was still able to maintain the western defense line, such as today's Hanshui area in northwest Hubei and Sichuan further west.Even on the closest battlefield, an offensive can be launched near Jiangyi Shouyang.Judging from various indications, Fu Jian did not have the determination to fight the Jin people on the eastern front, but commanded a lot of miscellaneous troops, unable to command, and could only maintain his organization through military operations.At the same time, they are overconfident in their numerical advantages, the so-called "throwing the whip is enough to stop the flow".He always hoped that with the soldiers of the Shu Han and You Ji in Liangzhou, known as the strength of 870,000, "like the autumn leaves swept by the wind", he would not be afraid that the Jin people would not surrender.Therefore, before he left the army, he declared that Sima Changming, the emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, would be his next minister Zuo Pushe (equal to the deputy prime minister and minister of military and political affairs). and waiter.They all built official residences in Chang'an for them in advance.

If all the existing materials are credible, this person has received traditional Chinese education and has some bookish habits.Before he fought with the Jin people, he also asked Zhu Xu, a formerly captured Jin official, as an envoy to visit the Jin army.Later, Zhu Xu told the other party Qin Zhi's fiction and truth, set a policy for them to fight quickly, and took actions that were unfavorable to Fu Jian on the battlefield. Xie An, the commander-in-chief of the Jin Dynasty, was officially named "Shang Shu Pu She Ling Li Bu Jia Hou General".He also has a nerdy temper. When he was young, he had no intention of becoming an official, but only associated with celebrities and had a reputation.He didn't officially become an official until he was forty years old, and he still played around in water and mountains, talking a lot.When people persuaded him, he asked back: "Qin appointed Shang Yang and died in the second generation. How can it be said clearly that it will cause evil?"

On the eve of the Battle of Feishui, he was appointed as the military governor of the fifteen prefectures.His son Xie Yan, nephew Xie Xuan, and Xie Shi are all important generals under his command.To deal with Fu Jian's so-called million-dollar army, he only had 80,000 people to resist.However, he "maintains peace and tranquility, and the emperor uses long-term calculations" and "does not keep small observations, but promotes the outline."He gave individual instructions to his cronies and generals, so that they should "do their own duties" as a principle.After the deployment is completed, I will stop talking, and invite relatives and friends to play Go and travel around the mountains and rivers to express "being calm and fearless".

When the mixed Qin army in the north and the compact Jin army in the south confronted each other, Xie An's vanguard caused the commander of the northern army to say, "The king hangs the army deep and sets up the formation to force the water. This is a long-term strategy. Do you want to fight? If you retreat , so that the soldiers circle around, and the servants and the princes relax and watch, isn't it beautiful?" This word only changes the numbers, and it appears twice in the "Book of Jin". It treats combat as a competition, and there is "Zuo Zhuan" The style of work may have been written in the imagination of historians, but the demeanor of the generals of the two parties may also be based on actual records, because Fu Rong, the general who led the Northern Army, is also known for his literature. "On Taoism", his Fu is still "magnificent and clear, treasured by the world", he is not a martial artist, especially not with the style of Rongdi.

He was fooled this time.As soon as the Qin army retreated, Zhu Xu spread rumors behind the formation, saying that the northern army had been defeated by the southern army.At this time, the troops assembled in a hurry, labored from far away, unfamiliar with people, and without strong fighting spirit, so they believed it was true.If it was a defeat, it would be out of control, and Fu Jian himself was shot, so the Jin army won a complete victory.As soon as the battle report from the front line arrived at the headquarters, Xie An was playing Go with his friends. After reading it, he put the documents on top of the other cases, and played the game as before.It's just that the joy in his chest couldn't be completely restrained. After playing chess, he stepped into the room, the muscles on his feet were tense, and he couldn't stretch for a while, and he used too much force. The break of the tooth", the origin is like this.

The Battle of Feishui established the long-term division of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.Later, Liu Yu of the Southern Dynasties entered Chang'an in 417 AD and could not stay for a long time.Hou Jing of the Northern Dynasties rebelled repeatedly. He also fell into Jiankang in 548 A.D. and was killed by his subordinates soon after. The goal of unifying the country was far away. It was not until 589 A.D. that the Sui Wen Emperor Yang Jian's "Tianxia Datong" and "Qu Yu's Family" came into existence.So far, 206 years have passed since the Battle of Feishui.

In the past two hundred years, it has often become an area of ​​tug-of-war between the north and the south. In addition to Huainan, there is also the Xiangyang area in Hubei.This can also be said to be the cavalry tactics that the Northerners are good at, and it has been unable to be used effectively so far.The commander of the Southerners is the navy, not only the troops are transported by boats, and they can win the initiative on the battlefield, but also the soldiers have no labor to march, and the food and grass can be quickly arrived.It's just that this kind of strength cannot be extended to the north.During the Battle of Feishui, the situation where the two sides were restricted by the terrain has already seen its clues.For example, "Book of Jin" said that Fu Jian had "270,000 riders", but he could not charge forward because he was separated by a river.Although the Jin army won an unprecedented victory, it could not expand the results of the battle, and it was still on the left side of the river.But there are more important reasons for this long-term split.

Since the fall of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Chinese population has been migrating from north to south and from west to east for a long time due to natural disasters and wars.Even the wars between the Wei and Jin Dynasties also carried the mood of armed immigration, just like the Ping Wu in 280 years, the Western Jin Dynasty mobilized 200,000 troops, and when Jianye took over the registration, there were only 2.63 million men and women, and the southern conscripts already accounted for the local population. A large proportion.If it is the gap between North China and Central China, it is bound to be filled by ethnic minorities outside the "15-inch rainfall line".Although the data are incomplete, there are many examples in history: in 333 AD, Shihu moved from Chang'an to Qin Yongmin, with more than 100,000 households of Di and Qiang in Kanto, and the envoys lived in Fangtou (near Junxian County, Henan Province), and the Qiang division led them. Tens of thousands of people migrated to Qinghe Zhitou (Zao County, Hebei Province).Shi Jilong moved to the west of Liaoxi, Beiping, and ten thousand households in Yuyang to Yongluo, Yanyu.On the eve of the Battle of Feishui, the population near Chang'an was dominated by Xianbei and Qiang Jie.As mentioned above, the Northern Expedition of the Southern Dynasties conflicted with the direction of this kind of immigration semi-driven by natural forces, and it was not easy to implement it thoroughly.Before the Battle of Feishui, Huan Wen of the Eastern Jin Dynasty conquered Luoyang, and entered Chang'an in 369, but was finally defeated at Fangtou.

It is because of the pressure of this population movement that the paddy fields in the south can be widely developed. "Book of Jin" Shihuo Zhi said that "the riverside coast, three hills and eight bushes, and those who do not reach the Lei Lei, people will accept it", which shows this general tendency to open up virgin land.It's just that "fire farming and water weeding" first use the method of burning wasteland, then irrigate with water, and use a lot of manpower to remove weeds, so that the rough farming method can be gradually transformed into precision farming.

The races in the north are complicated, and it is not easy to stabilize the political situation. Most of the ethnic minority leaders during the "Five Husbands of China" were Sinicized, and many of them were of Han descent.Because in the Han Dynasty, except for the era of Emperor Wu, the "peace policy" was always carried out intermittently, and Liu Yuan's surname Liu, the Xiongnu, was not without grounds.At the end of the Han Dynasty, Yuan Shao regarded his family members as his daughter-in-law Karasuma Haoqi.Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, intermarriage of the Yue species has become more common.General Anbei, who supervised the military forces in Youzhou, Wang Jun, had a wife of Xianbei Duanwu Wuchen, and a wife of Su Nuyan.Later general Han Juu played Duan Pi's "concubine".Liu Kun was the Sikong of the Jin Dynasty. Although his relationship with Duan Piqian was not stated clearly, he "married Kun and was about brothers".In addition to Empress Jia, Emperor Hui of Jin also established Empress Yang. She was also a daughter of a famous family. Later, when Liu Yao fell into Luoyang, he also appointed her as empress. Liu Yao's successor.Shi Jilong, a man of Jie, "has sent more than 20 to 13 to more than 10,000 common people, and distributed them according to the third class."This trend continues unceasingly.Later, the royal family of the Tuoba family in the Northern Wei Dynasty was actually Han Chinese, and figures such as Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty and Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty also had mixed blood backgrounds.It’s just that the intermarriage of the upper class is not counted, and the ordinary people of the lower class also need to mix in this melting pot, and the nomads have to give up their living habits and become farmers who resettled. The transition period will take a long time.

The fall of the Eastern Han Dynasty, "annexation" accounted for an important factor.Because of the conscription and tax payment on that day, the "household" is the object. "Mouth" is transferred by household.If the peasants who lost their fields did not become refugees, they would become the "slaves" and "guests" of the rich and powerful families, and even the entire extended family would become "parties", and local officials could not deal with the wealthy and powerful families.The aristocratic families of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties also originated from this.We opened the "Book of Jin" from volume 30 to volume 86, which lists the biographies of 542 people, except for the chief of Xianbei, the important figures in the Jin Dynasty are almost all caught, and their biographies mention that their ancestors were officials We can conclude that there are 159 people who belong to the aristocratic family, 215 people whose descendants are prominent in the court, and 105 people who belong to the royal family of Sima, who do not belong to the above. The power of the country is strong, and its social conditions are bound to be very different from the traditional Chinese ideal-the emperor directly collects taxes from a large number of small farmers, and is not subject to the intervention of tyrants. At that time, commercial wealth has not yet developed, and businessmen's assets are not guaranteed.For example, in the Western Jin Dynasty, Shi Chong, who became very rich by being a prominent official, had 800 domestic slaves because he was the governor of Jingzhou.The wealth in agriculture is nothing more than land and labor. Merging one line means drying up the government's financial resources and soldiers.The most notable example is that Xie Xuan, who made great contributions in the Battle of Feishui, was passed on three times to his grandson Xie Lingyun, who is a famous poet. "Song Shu" said that he "due to the wealth of his father and ancestors, he had a very rich career, there were many slaves and children, and hundreds of disciples were righteous, and he dug mountains and dredged lakes, and made great contributions." He was punished by Emperor Song in 433 AD.On the one hand, this means that in traditional society, finance and taxation are all under the control of "Zhou Li style" and "Li Kui style", and private property cannot be legally accumulated. On the other hand, it means that the administrative efficiency of bureaucracy is limited by mergers.The small court of the government-in-exile is even more monopolized by the rich and powerful. Although the dynasties have changed, there is still no sign of revival. In addition to the brewing of nomadic peoples in North China, there are also similar situations. They still have automatic defenses and unrestrained situations.For example, around 350 AD, there were more than 300 fortified villages in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province to the north, including "Hu and Jin" with a population of more than 100,000 households. Around 400 years ago, there were more than 3,000 fortresses in Guanzhong. Hidden", and "fifty, thirty families are one household".In this way, the lower-level institutions have not changed, and there is no possibility of China's unification. Therefore, the confrontation between Xie An, Xie Xuan and Fu Jian and Fu Rong in 383, together with Zhu Xu's interlude, only confirmed the long-term division of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, but this battle was not the main cause of the division.Subsequent developments have also proved that the reunification of China must wait for the population to be fixed, the ethnic boundaries between the Hu and the Han to be gradually indifferent, and the power of the wealthy and powerful families to be suppressed before it can become a reality.