Chapter 72 golden branch

From what has been said above, the view that Baldur's life rested on the mistletoe is completely consistent with the way of thinking of primitive man.It seems a bit contradictory: if his life is placed in the mistletoe, how can he be killed by a blow from the mistletoe?When a person's life is considered to be entrusted to a special object and is inseparably connected with it, if the object is destroyed, his life will also be destroyed, then this special object can be considered objectively. Or be said to be tied to someone's life or death, like in a fairy tale.Therefore, if a person's death is tied in an object, then it is quite natural that someone is struck with that object and that person must die.The immortal Ke Xieyi in the fairy tale was killed by a duck egg or a stone with which he secreted life or death; put a grain of sand on the heads of a group of monsters, and the group of monsters exploded to death immediately. In this grain of sand; the sorcerer's life or death is hidden in a stone, and once this stone is placed under his pillow, he dies; the hero of the Tartars hides his soul in a golden arrow. Or in a golden sword, be warned to beware of being killed by this weapon.

I have said that the idea that the life of the oak tree rests in the mistletoe may have been derived from the observation that the oak leaves its green leaves in winter while the mistletoe on the parasitic oak remains green.And the location of the mistletoe--growing not in the ground, but on the trunks of oak trees--may have confirmed this notion.The savage probably thought that, like himself, the life-spirit of the oak had to store his life in some safe place, and chose the mistletoe.For in a sense the mistletoe is neither on earth nor in heaven, and is safe from evil.In the previous chapter of this book, we saw that primitive man seeks to suspend his own divine life in a place where the sky cannot reach the sky and the ground cannot reach the ground, so as to minimize the possibility of being attacked by dangerous things as much as possible, and avoid being as human as on the ground. Life is surrounded by dangerous things.In this way, we can understand why folk witch doctors, ancient and modern, have such a rule: Mistletoe is not allowed to touch the ground.For mistletoe loses its medicinal properties as soon as it touches the ground.This may be a remnant of the ancient superstitious concept that the mistletoe plant on which the life of the sacred tree lives should not risk touching the ground to bring harm to the life of the sacred tree.There is a legend in India that puts forward a story similar to the Balder myth: Indra swore to the devil Namosi that he would kill him neither by day nor by night; Kill him neither with the palm nor with the fist; kill him with neither the wet nor the dry.But in the twilight of dawn he sprinkled sea foam on the monster and killed him.Sea-foam is just what a savage may choose to pin his life on, for it occupies an indescribable place between sky and earth, or sky and sea.Therefore, it is not surprising that some clans in India use the foam of river water as their totem.

Moreover, the belief that part of the mystery of the mistletoe derives from its non-earth roots is confirmed by the same old superstitions concerning the mountain ash or sorbus tree.In Jutland [a peninsula in Northern Europe, mainly on the border of Denmark and in the northern part of the German state of Lesugeig-Holstein. ], it is believed that the sorbus growing on the top of another tree "is particularly effective against magic, because it does not grow on the ground, and black magic has no effect on it. The first Sunday after the last 40 days.] Pick it on that day, and the effect is the most perfect."Therefore, local people put sorbet branches on the door to prevent evil spirits from invading.Likewise, in Sweden and Norway, the sorbus that grows on another tree or on roofs and cliffs (from seeds dropped by birds) is called "flogronn" and is considered to have Fantastic performance.They say that if people go out in the dark, they should have a little "flying pear" in their mouths, otherwise they may encounter demons and fall to the ground and cannot move.Just as Scandinavia used the parasitic oak tree as a spiritual object to ward off evil spirits, mistletoe is still widely believed to be a good remedy against witchcraft in Germany, and mistletoe is collected in Sweden on Midsummer Eve and tied to the ceiling of the house. It is believed that this will make "Troll" incapable of harming humans and animals.

This view is also confirmed by a Scottish superstition, that the mistletoe was not only the instrument of Baldur's death, but also the place on which Baldur rested his life.According to legend, the fate of the family of Errol, a large estate near the Firth of Tay in Perthshire [the mouth of the River Tay in Scotland], was the fate of the mistletoe that grew on the same big oak tree on the same family estate. closely linked.The heirs of the He family wrote of this ancient belief as follows: "The emblem of the tribe has been almost universally forgotten among the descendants of the tribe in the Low Countries. It is recorded in an ancient manuscript, Pa. Some old people in West County also say that the emblem of the Hejia family is mistletoe. Once upon a time, near Errol, not far from Falcon Rock, there was an old big oak tree, which was not known how old it was. There is a small tree growing on it, and many magical legends believe that it is related to this tree. It is said that the prosperity and decline of He family generations are closely related to the prosperity and decline of this tree. It is said that a member of He family used a newly made Cut off a branch of mistletoe with a dagger, hold the branch in the direction of the sun and walk around the tree three times, and say a spell, this branch of mistletoe becomes the most effective weapon against all witchcraft and witchcraft and is invulnerable in battle. In addition, a twig picked in the above way is placed in the cradle where the baby sleeps, and it will prevent the elves from infesting the baby or turning the baby into an elf. Another point is that when the roots of the oak tree die, the aegis Rolle's 'Grass shall grow before the hearth, and crows shall roost in the eagle's nest.' If any one of the Heirs shoot a white eagle and cut a branch from Errol's oak, These two most unfortunate things will happen. Later, when the old tree was destroyed, I have no way of knowing. The manor of the He family was also sold later. It was sold shortly after the oak of Kwan was felled." Legend has it that the folk poet Thomas [c. 1220-1297? , the full name is Thomas B6.   伲  The young man who is jealous of the disease, I once recorded this ancient superstition in verse:

As long as Errol's oak stands tall, The mistletoe grows thick on the oak. The He family is prosperous and rich, and the melons are endless, The gray eagle on Hefu can spread its wings fearlessly in the storm. Once the oak's roots and leaves fall, The mistletoe withers and wobbles. Grass will grow before Errol's hearth, The crow also dwells in the eagle's nest. The idea that golden boughs are mistletoe is nothing new.True, Virgil does not prove that the golden branch is mistletoe, he only compares the golden branch to mistletoe.This may be the expression method of poetry, which puts a layer of mystery on this humble little tree.Or, more likely, his description is based on folk superstition that mistletoe did have a glorious period of supernatural wonders in ancient times.The poet wrote [here the description in the fourth volume of the famous twelve-volume epic "Aeneid" by the ancient Roman poet Virgil]: Two little wild pigeons led Aeneas into a valley, the bottom of which was deep. The golden bough grew there, and the dove perched on the tree, "and the bough shone with gold, like mistletoe in a winter forest--a parasitic plant that grows on great trees, with sparse green leaves and golden fruits, and entwined around the tree-- Seems like leafy golden boughs on a shady holy oak, rustling in the breeze." Here Virgil is surely describing the golden bough as growing on a single holy oak, and comparing it to mistletoe.So, logically, the conclusion must be that the golden bough in question is nothing but mistletoe seen through the mist of poetry or folk superstition.

We now have grounds for believing that the priest of the Arician grove—the king of the forest—was the incarnation of the tree from which the golden branch grew.Therefore, if that tree is the Oak, the King of the Forest must be the incarnation of the Oak Spirit.Therefore, it is not difficult to understand why the golden branch must be broken off to kill it.As the spirit of the oak tree, his life or death depends on the mistletoe growing on the oak tree. As long as the mistletoe is intact, he, like Balder, will not die.To kill him, therefore, it is necessary to break the mistletoe, and probably to use it as an instrument, as in the case of Balder.To make the two completely similar, it is only necessary to assume again that the Lord of the Woods was once again burned (whether his body was cremated or he was cremated alive) in the annual midsummer bonfires in the Alician woods.The eternal fire that burns in the Arician grove, like the eternal fire in the Temple of Vesta in Rome, and under the oak of Lomov, may have been burned with the wood of the sacred oak, so , the King of the Forest must have ended his life in a blazing oak log.Later, as I have already mentioned, the one-year term of the King of the Forest was extended or shortened according to his ability to prove with force that he still had divine right.However, the final outcome is still the same as death, it just changed from being incinerated by fire in the past to dying with a sword.

From this point of view, in the center of Italy, on the shore of the beautiful Lake Nemi, in ancient times, very violent tragedies were staged every year.Italian merchants and soldiers later saw the same tragedy in their barbarous kinsmen, the Celts of Gaul.If Roman eagles had swooped down on Norway, a slightly different tragedy was repeated among the barbarous northern Aryans.This ritual may have been a central feature of the ancient Aryan worship of the oak tree. The last point that needs to be asked is: why is mistletoe called golden branch?Its whitish yellow fruit is not enough to reflect the name, because, Virgil said, this golden branch is golden yellow with its branches and leaves.Perhaps the name is derived from the golden color that the mistletoe branches acquire when they are broken and stored for a few months.The bright golden luster is not only on the leaves, but all over the stems, the whole branch really looks like a golden branch.Breton farmers hang bundles of mistletoe in front of their huts, and their golden hue is truly striking in June each year.In some parts of Brittany, especially in the area of ​​Morbihan, the peasants also hang branches of mistletoe over the gates of the stables and stables to ward off evil spirits and to protect cattle and horses.The yellow color of the dead twigs of mistletoe may partly explain why mistletoe is sometimes considered to have the property of indicating in-earth treasures, for there is a natural affinity between yellow twigs and yellow gold, according to magical homeopathic principles.Folklore holds that the seeds of the purple fern have magical properties and that it blooms like gold or fire on Midsummer's Eve.This is exactly analogous to what has been said about the properties of mistletoe, and just confirms the former.In Bohemia it is said that the fern-seeds "brought golden blossoms, blazing like fire, on St. John's Day."For the fern-seed has such mysterious properties that whoever has it, or climbs a mountain with it on Midsummer's Eve, will find the blue flames of veins of gold or treasures in the earth.According to Russian folklore, if you can pick the mysterious fern flower at midnight on Midsummer Eve, you only need to throw the flower into the sky, and it will fall like a star in the sky, just on top of the treasure in the ground.Treasure hunters in Brittany collect fern seeds at midnight on Midsummer Eve, save them until the Sunday before Easter next year, and scatter them on the ground where they think treasures are hidden.Farmers in Tyrol imagined that on the eve of Midsummer Festival, they could see the treasures buried in the ground glowing like flames. Come on the ground.People in Fribourg, Switzerland, are used to guarding next to the purple fern on the night of St. John's Day, hoping to get the treasure sent by the demon himself.The Bohemians say that whoever gets the golden flower of purple fern during this period will get the key to all the underground treasures; if an unmarried girl spreads a cloth under the fleeting golden flower, she will get red gold onto the cloth.In Tyrol and Bohemia, if you put fern seeds in coins, no matter how much you spend, the coins will not decrease; and it is also believed that fern seeds bloom on Christmas Eve. , you must get rich.People in Styria say that gathering fern seeds on Christmas Eve can force the devil to send you a bag of coins.

On a similar principle of witchcraft, it is believed that the fern-seed finds gold, because it is golden in itself;But when they say that the fern-seed is golden, they also say that it shines like a fire.We therefore examine the two festivals at which this miraculous seed was collected—Midsummer and Christmas—that is, the two turning points of the seasons of the year (Christmas was nothing but the ancient pagan celebration of the winter solstice). At this time, the flaming nature of the fern-seed should be regarded as its main aspect, and its golden nature should be regarded as its secondary and derived aspect.The fern-seeds are supposed to be the sparks sent by the sun at the two poles of the summer and winter solstices in its course, and a Germanic tale bears out this view.The story goes that a hunter shot an arrow into the sun at midsummer noon and got the fern seed.The hunter shot the sun, and the sun dropped three drops of blood, which fell on the white cloth spread out by the hunter. These three drops of blood were the seeds of the purple fern.The blood drop mentioned in the story is the blood of the sun, and the purple fern seeds are transferred directly from the blood of the sun.It is therefore thought that the purple fern seed may be golden, as it is believed to have been ejected by the sun's golden fire.

Like the purple fern seed, the mistletoe is gathered at Midsummer or Christmas, that is, on the summer or winter solstice, and it also has the property of revealing buried treasure.Swedes use mistletoe to make a scepter on Midsummer Eve, or one of the four different pieces of wood must be mistletoe. The treasure hunter puts the scepter on the ground after sunset, and if there is treasure under it, the scepter will wriggle Like a living thing.If the mistletoe finds gold, this is a property of the golden bough; and if the golden bough is gathered on the solstice or the winter solstice, is it not, like the golden purple fern seed? Is it fire from the sun?There is no simply affirmative answer to this question.We have already observed that the reason why the ancient Aryans lit bonfires on the winter solstice, summer solstice or other festivals may be partly as sun witchcraft, that is, to add new firepower to the sun.Since those bonfires were usually started by rubbing oak logs, the ancient Aryans may have believed that the sun periodically drew its latent fire from the sacred oak.In other words, they probably thought the oak was the firehouse of the sun, or the storehouse of heat, which supplied it with fire from time to time.If the life of the oak is supposed to reside in the mistletoe, then, on this view, the mistletoe must contain within it the seeds or roots of fire, which burst out by rubbing the logs of the oak.It may therefore be more correct that the sun's fire be supposed to emanate from the mistletoe than that the mistletoe is spouted by the fire of the sun.So it is not surprising that the mistletoe, with its golden radiance, is called the golden bough.Perhaps, like the purple-fern-seed, it is thought to appear golden only at those fixed times, especially at midsummer, when the fire from the oak is added to the heat of the sun.Shropshire [in the west of England, on the border with Wales. ] in Purverbatch it is believed that in their memory the oaks bloomed at night on Midsummer Eve and withered before daybreak.If the girls want to know the future of their marriage, they spread a white cloth under the oak tree at night, and the next morning there is a little ashes on the white cloth, which is the embers of the flowers that have bloomed and withered on the oak tree.The girl picked up the embers and put them under her pillow, so her future husband would appear in her dreams.The shortness with which the oak blooms and withers is probably characteristic of the golden boughs of the mistletoe.This conjecture is confirmed by the following observations: in Wales, the golden branches of mistletoe were also picked and placed under the pillow on Midsummer Eve, in order to predict good news in dreams; , exactly as the Druid priests cut the mistletoe from the oak branches with golden sickles and received them with white cloth.Given Shropshire's proximity to Wales, the belief that oaks bloom on Midsummer Eve may have originated directly in Wales, although it may also be a vestige of a primitive Aryan belief.As we have seen, farmers in some parts of Italy still gather oak trees to make "St. John's Anointing" on Midsummer's morning.This ointment is as healing as the mistletoe, and perhaps it is the mistletoe itself which gives it its beauty.It is therefore easy to understand why such an insignificant parasitic plant as mistletoe should be given the title of "golden bough," which does not reflect its true form on the tree.In addition, we can also understand why mistletoe was believed to have remarkable fire-fighting properties in ancient times, and why mistletoe is still kept in homes in Sweden to prevent fires.According to the homeopathic principles of witchcraft, its violent properties make it the best medicine possible for the treatment of burns and the prevention of fires.

These ideas above can partly explain Virgil's making Aeneas [the hero of the ancient Roman poet Virgil's famous twelve-volume epic poem "Aeneid".This refers to the scene in the sixth volume of the poem that describes Aeneas going to the underworld to visit his father's ghost and ask about the fate of Roman Vimi. ] The truth of carrying with you a bright bough of mistletoe when you enter the shadowy underworld.The poet describes the boundless deep forest in front of the gate of hell. The hero Aeneas, led by two swirling pigeons, entered the depths of the ancient forest step by step until he saw the brilliance of golden branches shining in the shade of the trees in the distance, illuminating the Its tangled branches.If the yellow twigs of mistletoe in the leafless forests of late autumn are thought to be bearing the seeds of fire, what could be a crutch as well as light the path for a lonely wanderer in the dark underworld? Mistletoe sprigs are better companions?With it, you can bravely face any difficulties and obstacles you may encounter on the journey.When Aeneas came out of the forest and came to the banks of the River Styx, the slow river meanders and flows slowly through the swamp of the underworld, and the rough boatmen will not let him take the ferry. At this time, he had to draw the golden branch from his bosom. and held it aloft, the snarling poleman cringed at the sight, and meekly beckoned the hero aboard the rickety boat.Because it could not carry living people, the boat sank to the bottom of the water before reaching the middle stream.Even in modern times, as we have already examined, mistletoe has been considered a good defense against witchcraft and demons.The ancients were more likely to believe that mistletoe had these miraculous properties.If mistletoe can open all locks, as some of our peasants believe, then Aeneas holding it is also very like "open Sesame" ") in the story "Alibaba and the Forty Thieves", the spell that the thief chanted when he entered the treasure house and opened the door.As soon as you read this sentence, the stone gate of the treasure house will automatically open. ]("Open the door, Sasami!"), can it open the door of death?

We can also deduce why Virbius Nemi was confused with the sun.If Virbius was the tree-god (as I have tried to do before), he must be the tree-god of the oak tree on which the golden bough lives; s King.Since he is the god of the oak tree, he must add flames to the sun regularly, so it is easy for people to regard him as the sun and confuse him with the sun.Likewise, we can explain why Baldr, an oak god, is described as "radiant and radiant with radiance," and why it is often taken for the sun.On the whole, we may say that the only known way of making fire in primitive societies was by rubbing wood. Primitives must have thought that fire, like tree sap or sap, could be stored away, and that it had to be extracted by force. .The Senal Indians of California "expressed the belief that the whole world was once one great ball of fire, from which the element of fire was passed into the trees, so that it was only necessary to rub two pieces of wood against each other, and fire came out".The Maidu Indians in California also believed that "the earth is basically a ball of molten matter, from which the element of fire emanates, enters the trunk and branches through the roots of trees, so the Indians make fire by drilling wood." On the island of Namoluk in the Caroline Islands, people say that the way to make fire is taught by the gods. Olofaet (Olofaet), the god of fire, gave the fire to the mwi bird and told it to hold fire in its mouth. Then Mwe flew around the trees one by one, storing the dormant fire in the trees, so that people could take out the fire by rubbing the trees. The ancient Indian Vedic hymns put the god of fire Agni [Sanskrit is Agni, also translated as "Ani", "Ani", "Ani", etc. The free translation is fire, the fire god of Brahmanism. According to the "Rig Veda", there are three sources or forms of its existence. Species: It is the sun in the sky, the fire of thunder and lightning in the air, and the ordinary fire on the ground. By rubbing two pieces of wood hard, a fire can be made, so it is also called "son of force". It is the germination of the thought of the three-phase god.] Said to be born of trees, to be the germ of vegetation, or pervasive in trees. Also said to have entered or sought to enter into all trees. When he is called a tree or the germ of trees and vegetation, this may imply A fire born from the rubbing of branches in the forest. It is natural for the primitive man to regard a tree struck by lightning as doubly or triple charged with fire, for he has seen with his own eyes the intense flash of light enter the trunk.Perhaps we can thus explain the superstitious idea of ​​lightning-struck trees.When the Thomson Indians in British Columbia wanted to set fire to the enemy's house, they used lightning-struck trees as arrows or attached such pieces of wood to the arrow shaft to shoot at the enemy's house.The Wends of Saxony [The Wends are a branch of the West Slavs, whose descendants are the Sorbs, and are now a minority in Germany. ] Farmers do not use the trees struck by lightning as firewood for their stoves. They say that if these trees are used as firewood, their houses will be destroyed by fire.Likewise, the Tsonga of South Africa do not use such wood for fuel, nor do they use such wood for fires for warmth.On the contrary, when the Venanvanga people of Northern Rhodesia burned their trees by lightning, the whole village put out all the fires and rebuilt the stove with plaster, and the heads of the villages sent the fires caused by lightning to the chiefs. , the chief prayed for it, and then sent new fire to the villages, and the villagers gave a certain reward to the person who sent the fire.This situation shows that they are very awed by the fire caused by thunder and lightning, which is easy to understand, because they regard thunder and lightning as the presence of gods on the earth.The Maidu Indians of California also believed that the world and its people were created by a great giant, and that the thunderbolt was the same giant who descended from the sky and set the forest trees on fire with his long trailing arms. In ancient times, Europeans worshiped the oak tree and believed in the relationship between the oak tree and the gods. This is probably because the tree most often caught fire by lightning in ancient European forests was actually the oak tree.This explanation seems plausible.In recent years, many scientific researchers without theological viewpoints have conducted a series of observations, confirming this characteristic of oak trees.We may say that the fact that oak trees are most frequently set ablaze by lightning, whether due to the fact that oak wood is more electrically conductive than other trees, or otherwise, was enough in itself to have attracted the attention of our primitive ancestors.They dwelt in the boundless forests which at that time covered the greater part of Europe, and in their simple religious manner it was natural to understand this phenomenon as the favorite of the great gods whom they venerated, whose majestic voice was often heard in thunderclaps. The oak trees among the trees often descend on the oak trees from dense clouds in the light of lightning, leaving signs or messages of their own presence on the split and blackened trunks and scorched branches and leaves.Since then, such trees have surrounded the halo of the gods and are regarded as the seat of the tall gods in the world.It is safe to say that, like some primitive peoples, the ancient Greeks and Romans also identified their great gods of the sky and the great oak tree with the lightning that struck the ground, and always regarded the scene where the electric shock struck Surround it and regard it as a holy place.The ancestors of the Celts and Germans in the forests of Central Europe probably knew and revered the oak tree scorched by lightning in the same way.It is not an exaggeration for us to imagine this. This new theory may also better illuminate the special divinity that primitive man ascribes to the mistletoe that grows on oak trees.To say that it is a treasure of the parasitic oak is not enough to explain the full extent of the superstition about mistletoe, and the reasons why it is so persistent.Pliny's account gives a clue to the true origin of this superstition.He said: The reason why the Druid priests worshiped the oak tree was because they believed that it came down from the sky, and it was a sign that the tree that parasitized on it was chosen by the god himself.Did they think that the mistletoe was born from heaven on the oak tree in a flash of lightning?This conjecture is confirmed by the fact that in the Swiss canton of Aargau the mistletoe is called thunderbroom, a name that clearly indicates the close relationship of the parasitic plant to lightning; They are also called "thunder brooms"; for those who are ignorant really believe that these parasitic plants are really the product of thunder and lightning.If there is any truth in this conjecture, the real reason why the Celtic Druid priests venerated, of all trees, only the mistletoe-bearing oak, is this: where such an oak was not only struck by lightning, Moreover, there are visible tokens of the divine fire among its branches, so that when the mistletoe is cut in mystic ceremonies, it is necessary to try to preserve all the divinity of that thunderbolt.If this is so, we should surely affirm that the mistletoe is really supposed to have been sent by the lightning and left on the tree, and not by the midsummer sun, as I have always argued.Perhaps we may also combine these two views, which seem to diverge from each other, by assuming the ancient Aryan belief that the mistletoe was the sparks of the sun going in and out falling on the oak trees in lightning during the midsummer festival.But it is a bit far-fetched to say this, and as far as I know, there is no reliable evidence to confirm it.Whether these two different interpretations are really compatible with each other on the basis of mythical principles, I do not dare to say; but their differences did not prevent our primitive ancestors from having both beliefs at the same time with equal enthusiasm. For primitive man, like the vast majority of mankind, is not bound by pedantic logical reasoning.If we want to explore the circuitous thought path of primitive people through the ignorance, blindness and fear of primitive people, we must always remember: we are walking in a territory blocked by magic, and we must be careful not to put our hands on the road ahead. or all the hazy images that swirl over our heads and twitter at us through the gloom mistaken for something real and reliable.We can never be quite in keeping with primitive men, who see things through their eyes, and our hearts beat to the same emotion which excited them.All our theories concerning primitive man and his habits, therefore, must necessarily be inaccurate, and we can hope, at best, to be reasonably probable. At the end of this investigation we may say that if Balder was, as I surmise, the personification of the mistletoe-bearing oak, his death by a blow from the mistletoe would, according to the aforementioned new theory, explain the Because it was the bombardment of thunder and lightning that killed him.So long as the mistletoe smoldering with thunder and lightning within it remained on its boughs, nothing could harm the good god of the oak (who, for his own safety, had entrusted his life in this celestial, but, as soon as the mistletoe on which his life or death rested was broken from the oak branch and hurled toward the trunk, the tree fell, and the god died— Destroyed by thunderbolt. Everything we have said of Baldr in the Oaks of Scandinavia, and all the doubts that should arise in this ambiguity, applies also to the Lord of the Forest in the Oaks of Alicia, Priest of Diana.He may be the incarnation of the great Italian god Jupiter, who once mercifully descended from heaven on a lightning bolt and lived on earth, inhabiting the mistletoe that grew on the god oak in the small valley of Nemi-the thunder and lightning broom. ——Among the golden branches.If so, it is no wonder that the priest, sword in hand, defended the mysterious branch by which the god was bound to his own life.The goddess he served and married to was not him, but the real wife of the god of heaven, the Queen of Heaven herself.She also loves the quiet mountains and lonely jungle here, wandering in the blue night sky like Chang'e in the moon, looking down with joy on her own image reflected on the quiet and shining lake of "Diana's Mirror" .