Chapter 2 foreword

Sexual activity has always been an inappropriate influence in our lives.Not only do people expend a lot of energy on the sexual act itself, but more thoughts are spent on wanting, talking, planning and even spoiling the sexual act.As much as we have thought about sex, we can still feel at a loss when it comes to the behaviors and responses that our sexual urges elicit.Now please take a look at the following questions, whether you can answer one or two of them. Why do we sometimes feel an incredible urge to have extramarital affairs in the midst of a happy family?Why do men ejaculate enough sperm per intercourse to fertilize twice as many Americans?Why is it that every time a man ejaculates so many sperm, half of them are lost from between a woman's legs?Why do we crave regular intercourse when we don't want to have children?Why does the body work against the idea and get us pregnant when we least want to have a baby?Why does the body refuse to cooperate when we want to have a baby, and it always prevents us from successfully conceiving?Why is it so hard to find the right moment for pregnancy?Why is it so difficult for us to find the right time for intercourse to conceive?Why is the penis of a human male in its current shape?Why do men need to jerk back and forth during intercourse?Why do we have a strong urge to masturbate?Why are some people able to orgasm during sleep?Why is the female orgasm so unpredictable and difficult to achieve?And why do some people like to have sex with the same sex?

There is no reasonable or at least unanimously agreed answer to any of the above questions.Some of these questions often confuse us from a simple sociological or psychological point of view; others represent a revolutionary change in our understanding of sexuality .Although this revolution kicked off in the 1970s, it really took shape after the 1990s.Now, we have been able to give more rational answers to these questions than in the past. Until now, such valuable new knowledge has been reserved for certain privileged academics.More precisely, these people are evolutionary biologists.The purpose of this book is to present this new knowledge, and the others it leads to, first to a wider general audience.

Today, there are forces that are upending our understanding of sexual drives.My purpose in writing this book is to help this revolution.The main message of this revolution is that our sexuality has evolved over time, that the forces of evolution that determined the sexuality of our ancestors in the past are affecting us now as well.Although long-term evolution has made our bodies use our brains to control behavior, the purpose of evolution is mainly to activate our bodies, not consciousness. In my opinion, the main force that dominates the evolution of "sex" is the sperm wars.Whenever a woman has two (or more) men's sperm in her body at the same time, the sperm will compete with each other for the "trophy" that goes to the egg.And the reality of sperm competition is like a war.The results of a recent study have shown amazing results: Among the semen ejaculated by men, only a very small amount (less than 1%) of the sperm are "egg-getters" with reproductive ability.As for the rest of the sperm, which were once considered bad products, we now know that they were deliberately made incapable of fertilization.Some of these sperm, which I call "kamikazes," have nothing to do with fertilization, and their main job is to prevent the fertilization of other people's sperm and eggs.

This book will detail the dynamics of the sperm wars, or in other words, describe how sperm from different sources compete for the privilege of fertilization inside a woman.In this book, I will introduce you to many factors that affect the outcome of the sperm wars.For example, women themselves can create an environment suitable or unsuitable for sperm, and in this way help or hinder the movement of sperm in their bodies; The chances of that happening are so slim, yet evolution has their bodies blindly preparing their entire lives for the coming sperm wars. The battle stage of the sperm war is not only built on the highly formalized sperm actions, but also manifests itself in the animal individual human beings in the way of deliberately exaggerating, compromising, deceiving and even disrupting the relationship between the sexes.But this book will also explore the struggle between sperm from these perspectives in a more subtle and complex way.

Human attitudes, feelings, reactions, and the act of sex itself reflect not only our sensual and rational plans for sexual life, but also the irrational biological imperatives formed by the struggle of sperm.We don't need to understand when and how these instructions intervene in the sperm wars, nor do we need to understand how these instructions destroy and disrupt the planning of our lives.We simply do what our biology dictates. So for men, even if they never consciously doubt the fidelity of their mates, most of their sexual behavior is to prevent their mates from involving their own sperm in sperm wars, even if this possibility cannot be avoided, men will To make his sperm grasp the best time to win the sperm war.Similarly, for women, even if they have no reason to doubt or deceive their mates, most of their sexual behavior is either to manipulate their mates and other men, or to help a man's sperm win the sperm wars.Why is this?Because the instructions formed by long-term evolution dominate females, females who can set off a sperm race have more chances to give birth to offspring with excellent genes.In summary, I argue in this book that choosing at the right time to remain faithful to one's mate or to have an affair is an ideal reproductive strategy for both men and women.And indeed each of us is wired to reflect this reality in our sexuality.

Most evolutionary biologists who study human behavior have spent considerable time studying the behavior of other animals.They occupy a field of scholarship that is extrapolated from conclusions made to other species to humans.My personal learning process in this area is different from other scholars.Ever since I was a student, I have firmly believed that comparative studies of humans and other animals at the same time are not only reasonable but absolutely beneficial.So when I set out to do my research, I studied both humans and other animals from the same point of view from the very beginning.Even when my colleagues are still advocating that the results of studying animal behavior be extrapolated to humans, I spend a lot of time insisting on the opposite research method.In other words, I am advocating research in which the results of studying human behavior gain insight into the behavior of other species.

My early research had nothing to do with sexuality.At that time, I was studying the migration and navigation of animals.Anyone who has ever managed to get a mouse or a horse to find out its way home, or a moth to find out where the south is, must be equally interested in man.I was doing research on these kinds of animals at the same time, and the research results I obtained on each animal at each stage just played the role of drawing inferences about the research on other animals. Naturally, when my research interests eventually turned to animal sexuality, I studied not just insects, mice, and pigs, but humans as well.And then I found out that anyone who has ever tried to collect semen from moths, mice etc. during normal sex (there are even some poor fellows who would be interested in collecting semen from lions and whales !), he will see how easy it is to conduct the same research on human subjects.I just spent some money on some condoms, and my volunteer subjects left the lab happily.A few days later, they returned to the laboratory with all the products (semen) they had obtained during natural intercourse.And that's not all the hassle-free part of working with humans, the volunteers were able to answer questions I asked, like, how long ago was the last time they ejaculated?Was this ejaculation through intercourse or masturbation?Is their sexual partner a spouse in a long-term relationship?Have women ever had an orgasm during intercourse?If achieved, when?

In this experiment, which began in the mid-1980s, about 100 male and female couples provided me with semen from 1,000 ejaculations.Thanks to their help, my students and I were able to count and sort the semen.Of these samples, about 200 were semen samples that were ejaculated into the woman during intercourse and then flowed out of the woman an hour later, in other words, "reflux."In addition, 500 men have voluntarily provided live sperm so that we can conduct mixed semen experiments.This allowed us to see under a microscope whether sperm behaved differently when they encountered sperm from other men.In addition, we conducted a survey of about 4,000 women across the UK about their sexual behaviour, their reactions and behavior during affairs or group sex.Although the basic thesis of this book is based on my own experimental results, on the other hand, other relevant studies of humans and animals by researchers around the world have also had a significant impact on the arguments of this book.

The last piece of material used in this book is hard-won.I was a science advisor on The Human Animal, a TV show produced by Desmond Morris, a series about human sexuality that has been as prodigious as it has been controversial.When the show's producers ask me what shots best illustrate the research I'm doing, I emphasize the moment when a woman has an orgasm, and the moment when a man ejaculates inside a woman.This momentary shot is extremely precious but also extremely difficult to capture.A few weeks later, I huddled with Morris, my research partner Bayliss, and the rest of the show's production team in a small room at the University of Manchester to watch what my suggestion had become.It was a reel of footage that we taped a small fiber optic endoscope under a man's penis before he had intercourse!I have tried my best in this book to describe what we see in the film (see scene 3).But the shock caused by those images is definitely beyond my ability to express.At the same time, my previous scientific cognition of the most critical moment in the sexual intercourse process has also undergone a complete change because of this video.

On the other hand, due to technical difficulties, if we want to collect the same data from other animals, we have to spend a lot of time.Although this phenomenon will give us an illusion that we will not encounter any problems when we use humans as research objects.And for scholars who study human behavior, there are perpetual worries about subjects who are shy, exaggerated, and even mischievous.But in any case, the results of our cooperation in this experiment were quite surprising.Most of the voluntary subjects apparently understood the value of providing truthful information and the value of honesty above all else.

In the process of studying humans from a biological point of view, we must always be vigilant to ensure that all data materials have not been adversely affected.And for researchers, that's not the only thing that bothers them.Many researchers will find that there are contradictions when looking at the same thing from a biological perspective and a social norm perspective.And this gap in perspective can make it seem like our attempt to explain human behavior in terms of biology is simply pointless.In the case of human sexuality, phenomena such as birth control or moral values, whether these phenomena are caused by religion or society, or even some rigid laws, but these phenomena seem to be uniquely human products .Similarly, human beings sometimes involve economic factors when deciding on activities related to "sex" or reproduction, which is also a unique phenomenon found only in human beings.To sum up, since we already know that humans have the above-mentioned unique characteristics, how can we observe humans from the perspective of observing other animals? In fact, the above phenomenon is nothing special to most people.In other words, people don't want to take these phenomena too special.In the case of birth control, this phenomenon is not unique to humans.I also explained in Scene 16 of this book that birth control is basically a mammalian trait, and the various natural birth control mechanisms that our bodies currently possess are inherited from prehuman and early human ancestors come.A woman of a hunter-gatherer nation would have nearly as many children in her lifetime as a woman of a modern industrial society.Whereas the woman of a hunter-gatherer nation relies only on the natural methods of birth control inherited from mammals, the woman of a modern industrial society, on the other hand, may have her wardrobe drawers full of things like condoms, diaphragms, or oral contraceptives. thing. Taking the economic factors mentioned earlier, basically, this phenomenon is nothing new.Modern men and women use "sex" as a means of exchanging money, which is equivalent to the instinct of other animals (such as our ancestors) to exchange "sex" for living space and food.Humans are no different from other animals in their attempt to temporarily delay reproduction until they have achieved social and economic security.Many mammals also temporarily delay reproduction until they join better groups with better living spaces and more food.We observe the same phenomenon in both mice and monkeys.Even among women in the sex trade, who exchange "sex" for money, we can observe similar phenomena in other animals.I have detailed this in Scene 32 of this book. In addition to the above-mentioned birth control and sex trade, the restriction of sexual behavior by biological society is not a phenomenon unique to human society.All birds or mammals that live in large groups have group norms that their females and males should abide by, as well as group-specific moral standards.These rules are usually set by the leading female or male, who enforce them with the power of his own.Not only that, but these rules can be widely disseminated in an educational way.Generally speaking, the behavior of the previous generation in the group will have an impact on the behavior of the next generation.The above-mentioned group rules may lead to the result in animal society (for example, in human society) that some social members will try to adopt certain methods to evade the power of social constraints.And some recent research on the topic of "paternity" has shown that members who try to circumvent these constraints often succeed. Since the average person has no idea how much of our behavior is truly biological, many people often confuse the biological behavior of animals with cultural behavior.For example, I often hear the argument that, if left unconditioned by culture, biological imperatives will eventually lead to the disappearance of long-term partnerships and nuclear families.But in fact, it is biological instructions, not social laws, that drive human sexes to seek long-term partners and raise children with their partners.Likewise, most birds and mammals behave similarly because of the same biological commands.For these animals (or humans), they don't need any religious or cultural norms to force them to form families.Everything comes from nature.The same biological imperative drives some individuals (whether birds, monkeys, or humans) to consider their long-term mates as lifelong companions and remain faithful to them throughout their lives.For an individual, whether he can remain faithful to his partner throughout his life depends on the quality of the partner, the environment in which the individual lives, and the choices available to him.Likewise, the above-mentioned biological commands drive both males and females (or other female and male animals) to constantly anticipate or prepare for casual affairs. In general, affair behavior is considered a relatively rare behavior, but this behavior does not require any religious or cultural driving force.The greatest human resistance to infidelity comes primarily from the spouse of the individual, and the spouse of all individuals.This resistance is not only in humans, but also in other mammals or birds.And this biological restraint force shows that even if there is no cultural pressure or taboo, affairs will not spread to an unmanageable level.Culturally, the phenomenon of infidelity in modern Western industrial societies is much the same as it is in many bird societies.All of the societies mentioned above have a favorable view of monogamy and a pejorative attitude towards infidelity.And if human society's affair situation is compared with other primates (such as marmosets and gibbons), humans may also be better than these primates.Infidelity varies from human society to society, but the relationship between these differences and social constraints is not obvious.Some societies turn a blind eye to infidelity; others encourage it, but allow it; and others even execute the person (especially a woman) to death.But in any case, there is an affair in any society, even in a society where the person involved in the affair is put to death.The biggest difference between these societies was the degree to which members kept their affairs secret and whether members were prepared to admit to their affairs.For researchers, this is the most critical question.But in fact, we still don't know where the differences in infidelity behavior between different human societies are. How do biological instructions and social rules interact in modern human society?This is really a fascinating subject.However, I have less to say about social rules in this book.This is not because I want to discount the power of social rules and the influence that social rules have on everyday behavior.Since this book is primarily a biological explanation of phenomena, in order to avoid confusion for the reader, I have decided to make less reference to social rules in the book.At the same time, I also hope that by focusing on the biological basis of sexuality, my theory will be relevant to more members of a wider society, including societies with different standards of sociality, morality, religious norms and beliefs. are closely related. While members of modern industrial society are likely to be the typical audience for this book, much of human society still tolerates, condones (even encourages) sexual practices such as polygamy or homosexuality.I would be doing myself no favors if, in this book, I attacked too much the context in which certain sexual practices created cultural antagonisms.Because to those from more open sociocultural backgrounds, these parts will likely appear meaningless.Therefore, I hope to make this book relevant to all readers by focusing on sexuality and its biological underpinnings. All societies are different because each society has its own history of development.And, every society throughout the world is constantly evolving in different ways.The processes by which societies evolve in various ways are not random; these changes are likely to be biologically dictated.Scholars who study social evolution can not only understand the biological factors of social evolution (such as ecology or the danger of disease), but also understand the important indicators that form the moral standards and religious beliefs of the society.For example, agricultural societies tend to be more polygamous, while hunter-gatherer societies and industrialized societies tend to be more monogamous.We discussed in Scenes 30 and 31 the relationship between the risk and likelihood of disease and the social acceptance of homosexual behavior.All in all, from the perspective of evolution, biological instructions may drive most members of society to perform certain behaviors openly, while society adopts a tolerant attitude towards these behaviors.Likewise, society takes a demeaning attitude toward those acts that are practiced by a minority of its members, and that cannot be done openly. Over the course of evolution, certain sexual behaviors have become clandestine, and certain sexual strategies have become minorities, all driven by biological imperatives.Similarly, certain paranoid concepts and hypocritical attitudes adopted by members of society towards sexual behavior are gradually formed under the drive of biological instructions.In addition to explaining these phenomena in this book, at the same time, whenever the book mentions that a certain sexual behavior may pose a threat to other people, I will re-propose the above explanations to explain these phenomena.Especially interesting is the hypocrisy of sex.For in certain sexual acts the representative persons who usually derive the greatest success from them are those members of society who, by oppressing or lashing out, prevent others from secretly engaging in the same behavior as themselves.So we should not be surprised to find that the legislators or enablers of social norms are indulging behavior that they forbid.And likewise, we don't need to blame ourselves for similar behavior exhibited by other primate ruling classes. Of course, once human society evolves to form its own rules and norms, no matter what the content of these norms is, and no matter whether the formation process of these norms is very different from other societies, the internal constraints of society will force every member to adapt to these established rules and norms. specification.When the environment in which society lives changes, and at the same time, biological instructions begin to drive the behavior of most social members to become unsuitable for past norms, this internal pressure will inevitably slow down the entire process of social evolution.At this time, members of the society are either forced to give up the behavior they desire, or to force their behavior to become more hidden.All in all, judging from the results, most members of the society seem to be able to control the future development direction of the whole society. The interplay between culture and biology is clearly complex and dynamic.The two not only influence each other, but also constantly change themselves.Recent social and technological developments such as child protection agencies and paternity testing are likely to have profound effects on culture and sexuality.And before these developments, the most far-reaching development for advanced countries was clearly the increasing availability of modern contraceptive methods.This development has already had a huge impact on society and sexual behavior in advanced countries, and it will have the same shocking effect in developing countries in the future. As for how modern contraceptive laws will affect natural birth control subject to biological mandates?This is really an interesting question.I will also explain this in this book.I can also assure the reader that these developments will have surprising results. For example, the advent of condoms may actually increase the number of children born to men; In addition to the number of children born, it will also play a decisive role in "when" and "with whom" a woman will have children.But in any case, on the one hand, modern women are subject to the primitive driving force of biological instinct, on the other hand, they can rely on the assistance of oral contraceptives. Therefore, in fact, they all hold the right to control the fate of their own children and grandchildren that cannot be underestimated. .But even so, many women may read this with the sad reminder that her carefully planned life plan was ruined by one (or two) inexplicable oversights.Could this spontaneity and self-destructive behavior of a woman indicate a conflict between her body and her brain?Or is her modern personality in conflict with her original biological instincts?Readers who are interested in this issue, I suggest that you can refer to Scene 6, Scene 19 to Scene 26 of this book. These parts may at least give readers some inspiration and make readers feel more relaxed. As a biologist, when I publish my research results, I only consider presenting them in a form suitable for academic criticism.So, of course, my research papers are full of jargon, figures, tables and diagrams.These materials may be suitable for expressing research results, but for ordinary readers, they will inevitably feel inaccessible.Since the subject of this book is primarily the interpretation and interpretation of sexuality, which remains an elusive and elusive experience for most people, I knew from the moment I embarked on the study that this A research topic that will clearly be of broad public interest.And the research I have obtained also shows that sexual behavior has its basic rules, and that besides all the mundane aspects of sexual behavior, embarrassing, pleasurable, risky, sinful, indiscriminate, etc., it also Has its own ground rules. In the process of writing this book, I thought of creating a series of imaginary scenes in the book in order to show the above-mentioned basic rules about sexual behavior in front of readers, and at the same time bring sexual behavior into real life.In every scene I present some form of opposition between sexual acts, most often between the sexes besides male-masculine and female-female.There are also many scenes that explore the sperm wars on various levels.Personally, I think sperm warfare is an essential element of all sex.I've included captions for every scene throughout the book, and I've also attempted to explain the various sexual behaviors as an evolutionary biologist. For each of us, you and I are born because, at some pivotal moment in the past, our father's sperm penetrated our mother's egg.At the moment of fertilization, the entire complex set of instructions guiding the development of the individual is instantly switched on.Half of these instructions for individual development come from the father and half from the mother, and these instructions ultimately create you and me today.If our parents hadn't had sex with the person they were at that time, there wouldn't be you and me in this world today. There is a story hidden behind the birth of every life, even the birth of you and me is no exception.But little is known about the details of these stories.For example, we are unlikely to know whether our mothers ever had an orgasm at the moment of fertilization.Even if we know that the mother had an orgasm during the intercourse that conceived us, we can't figure out whether she orgasmed before the intercourse, after the intercourse, or at the same time as the father?We also have no way of knowing: Did our parents masturbate in the days or hours before we became fetuses in our mothers?Are any of them bisexual?Was the intercourse we had at conception an affair?Did the mother only have one man's sperm in her body while she was pregnant with us?Is the man we call "father" really the man who provided the sperm that made you and me? Usually, most are born from routine sex between men and women in long-term partnerships.Not just today, this behavior has probably been going on for at least three or four million years.Perhaps, fertilization during routine intercourse is nothing surprising, but there is something surprising about routine intercourse itself.This is what I want to introduce to readers in this book.In addition, about 20% are born during non-routine sexual intercourse.Behind the birth of these lives lies a more fascinating storyline.I will also introduce readers to many such stories in this book. One of the problems I encountered while writing this book was that many of the behaviors I wanted to describe required clear images for the reader to understand.Many of the scenes and details I describe in this book, literally, some people might consider it pornography.I have tried not to describe it so unreservedly, nor have I hoped that no scene or detail would embarrass or overwhelm the reader.As for the explanatory part after each scene, I try to give enough reasons to support the conclusion in it.All in all, readers may need a little patience as they go through this book, because while all the elements of action mentioned in the book are eventually properly explained, I don't do so immediately after introducing the events in the scene. For example, there are two scenes in the book that deal with the act of masturbation.One of them depicts male masturbation, and another scene depicts female masturbation.I have an explanation for the masturbation feature after both scenes.On the other hand, sexual acts involving masturbation are also frequently found in other scenes in this book, but I will not explain these acts further.Because as long as the function of masturbation can be understood from the two scenes related to masturbation behavior, the relationship between behaviors and masturbation in other scenes is also self-evident. It is a treatise on the theme of "sex".This book is not a collection of love stories.In writing this book, I have tried my best to expose the rawness of human sexuality to the reader.Because if these scenes are to be interpreted from a biological point of view, the events in the scene and their repercussions are the most important.For evolutionary biologists, their fundamental interests are: "Why do humans behave this way?" and "What effect does this behavior have on human reproductive outcomes?" How does it feel?" and "How do you think people feel about this behavior?" are completely uninteresting to evolutionary biologists.We do experience certain feelings and emotions when our human instincts drive us to engage in certain behaviors.Words such as love and fear, joy and excitement, all in turn express our conscious attempts to express feelings and emotions in accordance with the thought process.When I wrote the various scenes in this book, I tried to avoid using the above-mentioned emotional-related words, because I hope that readers can focus more on the behavior itself in the process of reading the book. Although there are few emotional words used in this book, this does not mean that the characters in the book do not show appropriate emotions.For example, the lifelong love between the couple in scene 37, and the affection the man has for his "son" in scene 8, these feelings are obvious even if they are not explained.The relationship between the fourteen or fifteen-year-old girl and the middle-aged man described in Scene 18 amounts to something almost illegal (in some human societies), but for both of them it is fraught. romance and passion.The bewildered man in scene 36 falls in and out of love again and again. He keeps trying to find a lasting partner and to understand female sexuality thoroughly. But throughout a man's life, he doesn't Disappointed more than once.As for the fear and resentment towards the spouse that the woman in scene 9 may feel, and the psychological trauma and pain suffered by the raped women in scenes 33 and 34, there is no need to spend more words to describe it. Because the actions performed by the characters in the scene already speak for themselves. Some people think that women seem to be portrayed as scheming, deceitful, and fake.I was also warned that it might make me a target for feminists.This statement surprised me, because while writing this book, I thought it might help to correct the traditional "male supremacy" view of sexuality.This view is really a shameful double standard.For a long time, in many human societies, the conventional wisdom (through certain theories passed down from generation to generation by male authors) was that men were driven by their biological instincts to be promiscuous.But in this book, I make the point that neither sex can justify an exclusive interest, instinctive or otherwise.As far as circumstances permit, both sexes are born with the choice between remaining faithful and having an affair.In terms of reproductive outcomes, not only do both sexes benefit from infidelity, but they also benefit from demanding fidelity from their mates.而令人感到矛盾的是，传统的双重标准可能会超出男性天生直觉所能理解的范围，因为只要给予女性自由，她们也能变得和男性一样放荡不羁。因此，在那些男性主控整个文化态度的社会里，强行推崇双重标准可能正好反映出一种共同的男性沙文主义行为，而这种行为的背后，则隐藏着男性不甘被戴绿帽子的心理。 不论对男性或女性读者来说，如果有人想在本书当中寻找偏见用以支持或反对异性，我都会感到非常失望。因为我在这本书里是非常公平地对两性分别给予了抨击与赞美。每当我在描述阴茎的前后抽动的威力或是男性统治的权力时，我一定也会同时列举出女性对此所采取的对抗策略的相对实例。无论如何，就算是在男性统治的社会里，如果有人一定要我指出两性繁衍竞赛的胜利者究竟是谁时，我大概会选择女性。因为尽管有少数男性可能获得完全的繁衍胜利，尽管大多数男性的身体永远都在尝试将恶劣环境尽为其用，但在两性之间性活动的各个阶段，男性几乎总是会被女性的巧计或策略打败。 如果我是一名女性，上述结论很可能会使女权主义运动者对我大加赞许。然而，由于我是一名男性，我很可能会被视为是在宣布女性误入歧途的罪状。对于这类说法，我能给出的惟一回答是，我从来未曾有过这种企图。和大多数研究人员一样，在进行观测的过程中，我所扮演的角色只不过是一名记录者、分类者和解说者。至于价值判断的任务，我把这个部分留给其他人来做。 我所采取的中立态度，在我解决写作过程中遇到的最后一个问题时，发挥了举足轻重的作用。对大多数人来说，我在书中描述过的许多行为说得好听是“不含是非观念”，说得难听则是犯罪。以我的立场来说，我必须远离所有是非道德的标准，因为我所从事的工作的目的，是要摒弃偏见与挑剔的眼光来解释人类行为。而我对某种行为欠缺价值判断的态度则会给我带来一项麻烦：很多人会认为我对那种行为表示宽容甚至是在鼓吹那种行为。在这里我必须特别强调，我的表现绝不是要对任何行为做出价值判断。正像我在场景33里解释强奸行为时说过的，我在涉及反社会行为时所进行的第一个步骤，即是设法理解驱动这种行为的生物指令，惟有这一点才是我对行为解说的最终目的。