Chapter 3 3 Shockproof
Usual Earthquake Emergency Preparedness When the government has a short-term or impending earthquake forecast, people should act immediately to start emergency earthquake preparedness.The main tasks are:
①Take security reinforcement measures at home or in the school classroom.For example, strengthen the vertical cabinet to prevent it from tipping over, fix the cabinet door to prevent objects from falling and hurt people, stick glass with transparent film or tape to prevent debris from hurting people, and store heavy objects in a low position.Strengthen beams, roofs and cement board walls.Keep dangerous items safe.Prepare fire extinguishers.The purpose of these jobs is to increase the degree of indoor safety.
②As with civil air defense emergency, personal emergency kits and tent materials should be prepared.
③According to the emergency division plan of the family, school or unit, confirm the job responsibilities, find out the safe location of the school or family, so as to hide and take refuge in an emergency.
④ Learn the skills and knowledge of self-rescue, mutual rescue, fire extinguishing, emergency repair, finding and lifting the wounded.Determine the location where the neighbors and unit personnel gather after the earthquake, and formulate an emergency rescue plan.
⑤Learn knowledge about omens before an earthquake: such as a sudden rise or fall in the water level in the well, peculiar smells in the atmosphere, panicked birds and livestock, sparks between wires, blue light in the room, and ignited fluorescent lamps, etc.Everyone needs to know how to report immediately.But you must never predict "an earthquake!", and don't believe the rumors of "an earthquake".
1. Scientifically master earthquake knowledge and be prepared for life.Earthquake is a kind of sudden natural disaster, and most people encounter earthquake without preparedness.
2. Rumors stop at the wise. Credulity stems from ignorance.The manufacture and dissemination of earthquake rumors is another kind of disaster related to earthquakes. If earthquake rumors spread, it will make some people panic and affect normal work and life; Events such as the outflow of goods and personnel, shutdown of work and production, etc., affect social stability.
3. The new house is fortified, the old house is reinforced, and there is protection in advance.Generally, the seismic strengthening of houses should start from three aspects: strengthening the seismic strength and improving the stability and deformation capacity of the house structure.
4. Always have an emergency box at home to save you from danger.Families in earthquake-prone areas and key earthquake monitoring and defense areas should prepare an earthquake-proof emergency kit and put it in an easily accessible place so that they can be carried with them when an earthquake occurs.
5. In case of an earthquake, escape calmly and do not take the elevator.When an earthquake occurs, if you happen to be indoors, you should keep calm and choose an ideal place to hide nearby.
6. There is no hope of blindly running around in the classroom with shock absorbers nearby.When an earthquake occurs in a crowded place such as a school, if students are in class, they should obey the teacher's instructions, quickly hold their heads, close their eyes, and hide at the corners under their desks, and evacuate in an orderly manner after the earthquake. Do not run blindly in the open space outside.
7. If you are in a high-rise building, do not hide under a strong support near the window. When an earthquake strikes, if you happen to be in a public place, do not panic and run around.Protect your head with your hands or other objects, and take cover under a sturdy support nearby.
8. Grab a ray of light to bring infinite vitality.In the dark pressure environment, people in distress cannot see their surroundings and have nowhere to start for self-help. At this time, they should calm down and carefully observe whether there are light gaps around them. As long as it is a transparent place, no matter how small, it is likely to be pressure. Bury the object at its weakest point.
9. Strive to be young volunteers to help each other in disaster reduction and safety.Earthquake prevention and disaster reduction is a public welfare undertaking that maintains every community and family.
10. Help each other bravely to overcome difficulties.Faced with the sudden earthquake disaster, people's lives and properties are under great threat, and the basic conditions for people's survival are facing great difficulties. At this time, people's only choice should be to help each other.
Under the action of in-situ stress, the earth's rock mass will cause a series of abnormal physical, chemical, biological, and meteorological changes in the source and nearby materials during the process of gradually accumulating and strengthening stress and strain.We call these anomalous changes associated with the breeding and occurrence of earthquakes as earthquake precursors (also called earthquake anomalies).It includes two types of seismic microscopic anomalies and seismic macroscopic anomalies.
Before earthquakes, the abnormal phenomena related to earthquakes that occur in nature are called earthquake precursors, which include two categories: microscopic precursors and macroscopic precursors.
Common earthquake precursor phenomena include: (1) abnormal seismic activity; (2) changes in seismic wave velocity; (3) crustal deformation; (4) abnormal changes in groundwater; (5) changes in radon content or other chemical components in groundwater; 6) Earth stress changes; (7) Earth electricity changes; (8) Earth magnetism changes; (9) Gravity anomalies; (10) Animal anomalies; (11) Earth sounds; (12) Earth light; (13) Earth temperature anomalies .Of course, the above-mentioned abnormal changes are very complicated, and they are often not necessarily caused by earthquakes.For example, rising and falling groundwater levels are associated with rainfall, drought, artificial pumping and irrigation.Another example is that animal abnormalities are often related to weather changes, changes in feeding conditions, changes in living conditions, and changes in the physiological state of the animals themselves.Therefore, we must first identify the reasons for these changes, and then consider whether they are related to earthquakes.
The main abnormal response of animals before the earthquake
Before a major earthquake, birds, animals, livestock, reptiles, burrowing animals and aquatic animals often have abnormal reactions to varying degrees.Before the earthquake, the abnormal behavior of animals included emotional irritability and panic; or flying high, running and barking wildly;Animal anomaly observation has certain significance to earthquake prediction.The people in the quake area summed up the proverb: animals have omens before the earthquake, so we must do a good job in earthquake resistance and disaster prevention.Cattle, sheep, donkeys and horses do not enter the pen, mice move and flee; chickens fly up the tree, pigs arch the pen, ducks do not go into the water, dogs bark wildly; rabbits jump and bump their ears, pigeons do not return to their nests when they are frightened; hibernating snakes come out of their holes early, fish Jump into the water in panic.Every household must observe and make forecasts based on abnormalities.
The main characteristics of the abnormal reaction of animals before the earthquake
(1) Premonitory time distribution of animal anomalies: the time distribution of a large number of animal anomalies before the earthquake is mainly concentrated in the few days before the earthquake to a few hours before the earthquake. (2) Distribution characteristics of anomalous animal areas before earthquakes: Generally speaking, the range of anomalous animal responses before a magnitude 7 earthquake can reach one, two hundred or even hundreds of kilometers.The larger the magnitude, the larger the anomaly distribution range; the smaller the magnitude, the smaller the anomaly range. (3) The relationship between pre-earthquake animal anomalies and magnitude: With the increase of earthquake magnitude, the types, quantity, distribution area and intensity of response of animal anomalies increase accordingly.Generally speaking, before an earthquake of magnitude 3 or so, individual animals have abnormal reactions. Before an earthquake with a magnitude of about 5, within a certain area, common animals will have obvious abnormalities. Before a strong earthquake of magnitude 7 or so, a large number of strong anomalies appeared in many animals in a large area.The relationship between the abnormal reaction of animals and the distribution of intensity is obvious.The higher the intensity, the greater the amount of abnormal reaction.
Methods of Observing Abnormalities in Animals
Animal anomaly observation points should be selected in the key monitoring areas of seismic activity, and the surrounding environment should be quiet, with less interference and pollution.Observation points can be located in zoos, weather stations, and farms and breeding farms of a certain scale; it is best to set them up together with or close to other observation points for precursor means, so as to facilitate comprehensive analysis of data.The choice of observation animals should pay attention to the convenience and economy of sources; common and easy-to-observe animals, such as house mice, loaches, catfish, snakes, pigeons, parrots, horses, sheep, pigs, dogs, chickens and other poultry and livestock.Animals in captivity can be observed regularly at fixed points, and the behavioral activities of animals, changes in water temperature and air pressure environment, etc. can be recorded.When conditions do not allow, you can also take observations in the morning, noon, and evening or observe them at any time, and make detailed records.For wild animals, you can make fixed-line observations, once in the morning, noon, and evening, and record the types, quantities and weather conditions of various animals you see.Observation results should be regularly reported and summarized, and time-space distribution diagrams should be made in time for comprehensive analysis.
Anomalies of Groundwater Before Earthquakes
Before the earthquake, the underground aquifer was strongly squeezed in the tectonic changes, which destroyed the state of the aquifer near the surface and redistributed the groundwater, causing the water level to rise in some areas and drop in some areas.Changes in the composition of chemical substances in the water have caused some groundwater to experience changes in taste and color, floating "oily flowers" on the water surface, swirling and bubbling, etc.The pre-earthquake anomalies of groundwater level and water chemical composition are more obvious on active faults and their surrounding areas, and more often concentrated in meizoseismic areas.People in the disaster area said: Well water is a treasure, and the precursors come early.The water in the spring without rain is muddy, and the water in the well is dry; the water level fluctuates greatly, and the flower turns to bubble;The sky will change and the rain will come, and the water will change and the earth will make trouble.
A few hours to several minutes before the earthquake, and a few days before the earthquake, there will be ground sounds coming from the ground.Some are like the "buzzing" of an airplane; some are like howling wind; some are like cars passing by; some are like distant thunder; protrude.According to the experience of the people in the disaster area, the size of the earthquake and the direction of the epicenter can be judged based on the characteristics of the ground sound. "The sound of a big earthquake is deep, and the sound of a small earthquake is sharp; Far away; the sound is short, but the earthquake is nearby."
Before the earthquake, there will be phenomena such as ground sound and ground light.The light of the earth is bright and terrifying, and the earthquake is strong and weird.
2. Rumors stop at the wise. Credulity stems from ignorance.The manufacture and dissemination of earthquake rumors is another kind of disaster related to earthquakes. If earthquake rumors spread, it will make some people panic and affect normal work and life; Events such as the outflow of goods and personnel, shutdown of work and production, etc., affect social stability.
3. The new house is fortified, the old house is reinforced, and there is protection in advance.Generally, the seismic strengthening of houses should start from three aspects: strengthening the seismic strength and improving the stability and deformation capacity of the house structure.
4. Always have an emergency box at home to save you from danger.Families in earthquake-prone areas and key earthquake monitoring and defense areas should prepare an earthquake-proof emergency kit and put it in an easily accessible place so that they can be carried with them when an earthquake occurs.
5. In case of an earthquake, escape calmly and do not take the elevator.When an earthquake occurs, if you happen to be indoors, you should keep calm and choose an ideal place to hide nearby.
6. There is no hope of blindly running around in the classroom with shock absorbers nearby.When an earthquake occurs in a crowded place such as a school, if students are in class, they should obey the teacher's instructions, quickly hold their heads, close their eyes, and hide at the corners under their desks, and evacuate in an orderly manner after the earthquake. Do not run blindly in the open space outside.
7. If you are in a high-rise building, do not hide under a strong support near the window. When an earthquake strikes, if you happen to be in a public place, do not panic and run around.Protect your head with your hands or other objects, and take cover under a sturdy support nearby.
8. Grab a ray of light to bring infinite vitality.In the dark pressure environment, people in distress cannot see their surroundings and have nowhere to start for self-help. At this time, they should calm down and carefully observe whether there are light gaps around them. As long as it is a transparent place, no matter how small, it is likely to be pressure. Bury the object at its weakest point.
9. Strive to be young volunteers to help each other in disaster reduction and safety.Earthquake prevention and disaster reduction is a public welfare undertaking that maintains every community and family.
10. Help each other bravely to overcome difficulties.Faced with the sudden earthquake disaster, people's lives and properties are under great threat, and the basic conditions for people's survival are facing great difficulties. At this time, people's only choice should be to help each other.
Under the action of in-situ stress, the earth's rock mass will cause a series of abnormal physical, chemical, biological, and meteorological changes in the source and nearby materials during the process of gradually accumulating and strengthening stress and strain.We call these anomalous changes associated with the breeding and occurrence of earthquakes as earthquake precursors (also called earthquake anomalies).It includes two types of seismic microscopic anomalies and seismic macroscopic anomalies.
Before earthquakes, the abnormal phenomena related to earthquakes that occur in nature are called earthquake precursors, which include two categories: microscopic precursors and macroscopic precursors.
Common earthquake precursor phenomena include: (1) abnormal seismic activity; (2) changes in seismic wave velocity; (3) crustal deformation; (4) abnormal changes in groundwater; (5) changes in radon content or other chemical components in groundwater; 6) Earth stress changes; (7) Earth electricity changes; (8) Earth magnetism changes; (9) Gravity anomalies; (10) Animal anomalies; (11) Earth sounds; (12) Earth light; (13) Earth temperature anomalies .Of course, the above-mentioned abnormal changes are very complicated, and they are often not necessarily caused by earthquakes.For example, rising and falling groundwater levels are associated with rainfall, drought, artificial pumping and irrigation.Another example is that animal abnormalities are often related to weather changes, changes in feeding conditions, changes in living conditions, and changes in the physiological state of the animals themselves.Therefore, we must first identify the reasons for these changes, and then consider whether they are related to earthquakes.
The main abnormal response of animals before the earthquake
Before a major earthquake, birds, animals, livestock, reptiles, burrowing animals and aquatic animals often have abnormal reactions to varying degrees.Before the earthquake, the abnormal behavior of animals included emotional irritability and panic; or flying high, running and barking wildly;Animal anomaly observation has certain significance to earthquake prediction.The people in the quake area summed up the proverb: animals have omens before the earthquake, so we must do a good job in earthquake resistance and disaster prevention.Cattle, sheep, donkeys and horses do not enter the pen, mice move and flee; chickens fly up the tree, pigs arch the pen, ducks do not go into the water, dogs bark wildly; rabbits jump and bump their ears, pigeons do not return to their nests when they are frightened; hibernating snakes come out of their holes early, fish Jump into the water in panic.Every household must observe and make forecasts based on abnormalities.
The main characteristics of the abnormal reaction of animals before the earthquake
(1) Premonitory time distribution of animal anomalies: the time distribution of a large number of animal anomalies before the earthquake is mainly concentrated in the few days before the earthquake to a few hours before the earthquake. (2) Distribution characteristics of anomalous animal areas before earthquakes: Generally speaking, the range of anomalous animal responses before a magnitude 7 earthquake can reach one, two hundred or even hundreds of kilometers.The larger the magnitude, the larger the anomaly distribution range; the smaller the magnitude, the smaller the anomaly range. (3) The relationship between pre-earthquake animal anomalies and magnitude: With the increase of earthquake magnitude, the types, quantity, distribution area and intensity of response of animal anomalies increase accordingly.Generally speaking, before an earthquake of magnitude 3 or so, individual animals have abnormal reactions. Before an earthquake with a magnitude of about 5, within a certain area, common animals will have obvious abnormalities. Before a strong earthquake of magnitude 7 or so, a large number of strong anomalies appeared in many animals in a large area.The relationship between the abnormal reaction of animals and the distribution of intensity is obvious.The higher the intensity, the greater the amount of abnormal reaction.
Methods of Observing Abnormalities in Animals
Animal anomaly observation points should be selected in the key monitoring areas of seismic activity, and the surrounding environment should be quiet, with less interference and pollution.Observation points can be located in zoos, weather stations, and farms and breeding farms of a certain scale; it is best to set them up together with or close to other observation points for precursor means, so as to facilitate comprehensive analysis of data.The choice of observation animals should pay attention to the convenience and economy of sources; common and easy-to-observe animals, such as house mice, loaches, catfish, snakes, pigeons, parrots, horses, sheep, pigs, dogs, chickens and other poultry and livestock.Animals in captivity can be observed regularly at fixed points, and the behavioral activities of animals, changes in water temperature and air pressure environment, etc. can be recorded.When conditions do not allow, you can also take observations in the morning, noon, and evening or observe them at any time, and make detailed records.For wild animals, you can make fixed-line observations, once in the morning, noon, and evening, and record the types, quantities and weather conditions of various animals you see.Observation results should be regularly reported and summarized, and time-space distribution diagrams should be made in time for comprehensive analysis.
Anomalies of Groundwater Before Earthquakes
Before the earthquake, the underground aquifer was strongly squeezed in the tectonic changes, which destroyed the state of the aquifer near the surface and redistributed the groundwater, causing the water level to rise in some areas and drop in some areas.Changes in the composition of chemical substances in the water have caused some groundwater to experience changes in taste and color, floating "oily flowers" on the water surface, swirling and bubbling, etc.The pre-earthquake anomalies of groundwater level and water chemical composition are more obvious on active faults and their surrounding areas, and more often concentrated in meizoseismic areas.People in the disaster area said: Well water is a treasure, and the precursors come early.The water in the spring without rain is muddy, and the water in the well is dry; the water level fluctuates greatly, and the flower turns to bubble;The sky will change and the rain will come, and the water will change and the earth will make trouble.
A few hours to several minutes before the earthquake, and a few days before the earthquake, there will be ground sounds coming from the ground.Some are like the "buzzing" of an airplane; some are like howling wind; some are like cars passing by; some are like distant thunder; protrude.According to the experience of the people in the disaster area, the size of the earthquake and the direction of the epicenter can be judged based on the characteristics of the ground sound. "The sound of a big earthquake is deep, and the sound of a small earthquake is sharp; Far away; the sound is short, but the earthquake is nearby."
Before the earthquake, there will be phenomena such as ground sound and ground light.The light of the earth is bright and terrifying, and the earthquake is strong and weird.