Chapter 3 Earthquake Relief Self-Help Manual Part I

Natural earthquakes are mainly tectonic earthquakes, which are a phenomenon in which the energy accumulated over a long period of time is released rapidly due to the rupture and dislocation of rocks deep underground, and spreads in all directions in the form of seismic waves, causing house shaking and ground shaking on the ground.Tectonic earthquakes account for more than 90% of the total number of earthquakes.This is followed by earthquakes caused by volcanic eruptions, known as volcanic earthquakes, which account for about 7% of the total.In addition, earthquakes can also occur under certain special circumstances, such as cave collapse (falling earthquake), large meteorite impacting the ground (meteorite impact earthquake), etc.

The place where the seismic waves originate is called the hypocenter.The vertical projection of the source on the ground is called the epicenter.The depth from the epicenter to the focal point is called the focal depth.Usually, earthquakes with focal depths less than 70 kilometers are called shallow-focus earthquakes, those with depths between 70 and 300 kilometers are called intermediate-focus earthquakes, and those with depths greater than 300 kilometers are called deep-focus earthquakes.Destructive earthquakes are generally shallow earthquakes. (1) Hide under solid furniture such as tables.The maximum shaking time is about 1 minute. At this time, the personal safety of yourself and your family should be taken into consideration.First, duck under a solid, low center of gravity table and hold on to the legs.In places where there is no table or other place to hide, in any case, protect the head with a cushion or the like.

. (2) Turn off the fire immediately when shaking, and extinguish the fire immediately when there is a fire.During an earthquake, there may be times when fire engines cannot be relied upon to extinguish fires.Therefore, the efforts of each of us to turn off and extinguish the fire is an important factor in whether the earthquake disaster can be controlled to a minimum. (3) Don't run outside in a panic.After the earthquake, it is very dangerous to run outside in a panic. Broken glass, bricks and tiles on the roof, billboards, etc. will fall and hit you.In addition, cement prefabricated board walls, vending machines, etc. are also at risk of collapse, so do not get close to these objects.

(4) Open the door to ensure the exit.For houses with reinforced concrete structures, etc., due to the shaking of the earthquake, the doors and windows will be misaligned, and the door cannot be opened. There have been cases where people were locked in the house.Please open the door to ensure exit.Usually, you have to think in advance how to escape in case you are locked in the house, and prepare ladders, ropes, etc. (5) In outdoor occasions, protect your head and avoid dangerous places.When the ground shakes violently and people are unable to stand firmly, people will have the psychology of leaning on and grabbing something.Most of the doorposts and walls around you will become objects to lean on.However, these seemingly solid things are actually dangerous.Be sure not to get close to the cement prefabricated board wall, doorpost, etc. to hide.In bustling streets and building areas, the most dangerous thing is that glass windows, billboards and other objects fall down and hurt people.Pay attention to protect your head with your hands or handbags.

In addition, you should also pay attention to the vending machine overturning and hurting people.When in a building area, depending on the situation, it is safer to enter a building for shelter. (6) Follow the instructions of the staff in department stores and theaters. In places with many people, such as department stores and underpasses, the most frightening thing is chaos.Please follow the instructions of store staff and security personnel.As far as earthquakes are concerned, underground passages are relatively safe.Even in the event of a power outage, emergency lights come on instantly, so act calmly.

In case of fire, it will be filled with smoke immediately.Evacuate in a lowered posture and never smoke. If you take the elevator, you cannot use the elevator in the event of an earthquake or fire.In case of an earthquake while taking the elevator, press all the buttons on each floor on the operation panel. Once it stops, leave the elevator quickly and evacuate after confirming safety.The elevators in high-rise buildings and nearby buildings are all equipped with control devices. When an earthquake occurs, they will automatically stop and stop at the nearest floor.In case you are locked in the elevator, please contact the management office for help through the dedicated telephone in the elevator.

(7) Cars are parked by the side of the road, and driving is prohibited in controlled areas. When a major earthquake occurs, the car will be like a flat tire, making it difficult for people to control the steering wheel and drive.Therefore, full attention must be paid to avoid the intersection and stop the car by the side of the road.In order not to hinder the passage of evacuated people and emergency vehicles, give way to the middle part of the road.The vast majority of roads in urban centers will be completely closed to traffic.Pay full attention to the broadcast of the car radio, and follow the instructions of the police if there is a police nearby.

When it is necessary to evacuate, in order not to be involved in the fire, please close the car windows, insert the car key in the car, do not lock the door, and act together with the locals. (8) Pay attention to landslides, falling rocks from cliffs or tsunamis.On the side of a mountain or on a steep slope, there is a danger of landslides and falling rocks from cliffs, so you should quickly seek refuge in a safe place.On the coast, there is a danger of encountering a tsunami.If you feel an earthquake or a tsunami warning is issued, please pay attention to the information on the radio, TV, etc., and evacuate to a safe place immediately.

(9) When evacuating, walk on foot and carry items to a minimum. When the fire caused by the earthquake spreads and burns, and endangers life and personal safety, etc., take evacuation measures.The method of evacuation is, in principle, to take evacuation on foot under the leadership of the person in charge and the police, with the citizens' disaster prevention organizations and streets as units, and the items to be carried should be at a minimum.Never use a car or bicycle to evacuate. The cooperation and mutual assistance of local residents is indispensable for the evacuation of sick people and others.Normally, it is necessary for neighbors to agree on the method of evacuation in advance.

(10) Don't listen to rumors, and don't act rashly. When a major earthquake occurs, people are easily shaken psychologically.To prevent confusion, it is extremely important for everyone to act calmly based on the correct information.Grasp the correct information from the radio you carry, believe in the information you get directly from the government, police, fire and other disaster prevention agencies, never believe irresponsible gossip, and don't act rashly. Rescue people after the earthquake, strive for the principles of fast time, accurate goals, appropriate methods, and the continuous growth of mutual rescue teams.The specific method is:

(1) Rescue those who are nearby first, whether it is family members, neighbors, or strangers, do not look far away; (2) Rescue those who are easy to save first, so that the mutual rescue team can be rapidly expanded; (3) Rescue young adults and medical personnel first, so that they can fully play their role in disaster relief; (4) Save "life" first, and then save "people".During the Tangshan earthquake, a rural woman exposed only her head to avoid suffocation every time she rescued a person, and then went to rescue another person. Dozens of people were rescued in a short period of time. Effective rescue methods should be adopted according to the actual situation of the post-earthquake environment and conditions, with the purpose of rescuing the buried people safely from the ruins. Through understanding and searching, after it is determined that there are people buried in the ruins, judge their buried position, and send rescue signals to the ruins by shouting or knocking. During the rescue process, special attention should be paid to the safety of buried personnel.First, the tools used (such as iron rods, hoes, sticks, etc.) should not injure the buried pressure personnel; second, do not destroy the support conditions around the space where the buried pressure personnel are located, causing new collapses, and causing the buried pressure personnel to be in danger again; The third is to communicate with the closed space of the buried people as soon as possible to allow fresh air to flow in. If the dust in the excavation is too large, water should be sprayed to reduce the dust, so as not to suffocate the buried people; Try to deliver drinking water, food and medicine to the buried victims to maintain their lives. Before carrying out a rescue operation, there must be a plan and procedures, where to dig and where not to dig, where to use hoes and where to use sticks, all must be considered. In the past, rescuers acted blindly, stepped on the roof of the buried person, and killed the buried person. Therefore, scientific analysis and action must be taken in the rescue process to achieve good rescue results. Acting blindly will often cause new harm to the rescue target. After the earthquake, aftershocks will continue to occur, and the environment may further deteriorate, so try to improve your environment, stabilize yourself, and try to escape. Try to avoid weak collapsed objects, hanging objects or other dangerous objects above the body; remove movable broken bricks and tiles and other sundries around you to expand the space for activities.Be careful not to force yourself when you can’t move, to prevent further collapse of surrounding debris; try to use masonry, wooden sticks, etc. to support the ruined walls to prevent them from being buried again during aftershocks; do not use indoor facilities casually, including power and water sources, etc. Do not use open flames; when you smell gas, toxic odor or too much dust, try to cover your mouth and nose with wet clothes; do not bark, keep your strength, and call for help with the sound of knocking. Generally speaking, the survival rate of buried people rescued within half an hour after a major earthquake is 99%. It can be seen that self-rescue and mutual rescue are one of the main measures to reduce casualties.The following points should be paid attention to when rescuing buried people: (1) Pay attention to the cries, groans and knocks of the trapped people; (2) According to the structure of the house, first determine the position of the trapped person, and then rescue to prevent accidental casualties; (3) Rescue the survivors in the rubble on the edge of the building first, and rescue those survivors who are easy to be rescued in time, so as to expand the mutual rescue team; (4) Rescue needs to pay attention to methods.First, the head of the person being crushed should be exposed.Quickly remove the dust in its mouth and nose to prevent suffocation, and then rescue, do not use sharp tools to dig; (5) For the survivors who have been buried in the ruins for a long time, the drink should be delivered first, and then supported while digging, and the eyes of the survivors should be protected; (6) For people with cervical and lumbar injuries, do not pull or lift when rescuing; (7) For those who are hungry, thirsty, injured, or suffocated seriously, and have been buried for a long time, they should cover their eyes with dark cloth after being rescued to avoid strong light stimulation. Or sent to a medical point for emergency treatment; (8) For those critically injured who are still breathing, they should be treated on the spot as much as possible, and then sent to the hospital and medical point quickly. (1) Establish a firm belief in survival; (2) Don't cry loudly to reduce physical exertion; (3) Try to rest and conserve energy; (4) Find all food and water that can sustain life; (5) Try to bandage the wound, wait for rescue, and try to get in touch with rescuers. When you hear a sound outside the ruins, you should continuously knock on objects that can make sound, such as metal pipes, etc., and ask for help from the outside world.Do everything possible to contact outside rescuers. (1) When the gas leaks: cover the mouth and nose with a wet towel, never use an open flame, and try to transfer it after the earthquake. (2) In case of fire: Lie on the ground and cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel.After the earthquake stops, move to a safe place, crawling and marching against the wind. (3) When poisonous gas leaks: When a chemical plant catches fire or poisonous gas leaks, do not run downwind, go around upwind, and cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel as much as possible. (4) Dangerous places that should be avoided: factories producing dangerous goods, warehouses of dangerous goods, flammable and explosive goods, etc. After the strong earthquake, the urban tap water system was severely damaged, the water supply was interrupted, the walls of urban and rural water wells collapsed, the well pipes were broken or staggered, silted, and the surface water was seriously polluted by feces, sewage and rotting corpses. The water supply was extremely difficult, and sometimes had to be drunk River water, pond water, ditch water and swimming pool water and rainwater.Whether the problem of water supply for the masses can be solved is a key issue related to whether the epidemic can be controlled after the earthquake.To solve the water supply problem, the first thing is to find the water source, the second is to conduct a water quality inspection to determine whether it is drinkable, the third is to clean and treat the water that is not suitable for drinking, and the fourth is to adopt an appropriate water supply method. According to the distribution of local water sources known before the earthquake, and through on-site investigations, find water sources with sufficient water volume, good water quality, and easy protection.After the earthquake, all water sources may be polluted, so all water sources must be re-inspected to determine whether they are drinkable.Selected water sources should be protected, and pollution sources such as toilets, cesspit, garbage dumps, and corpses within 50 meters around should be removed, a water source protection system should be established, and guard posts should be set up to prevent bad people from poisoning. (1) Mixed water clarification method: Use alum, aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate or polyaluminum chloride as coagulant, add an appropriate amount into the mixed water, stir with sticks, wait for flocs to settle, and the water will be clarified.When there is no above-mentioned coagulant, local materials can be obtained, and cactus, prickly pear, measuring ruler, hibiscus, mallow, purslane, thorn, elm, and kapok bark can be mashed and added to the mixed water, which can also help coagulation. (2) Drinking water disinfection method: The boiling disinfection effect is reliable, and the method is simple and easy.Halogen preparations such as bleaching powder can also be used to disinfect drinking water.According to the degree of water pollution, add 1-3 mg of chlorine per liter of water, and drink it after 15-30 minutes.In order to verify the disinfection effect of chlorine, the residual chlorine in the water should be measured after 30 minutes of chlorine addition. Generally, the disinfection effect can be considered reliable when there is 0.3 mg of chlorine left in each liter of water.For each liter of personal drinking water, add two tablets of water purification tablets or 5 drops of 2% iodine, shake for two minutes, and then drink after standing for 10 minutes. Wells need to build well platforms and dig drainage ditches, and the local and resident key elements will manage the surrounding cleanliness.Use public buckets to fetch water.It is forbidden to wash dirt and feed livestock by the well.Regular disinfection by epidemic prevention personnel. At the same time, actively repair the tap water system and wells, and drill temporary shallow wells if necessary. (1) Assign special personnel to conduct sanitary supervision on the storage, transportation and distribution of disaster relief food.Disaster relief food shall not be stored together with gasoline, pesticides, rat poison and other poisons, and shall not be transported in the same vehicle.The food warehouse and the place where food is stacked should be dry, ventilated and clean.When distributing food, sanitation and epidemic prevention personnel must be dispatched to check it. Moldy, rotten, water-soaked and contaminated food, as well as swollen, leaking and severely corroded cans are prohibited from being distributed for consumption. (2) Inspection and quality appraisal of excavated food.The meat products excavated from the freezer must be inspected by the health inspection team. Those that are obviously spoiled are buried deep, and those that are slightly corrupted are refined for industrial oil; those that are not corrupted can be eaten after high-temperature treatment.Except for the edible ones confirmed by the inspection of veterinary personnel, the crushed livestock shall be buried deeply. (3) Canteens and restaurants that resume work must have anti-fly equipment to ensure that the food supplied is clean and hygienic, and conditions must be created to wash and disinfect tableware after use.The food should be well cooked and thoroughly cooked, and cooked and eaten now.It is strictly forbidden to sell spoiled food and dead poultry and livestock meat.Catering service personnel must be in good health, at least free from infectious diseases. (4) Strengthen the publicity and education of food hygiene knowledge.Everyone is required not to drink unsterilized raw water, and not to eat spoiled and unclean food. After the earthquake, toilets and cesspools were damaged, sewer pipes broke, sewage overflowed, and a large number of corpses rotted. In addition, sanitation and epidemic prevention management was paralyzed for a while, and a large number of mosquito breeding grounds could be formed. A large number of mosquitoes and flies could breed in a short period of time, threatening the safety of the public. Therefore, all effective measures must be taken to vigorously kill mosquitoes and flies. After the earthquake, the exposed and scattered corpses of humans and animals rotted quickly, emitting corpse odor, polluting the environment, and posing a serious threat to the physical and mental health of the people in the disaster area.Disposing of corpses is a top priority for earthquake relief.In order to ensure the safety of the work of handling corpses, health protection must be done well. (1) Disinfection and deodorization of corpses.The body excavation and burial team must be equipped with disinfection personnel.Disinfection personnel should closely follow the workers while digging and spraying high-concentration bleaching powder, three-in-one emulsion or deodorant.After removing the corpse, the site should be sprayed again to deodorize.The corpse should be wrapped tightly with clothes and bedding, put into a plastic bag and tied tightly to prevent the odor from escaping, and it should be loaded and transported away as soon as possible.A layer of sand or plastic sheeting should be placed on the bottom of the corpse carriage to prevent corpse fluid from contaminating the carriage.It is planned to choose a place far away (5 kilometers) from towns and water sources for deep burial.In rural areas, designated ox carts, frame carts, etc. should be used. (2) Workers for excavating, transporting and burying corpses should be divided into reasonable groups, and multiple groups should be rotated to prevent fatigue and shorten the time of exposure to corpse odor. (3) Workers who dig and bury corpses should wear gas masks, overalls, rubber aprons, thick rubber gloves, high-waisted rubber boots, and tight trousers and cuffs to prevent inhalation of corpse odor poisoning and corpse fluid stimulation and damage to the skin. (4) After the work of digging and burying the dead body is completed, the work clothes, apron and rubber boots will be taken off at the disinfection station about 50 meters away from the living area, and the disinfection personnel will disinfect and deodorize, and put the rubber gloves into the disinfection tank to soak and disinfect.Soak your hands in 3% Lysol solution for disinfection, then wipe your hands with alcohol cotton balls, and finally wash them with water and soap, and take a shower or a bath if possible.Change into clean clothes after entering the dormitory.Vehicles for transporting corpses and tools for digging and burying corpses should be parked at a disinfection station, and the disinfection personnel will disinfect and deodorize them with high-concentration bleaching powder, three-in-one emulsion or deodorant. (5) Bring boiling water to the mouths of workers to prevent contamination of drinking water and water bowls.Digging workers should eat in ad hoc temporary canteens.