Chapter 10 Chapter Three

Among the three kingdoms of Wei (AD 220-265), Shu (AD 221-263), and Wu (AD 222-280), Wei State is located in the Central Plains, with a relatively complete official system and many adjustments and changes.Therefore, we will introduce Wei Guo as the main line. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Situ, Sikong, and Taiwei (or Da Sima) were the three princes, but the central power was transferred to Shangshutai.Before Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty did not have a prime minister or a prime minister in name.The title of prime minister did not appear again until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.The prime minister was Dong Zhuo, and later Cao Cao.Cao Cao reformed the official system of the Eastern Han Dynasty and established the Taige system headed by the prime minister.The prime minister took over the military and political power, and the emperor was actually under the prime minister's control.After Cao Pi became emperor, he naturally couldn't allow the prime minister to have too much power, so he changed the prime minister's name to Situ.It was not until Gaogui Xianggong (Cao Mao) Ganlu five years (AD 260) that the state of Wei regained the position of prime minister.Soon, Sima Zhao, who held the real power, was appointed Prime Minister of the country, and the power was poured into the government and the opposition.The reappearance of the Minister of Wei in the late Eastern Han Dynasty actually conveyed a message: the courtiers with real power were about to seek the throne.This is what the so-called "Sima Zhao's heart is known to all passers-by".Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the Kingdom of Shu, with a special status and great power. "Political affairs are all determined by Liang" ("Three Kingdoms Shushu Zhuge Liang Biography").Bright dead, no longer set phase.In the absence of a chancellor, Lu Shang Shushi, Ping Shang Shushi or Shang Shuling is the highest chief executive.The state of Wu also had a prime minister, sometimes with two people on the left and right.

Wei Guo still regards Taiwei, Situ, and Sikong as the three princes, but at this time the three princes gradually have no actual positions, and they usually sit and discuss, and prepare for consultants.In addition to the three princes, sometimes there is a big Sima, whose status is higher than that of the Taiwei.There is no Sikong in the Kingdom of Shu, nor is there a permanent Taiwei, and the military administration is in charge of the Grand Sima.The three princes of the state of Wu are not permanent. The emperor ascended the throne at a young age, and Taifu assisted the government and was the prime minister of state affairs.

The establishment of the Three Kingdoms and Nine Ministers basically still uses the Eastern Han system, and the ones that have changed the most are Guang Luxun and Shaofu in Wei. Wei Guoguang Luxun was no longer in the ban, and his authority began to decline.The civil servants, the doctor, Yilang, the captain of Fengche, the captain of the horse, and the captain of cavalry all left Guang Luxun.Doctors include Dr. Zuo and You Guanglu, and Dr. Jinzi Guanglu, all of whom are added officials; Dr. Taizhong, Dr. Zhongsan, Dr. Jian and Yilang are all consultant positions.The third captain is also an official.The prince's son-in-law is generally added to the meritorious officials and relatives.Anyone who honors the princess must worship the captain-in-law.There are more titles of military generals than in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the task is to guard the gate of the palace during the court meeting.Under Guang Luxun, there is still a visitor's platform, where there are servants and servants who are in charge of the etiquette when appointing officials.In addition, the officials of the original Shaofu, such as the senior official decree in charge of meals, the palace guard decree in charge of imperial paper, pen and ink and sealing mud, the Huangmen decree in charge of the eunuchs in the palace, and the Yeting decree in charge of the harem dignitaries and female pickers, etc. It was placed under the name of Guang Luxun, thus becoming an institution in charge of court meals and other affairs, and no longer has the function of participating in palace discussions.The Guang Lu Xun of Shu Kingdom and Wu Kingdom changed little, and still used the Eastern Han system.

The changes in the Shaofu of the State of Wei are the complete independence of Shangshutai, Yushitai and other institutions, as well as the improvement of the status of servants.Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shangshutai has gradually replaced Sangong's power, but it still belongs to the Shaofu system.The State of Wei recorded the affairs of the ministers with the authority of the ministers, also known as the ministers of the level, the ministers of the ministers, and the ministers of the province.The Shangshutai set up a Shangshu Ling, presided over the selection of officials, and compiled a general list.The deputy positions are left and right servants.There are five Caos under it: Cao of the Ministry of Officials is in charge of selecting officials, Cao of Zuo Min is in charge of repairing works, gardens, etc., Cao of Ke is in charge of foreign envoys' congratulations, Cao of Wubing is in charge of the army, and Cao of Duzhi is in charge of finance.Each Cao chief is a minister.One order, two servants and five Cao Shangshu are collectively called "eight seats".There are twenty-five Langs under Lie Cao, and Lang Guan is called Lang Zhong, Shi Lang or Shang Shu Lang.From the functions of Shangshutai, it is not difficult to see that this institution not only replaced the power of the original Sangong, but also transferred a considerable part of the power of Jiuqing to the Shangshutai Zhucao. In fact, it has developed into an institution for the prime minister's national government affairs.The Shangshutai of the Shu Kingdom is the same as that of the Eastern Han Dynasty.Wu Guoshang Shutai sorted the four Caos, Hu, Zuo, and Thieves.

Yushitai has officially become the central supervisory agency since Wei.The chief is Yushi Zhongcheng.There are governing books and serving the censor, responsible for laws and regulations; governing the book and enforcing the law, responsible for impeaching officials; serving the censor, and sub-Cao supervision.For local monitoring, patrol officials are dispatched from time to time.The Kingdom of Shu and the Kingdom of Wu also had a censor Zhongcheng.However, the Yushitai of the State of Wei often failed to perform its duties normally. The reason was that Wei Guozhi also supervised the school affairs, which made it difficult for the Yushitai to fully perform its supervisory functions.The school was established in Jian'an (AD 196-220).At that time, the prime minister's office of Cao Cao had a huge organization, and the powers of many institutions of the Eastern Han Dynasty were encroached on by the prime minister's office. The school's intrusion of the authority of Yushitai was one of them.After Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, the system of supervision by the school affairs department was retained.The school is a small official, but "the upper inspection palace temple, the lower inspection department" ("Three Kingdoms · Wei Shu · Cheng Yu Chuan Sun Xiao Attached Biography"), the real power is great, in fact it is a secret service agency under the control of the imperial power.

Shizhong Temple was first established during the time of Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the servants of the Huangmen and Huangmen led the affairs of the sect.Under the door, that is, "under the yellow gate".The palace gates of the Qin Dynasty were painted yellow, so they were called "Huangmen".Later Huangmen refers to the palace gate.All affairs under the door refer to all kinds of affairs around the emperor.The State of Wei set up four servants, whose status was even more distinguished, and one of them with the most senior qualifications was the official, called Jijiu.In addition, the servants are also added as officials, whoever joins the servants can prepare advisers at the emperor's side.When Sima Yi was in the government, he was appointed as a servant.The status of the servant is similar to that of the regular servant on horseback.In the Western Han Dynasty, there were Sanqi, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, eunuchs were used as regular attendants.Cai Lun, a famous Zhongchang attendant during the reign of Emperor He, once invented papermaking.However, this official position had a great impact on the decline of the central government in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.Wei Guohe Sanqi and Zhongchangshi were officials, and scholars served as officials.Regular attendants on loose horses can also serve as additional officials.In addition, there are Huangmen Shilang and Gishizhong, whose duties are to review the affairs of the minister and prepare the emperor's adviser.There are regular staff and additional officials in the matter.Shu and Wu are roughly the same.However, in addition to the regular servants of Sanqi, the Kingdom of Shu still has regular servants, all of whom are eunuchs.

Wei Guoxin set up institutions including Zhongshu Province and Secretary Province.When Cao Cao was the king of Wei, he set up secretaries, Ling and Cheng, to manage books and secret books, and to be in charge of Shangshu.During Emperor Wen's time, the secretary's decree was changed to Zhongshuling, and the supervisor of Zhongshu was set up, and he was in charge of secrets.Zhongshu Province is its institution.Shang Shutai is in charge of routine work.If the emperor has a secret edict to Xiazhou, county and border generals, it will be issued by Zhongshu Province, so the power of Shangshutai is divided among Zhongshu Province.The provincial officials of Zhongshu include Zhongshu Tongshilang (later changed to Zhongshu Shilang, referred to as Zhongshulang), Zhongshu Tongshi Sheren, Shuo Lang, Zhuo Zuo Lang, etc.In addition, an independent secretary province was set up to manage art and literature books.The chief is the secretary supervisor.There are secretary Cheng, secretary Lang, school secretary and so on.The State of Shu established Zhongshu Lang and Secretary Ling.Wu Guo set up Zhongshu Ling and Secretary Lang.

For palace duties, the Empress Dowager of the State of Wei had Weiwei, Taipu, and Shaofu Sanqing, which followed the Eastern Han Dynasty.The Empress Dowager Sanqing of the Eastern Han Dynasty was above the Sanqing of the same name as the court official, and the Wei Dynasty changed the Han system so that the Sanqing was below the Jiuqing.Da Changqiu is the Queen's palace official.Prince Taifu, Prince Shaofu, and Prince Zhan Shi are responsible for counseling the prince and his family affairs.The Kingdom of Shu has Empress Dowager Qing, Da Changqiu, Prince Taifu and so on.The State of Wu also had Empress Dowager Qing, Da Changqiu, Prince Taifu, and Prince Shaofu.Sun Quan paid special attention to the crown prince. In the first year of Huanglong (229 A.D.), he appointed the prince Zuofu, Youbi, Fuzheng, Yizheng and other captains, known as the four friends of the prince.There are also middle-aged sons, guests of the prince, and orders.In his later years, he led the prince Taifu as a general, and the Shaofu as the order of Zhongshu.It should be noted that the word "you" in the ancient official system does not mean friends, but refers to officials of the nature of literary servants.

There are generals with various titles in Wei Guowu.The general is the highest military general, and the title of "Great Governor" or "Governor of Chinese and foreign military forces" is added, and the power is particularly heavy.The following are Huqi, Cheqi, Wuwei, Fujun, Lingjun, Sizheng, Si'an, Sizhen, and Siping generals.The subordinate officials of the general's mansion include Changshi, Sima, Zhengxing, joining the army, and the master book.Those who are lower than generals include military positions such as general Zhonglang, school lieutenant, captain, and guard.The army is divided into the Chinese army (forbidden army) and the foreign army (local army).The central army is commanded by the leading general or the central leading army, the guarding general or the central guarding army.There are also two generals of Wuwei and Zhongba, and five lieutenants of Tunqi, infantry, Yueqi, Changshui and Shesheng.The foreign army is under the military command of the governors of the states.The general led the army to go out and set up a supervisory army.The names of military positions in Shu and Wu are similar to those in Wei.The Kingdom of Shu also has the titles of supervising Chinese and foreign military affairs, leading the army, supervising the army, guarding the army, Dianjun, and joining the army.The leader of the central government is in charge of the forbidden army.Among the generals of the state of Wu, there is also the top general.The imperial army is under the command of the leading general, and there are governors along the river and in important places.

The local administrative organization of the Three Kingdoms has three levels: state, county (country), and county.The seat of Wei State's capital is called Sizhou, which governs five counties of Henan, Hedong, Hanoi, Hongnong, and Pingyang.Set up Sili Xiaowei.The Sili of the State of Shu is responsible for supervising and inspecting Gyeonggi, and does not take charge of Yizhou (now Chengdu, Sichuan).The state of Wu has no officials.Generally, there are thirteen prefectures in Wei State, two in Shu State, and four in Wu State, all of which have governors or prefects.The status of the state pastor is higher than that of the governor.The State of Shu used Zhuge Liang to lead Yizhou Mu, Liang died, and set up the governor.Most of the governors of the State of Wei served concurrently as the governor of the festival, and they were not called the governor of bicycles concurrently as the governor.Festival, refers to the festival, held by ancient messengers as a certificate.The county has prefects, captains and other officials.The prefect of Wei State led the army and added the title of general.It belongs to You Cheng (the chief history of the border county), Sima, and Zhu Cao.Minority areas set up school captains, including Wuji Xiaowei, Huqiang Xiaowei, Hudong Qiang Xiaowei, Huxianbei Xiaowei, Huwuhuan Xiaowei, Xiyu Xiaowei and so on.There is a captaincy in the frontier county of Shu.The county still has orders and chiefs, and the subordinate officials include Cheng and Wei.Kingdoms, duchies, and marquises all have ministers, and the ministers of kingdoms and duchies are like prefects, and the ministers of Hou are like county magistrates.

The three countries all set titles.The titles of Wei State are divided into Wang, Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, Nan, County Hou, Township Hou, Tinghou, and Guannei Hou.Official ranks are divided into nine grades.The official division of nine ranks began with Cao Wei.The titles of Shu and Wu include King, County Marquis, Township Marquis, and Ting Hou.