Chapter 5 Chapter 4 Victory of one party, regional center—the capital of the frontier ethnic regime

Our country is a unified multi-ethnic country, but it took a long time to complete this process.Historically, some frontier areas have been under the rule of local ethnic regimes for quite a long time.In other frontier areas, when the central government is powerful, the nationalities are under the jurisdiction of the central government, or they respect the rulers of the Central Plains, claiming to be subjects, paying tribute, and expressing submission. However, once the national power is strong and external conditions are met At the same time, national power will also be established.Quite a number of ethnic regimes have relatively large territories. Some have been established for a long time, and some even entered the Central Plains, ruling half of the northern part of China and even unifying the whole country. ) and even unified dynasties (such as Yuan and Qing).Therefore, these regimes have had varying degrees of influence in Chinese history, played a certain role in the formation of a unified multi-ethnic country in my country, and are of great significance to the development of frontiers and the social, economic, and cultural development of ethnic minorities.The capitals of these frontier ethnic regimes are also an integral part of the ancient capitals of our country.

In Northeast China, except for the southern Liaohe River Basin, which has been the distribution area of ​​Han immigrants since the Warring States Period, other vast areas are basically the activity areas of ethnic minorities. Bohai State, a frontier ethnic regime established by Su Mo Mo He [mohe Mo He], existed for a long time in the northeast of Tang Dynasty.In 228 AD (698-926 A.D.), the state of Bohai (Shanshan) spread to the east of Russia's Primorsky State and the Sea of ​​Japan, west to the west of Jilin Province, south to the lower reaches of the Yalu River, and north to the banks of Heilongjiang.The site of Longquan Mansion in Shangjing, the capital, is located in Tokyo Town, Ning'an County, Heilongjiang Province.The circumference of Shangjing City is 17 kilometers. The palaces, government offices, mansions and temples are roughly modeled on the style of Chang’an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty.The streets are 40-50 meters wide and paved with stones.Residential areas are also called squares, with a total of 80 squares.Streets and workshops criss-cross to form a chessboard-like layout.There are three layers at the front and back of the palace, covered with red glazed tiles, and the scale of the building is quite magnificent.The remains of the city walls, streets, and buildings are still faintly discernible, reminiscent of the prosperity of the past.

In 1115 A.D., Aguda, the leader of the Jurchen Wanyan Tribe in the Songhua River Basin, established the Jin Dynasty and built the capital Ningfu (now south of Acheng City, Heilongjiang).In the third year of Jin Tianhui (1125 A.D.), the Liao Dynasty was destroyed, and the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed the following year.In the following twenty or thirty years, Huining Mansion was the political center of the northern half of our country. A large number of immigrants from the Central Plains moved here, and the economy and culture achieved great development.At the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, there was no city wall, and the emperor and nobles lived separately, which were called Emperor Village, Guoxiang Village and Taizizhuang respectively.The palace city began to be built in the second year of Tianhui, and was built as Shangjing in the first year of Tianjuan (1138 A.D.). Later, palaces with different functions such as Fude Hall, Xiaoyi Hall, and Chugu Hall were successively built.In the sixth year of Huangtong (AD 1146), it was expanded again, imitating the scale and layout of Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty.Because it was too remote and inconvenient to rule the Central Plains, the Jin Dynasty moved its capital to present-day Beijing in the first year of Zhenyuan (1153 A.D.).In order to cut off the nostalgia of the Jurchen nobles for their old capital, the Shangjing palace and noble residences were all plowed to the ground a few years later.But later, Huining Mansion was set up as the accompanying capital, and some buildings were restored one after another, and it was still the political center of the Northeast.

In the late Ming Dynasty, the Jurchens (later renamed the Manchus), who mainly lived in the Changbai Mountains in the northeast, began to rise and defeated the Ming army stationed in Liaodong several times.In 1616 AD, Nurhaci, the leader of the Jurchen, ascended the throne and established the Yuan Dynasty in Hetuala City (now the West Old Town of Xinbin County, Liaoning Province), establishing the Houjin regime.In the seventh year of Tianming in the Later Jin Dynasty (AD 1622), Tokyo City was built in Dongwuli, today's Liaoyang City, and the capital was moved here.But before Tokyo City was completed, the capital was moved to Shenyang three years later.In the eighth year of Tiancong (AD 1634), Shenyang was called Shengjing, and the old capital Hetuala was called Xingjing, meaning the place where King Xing started his business.Tiancong changed the name of the country to Qing in ten years. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644 A.D.), the Qing Dynasty entered the customs and rose from a frontier ethnic regime to a unified dynasty, and moved the capital to today's Beijing.Shengjing City in the early Qing Dynasty was rebuilt on the basis of Shenyang in the Ming Dynasty. It is surrounded by nine miles and has eight gates.The Imperial Palace is located in the west-central part of Shengjing City and was basically completed before 1636 AD.Now known as the Shenyang Imperial Palace, it covers an area of ​​more than 60,000 square meters, with more than 300 houses, carved beams and painted buildings, resplendent and resplendent.

In ancient times, the Mongolian plateau was the area where nomadic peoples lived in our country.The grassland people mainly engage in animal husbandry, ride on horses all the year round, and lead a nomadic life of chasing water and grass.Therefore, on the vast grassland, there is a scene of "the sky is blue, the wild is vast, and the wind blows the grass and the cattle and sheep are low." There are no villages, no cities, no palaces, and no capital.Wherever the leader's tent is set up, it will become the command center. Once the tent is withdrawn, the command center will be transferred.In history books, it is generally called the royal court where the tent of the national leader is located.Later, with the progress of society, some nomads lived a semi-agricultural and settled life before they began to build capitals in grassland areas.

In the third year of Emperor Jianxing (315 A.D.) of Jin Min (min Min), the Tuoba tribe of the Xianbei nationality established Dai State in the present-day north of Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, with its capital in Shengle (northwest of Helinger County in present-day Inner Mongolia).The country was destroyed in 376 AD, and Tuobagui re-established the country in 386, renamed Wei (ie Northern Wei Dynasty), initially set its capital at Shengle, and moved its capital to Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) 12 years later. During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, the area adjacent to present-day Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia was once occupied by the Huns.The leader Helian Bobo established Xia State here in 407 A.D., and established Tongwan City as the capital in 413 A.D. in Nanbaichengzi, Wushen Banner, Inner Mongolia.In order to make Tongwan City indestructible, high-quality Sanhe soil was used to build the city.It is said that during the process of building the city, the supervisors often used an awl to test each section of the wall. If the awl could penetrate an inch deep, the civilian man who repaired this section of the city wall would be killed immediately, and his body would be built into the city wall together.The city was built very solidly, and the ruins still exist today.

In the fourth year of Tang Tianyou (907 A.D.), the Khitan people based their main activities in the West Liao River Basin of Inner Mongolia, established their own country. In 947 A.D., the country was named Daliao.Most of the territory ruled by the Liao Dynasty is in the Mongolian Plateau outside the Great Wall and the Northeast. In the interior, there is only Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures centered on the two cities of today's Beijing and Datong.In the third year of Liao Shenchu ​​(AD 918), the capital was established as Huangdu (now southeast of Balin Zuoqi, Inner Mongolia), and in the thirteenth year of Tianxian (AD 938), it was called Shangjing Linhuang Mansion.Shangjing was a prosperous city on the northern grassland at that time. The city was two feet high and 27 miles around.In the city, there are three major palaces, Kaihuang Hall, Ande Hall and Wuluan Hall, as well as some handicraft workshops, shops and markets, as well as Guozijian, Confucius Temple, Buddhist and Taoist temples, reflecting the profound influence of Han culture in the Central Plains on the grasslands. .In the 25th year of Tonghe (AD 1007), Liao moved its capital to the newly built Zhongjing Dading Mansion (now southwest of Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia). Zhongjing replaced Shangjing and became the political center for more than a hundred years in the late Liao Dynasty.In Shangjing and Zhongjing, the local population is mainly Han people who migrated from the Central Plains.

At the beginning of the 13th century AD, the Mongolian nomadic people in the north rose up and established the Mongolian Khanate.Since then, based on the Mongolian grassland, after more than half a century of war, China has been unified, and Megatron has shaken Asia and the east of Europe.In 1235 A.D., Helin City began to be built on the Mobei Grassland as the capital.In the first year of Zhongtong (AD 1260), Kublai Khan ascended the throne of the emperor in the southeast of the Monan Grassland, and established Kaiping Mansion here. In the fourth year of Zhongtong, plus Shangdu, it became the new capital of the Mongolian Khanate.In the fourth year of Zhiyuan (AD 1267), the capital was moved to Beijing, and in the eighth year of Zhiyuan (AD 1271), the name of the country was named Dayuan.

The Helin site is located on the east bank of the upper reaches of the Orhun River in Mongolia today, and the Shangdu site is located on the north bank of the East Lightning River in Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia today. Both cities were major cities on the Mongolian grasslands at that time. The craftsmen who participated in the construction of the city came from all over the north. Many people came from the Western Regions, including the remote West Asia region. After the building was completed, a large number of immigrants moved from all directions.The circumference of Helin City is 12 miles, and there are four gates. The Great Khan's Palace, Wan'an Palace, is in the southwest of the city.There are two residential areas in the city, one is inhabited by Han people from the Central Plains, and the other is inhabited by Hui people from Western Regions and other places. There are 12 Buddhist temples, two mosques and a Christian church.The east, west, and north to south of the upper capital are each more than four miles wide.The city is divided into several layers, the middle is the inner city (that is, the imperial city), the outer city is the outer city, the west and north sides of the outer city are the outer city, and the outer city is the Guocheng and moats, and the main buildings are concentrated in the inner city.After the Ming Dynasty, the upper capital city was abandoned, but the palaces, temples, city walls, pavilions and other relics are still dotted, and the scale of the year can be seen vaguely.

Today's Yinchuan City in Ningxia is located on the edge of the Loess Plateau, in the middle of the Yinchuan Plain, surrounded by Helan Mountain in the west and the Yellow River in the east, with good natural conditions and geographical location.In the fourth year of Tianxi in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1020), the Western Xia regime established by Dangxiang Qiang moved the capital from Xipingfu (now Lingwu City, Ningxia) to Xingzhou, where Yinchuan is located, and later renamed it Xingqingfu. In 1038 AD, Li Yuanhao, the leader of Dangxiang, was here proclaim oneself emperor.After that, until the demise of Xixia in 1227, Xingqing Mansion was almost the capital of Xixia, and a series of imperial edicts were sent to Ningxia, northern Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and other places under the jurisdiction of Xixia.Xingqing Mansion has a radius of 18 li, surrounded by a deep moat, two city gates in the north and south, one in the east and one in the east, with towers built on the gates.The layout of the city is mostly modeled on Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty. Miyagi is located in the north of the middle of the city, with a square street system and a strict layout. Palaces, towers, temples and other buildings mostly reflect the characteristics of Song Dynasty architecture.There are about 200,000 to 300,000 residents in the city. It is the largest city in Northwest China. It has a certain scale of industry and commerce.Since some water conservancy projects were built on the original basis, the development of agriculture in the area was ensured.

Dozens of small countries existed in Xinjiang before the ninth century. The Xiongnu, Rouran, and Turks on the Mongolian Plateau in the northeast, the Han, Wei, Jin, and Tang dynasties in the Central Plains in the east, and Tuyuhun and Tubo on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the southeast all successively controlled Xinjiang. Most or part of the region, of course, there was no large capital at that time.After the Uyghurs (huhu) moved westward in the ninth century, the Xizhou Uyghurs and the Kara Khanate were established in the 10th century, forming two major powers that confronted each other except the Khotan kingdom in the south. At the beginning of the 11th century, the Kingdom of Khotan was annexed by the Kara Khanate.Xizhou State Falcon, also known as Gaochang Uighur, was founded in Gaochang (now the ancient city of Gaochang in Turpan, Xinjiang). When its territory was at its peak, it crossed the Tianshan Mountains in the north, connected to Khotan (now Hotan, Xinjiang) in the south, reached Aksu in the west, and connected to the border of Gansu Province in the east. .The Kara Khanate has two capitals, one is Balasagon (gungun) (in today's Tokmak area of ​​Kyrgyzstan), and the other is Kashgar (now Kashgar City, Xinjiang), and its territory includes Lake Balkhash in Central Asia. From the south to the east, the southwest reaches the Syr Darya River in Kazakhstan, and the east occupies the southern half of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang, my country and the Yining area.Gaochang and Kashgar can be said to be the capitals of the first two ethnic regional regimes in Xinjiang. Gaochang City and Kashgar City were also the most important cities in Xinjiang at that time.According to what Wang Yande of the Song Dynasty saw when he went west, Gaochang City had well-developed irrigation and agriculture, and the city was prosperous. Various musical instruments, printed cloth and small flower hats were sold in the shops. There were more than 50 Buddhist temples.Residents of Kashgar are skilled in crafts and produce cotton, wool, silk fabrics, glassware, copper and iron, etc. Islam occupies the most important position in the local religion. By the 12th century, the Uighurs in Gaochang and the Kara Khanate in the east had successively become vassals of the Western Liao Dynasty.The Western Liao Dynasty was established by the Khitan people who moved westward to Central Asia when the Liao Dynasty fell. In the 13th century, Mongolia conquered the west and took all the land in West Liao. After that, Xinjiang became the territory of the Chagatai Khanate, one of the Mongolian Khanates, and the Khan tent was set up in Huyasi (now Huocheng County, Xinjiang) near Alimari. In the 16th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1418 A.D.), a descendant of the Chagatai Khanate established the regime in Yilibali, which was called the Yilibali Kingdom in the Ming Dynasty and ruled the south and east of Balkhash Lake in Central Asia and my country. most of Xinjiang.The capital is also located in Yining today. However, "History of the Ming Dynasty: The Biography of Don't Lost Bali" says that Yili has "no city walls and palaces, but livestock with water and grass". It seems that the so-called "capital" may only be the location of some tents. In the eighth year of Ming Zhengde (AD 1513), another branch of Chagatai descendants established the Yarkand Khanate in the area south of the Tianshan Mountains, which existed for 164 years.When it was strong, in addition to the entire area south of the Tianshan Mountains, it also included parts of the area south of Lake Balkhash in Central Asia today.The capital city of Yarkand is now Yecheng County in Xinjiang, with developed agriculture and handicraft industries such as mining and metallurgy, textiles, and carpets.It is also the cultural center of southern Xinjiang, and the famous "Twelve Muqam" movement and "Rexide History" were produced here. In the Tang Dynasty, Tubo rose and dominated the southwestern region of my country. At its peak, it ruled not only the present-day Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but also southern Xinjiang, most of Gansu and Ningxia.At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, the capital of Tubo was Pibo City (in today’s Qiongjie County, Tibet). In the early Tang Dynasty, when Songtsan Gampo was Zanpu (king), the capital was Luoxie City (now Lhasa City, Tibet), and Lhasa began to become the political center of Tibet. and religious centers.There was no city here, and there were tents everywhere.During the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, Princess Wencheng married Songtsen Gampo and began to build a palace here.The famous ancient buildings Jokhang Temple and Ramoche Temple in Lhasa were built at this time, which is the crystallization of the integration of Tibetan and Chinese architectural techniques.The majestic Potala Palace also began to be built at this time, but it was later destroyed by wars and fires. The existing palace was rebuilt after the 17th century.These palaces and temples are magnificent and splendid, with numerous murals inside, and the rooms are full of brilliance. Today's Dali City in Yunnan Province, with Erhai Lake on the left and Diancang Mountain on the right, has beautiful scenery and developed agricultural economy. It is a famous ancient capital of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.In the twenty-seventh year of Tang Kaiyuan (AD 739), Nanzhao Wang Piluoge moved the capital from Weishan (now Weishan County, Yunnan) to Taihe City (now south of Dali City, Yunnan).In the 14th year of Dali (779 A.D.), the capital was relocated to Yangjuba [jumie Junie] city (now northwest of Dali City, Yunnan Province).In its heyday, Nanzhao governed all of present-day Yunnan, southern Sichuan, and western Guizhou.The city of Yangjuba is 7.5 kilometers around, with two walls in the north and south, with Cangshan Mountain as the barrier in the west and Erhai Lake in the east.The buildings in the city are mainly the palace of the Lord of Nanzhao and the residences of senior officials and generals.There is a magnificent Wuhua Building. It is said that this pavilion has a circumference of 2.5 kilometers and a height of 30 meters. Ten thousand people can live in it.Later, Dali (937-1253 A.D.) also established its capital here, and it was renamed Dali City.