Chapter 2 Chapter 1 The Light of Civilization - The Early Capital

The capital of China was born with the establishment of the early state.But its appearance did not come suddenly, but a gradual process.The Banpo site in Xi'an and the Jiangzhai site in Lintong show that during the Yangshao culture period about five or six thousand years ago, the villages had a reasonable layout to meet the needs of collective life.In order to guard against the sudden attack of ferocious beasts, trenches around the village were dug as defensive facilities.In the period of Longshan culture four to five thousand years ago, due to the plundering wars among the tribes, in order to prevent the sudden attack of other tribes, each tribe began to use the city wall as a defensive project, resulting in the most primitive castle.This is not only the germ of the city, but also the origin of the early capital.

Confucius, a great thinker in ancient my country, once used "Datong" and "Xiaokang" to refer to the primitive society without classes and the class society after that in "Book of Rites·Li Yun", and compared the two.In his view, in the world of "Great Harmony", "the world is the common people", with meritocracy selected, a sound social welfare system, reasonable material distribution, no robbers, and closed doors at night.But the "well-off" world is completely different. "The world is home", everyone is for himself, the rulers are passed down from generation to generation, and wars break out between countries, so they have to build "city walls, ditches and ponds for solidification", and formulate a system of etiquette and righteousness. Regulate people's hearts.Obviously, after entering the class society, with the birth of the country and the formation of the city, the capital as the center of national rule also came into being.

The Xia Dynasty, established in the 21st century BC, was the first slavery dynasty in my country.According to the ancient book "Shiben Jupian", Yu, the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty, established his capital in Yangcheng.In the capital city, city walls, ditches, palaces, terraces and prisons were built, and troops were also stationed.It is said that after Dayu, the capital of Xia moved many times, as many as 10 times, and was successively established in today's Xia County of Shanxi and Dengfeng, Yanshi, Yuzhou, Jiyuan, Puyang, Gongxian, Chenliu and other places in Henan. Several capitals.Due to the lack of records in historical books, the establishment and layout of the Xia capital is still unclear today, and we can only know about it from some Xia cultural sites.According to the analysis that Wangchenggang in Dengfeng County and Erlitou in Yanshi County in Henan Province may be the capitals of the Xia Dynasty, most of the city walls at that time were probably square, and there were already palaces and ancestral temples for worshiping ancestors.

According to ancient legends, there were three emperors and five emperors before Xia Yu, and many works of the ancients recorded the names of the capitals where the three emperors and five emperors lived.However, modern historians generally believe that the period of the legendary Three Emperors and Five Emperors was still in the development stage of primitive society. At this time, the country had not yet emerged, and it was impossible to have a capital as the political center of the country.Therefore, these so-called capital cities, even if they did exist, were at best the residences of some tribal leaders.

The Shang Dynasty was the second slavery dynasty in my country.The capital of the Shang Dynasty has been moving indefinitely. Before the extermination of Xia in the 16th century BC, it migrated eight times from the ancestor Qi to Tang; after the extermination of Xia, it migrated five times.There are many sayings in ancient books about the time and place of each capital move, but they are not consistent. "Bamboo Book Chronicles" records the dates and places when the Shang Dynasty moved the capital five times after Xia was destroyed: Zhong Ding moved to Yu [aoao] (today's north of Xingyang City, Henan Province), and Hequan [tan Tan] Jia moved to Xiang (today's Southeast of Neihuang County, Henan Province), Zu Yi moved to Pi (about in the southwest of Shandong Province today), Nan Geng moved to Yan (now Qufu City, Shandong Province), and Pan Geng moved from Yan to North Mongolia, which is called Yin (now Henan Province) Xiaotun Village, Anyang City).From the move to Yin in the 14th century BC until the demise of the Shang Dynasty, the capital city had not been moved in 273 years.

At present, there are four typical Shang Dynasty capital sites, namely Zhengzhou Shangcheng in Henan, Shixianggou Shangcheng in Yanshi, Yinxu in Anyang, and Panlong City in Huangpi, Hubei (the capital city of a certain country in the Shang Dynasty).Judging from these sites, the size of the capital at that time was not large, and Panlong City was only 1 square kilometer.Some cities have walls; some cities may not have walls, but have moats as fortifications; some have both walls and moats.There is a certain layout in the capital, and the layout of the palace buildings for the king and members of his ruling group has shown certain rules, and they are all distributed in the northeast of the capital, which shows that the builders planned in advance.There are some settlements, handicraft workshops and tombs around the palace area.Residents in the city include slave owners, free people and slaves.In the residential area, there are buildings and tombs.In addition, there is the Wangji (jiji) area as the outer area of ​​the capital.Wang Ji of the Yin Ruins is called "Dayi Shang", and the Taihang Mountains in the west, Zhangshui and Fushui in the east are all within the range of Wang Ji.

From the 11th century BC to the 8th century BC, it was the Western Zhou Dynasty in Chinese history.The Zhou people arose in the middle reaches of the Weihe River, and moved to Zhouyuan at the foot of Qishan Mountain (at the foot of Qishan Mountain in Shaanxi Province) during the time of Gugong Danfu.Here, Gugong Danfu used Sikong, Situ and other officials to conscript people on a large scale to build city walls and palaces, set up ancestral temples and shrines, and establish state machinery."Daya Mian", the earliest collection of poems in ancient my country, has a vivid description of this.At that time, not only was a rope drawn before building the earthen wall as a straight line standard, but also the main entrance (Yingmen) and outer gate (Gaomen) of the palace were built high and magnificent.

At the time of King Wen, Zhou destroyed Chongguo and moved the capital to Feng (now northwest of Chang'an County, Shaanxi).After King Wu came to the throne, he set his capital at Hao [Hao Hao] (now northwest of Chang'an County, Shaanxi).But in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Feng and Hao were both the capitals of the Zhou Dynasty, and the distance between the two cities was only 25 miles.Feng is where the ancestral temple is located, and it is the place where the king of Zhou worshiped his ancestors. Whenever there was a major event in the country, the king of Zhou would come here from the pickaxe to worship the ancestors to show respect.Ho is the place where the King of Zhou handles daily government affairs, and is the center of politics and military affairs. "Book of Rites" says: The major events of the country lie in "sacrifice" and "Rong". "Sacrifice" means sacrifice, and "Rong" means army operations, so Feng and Hao play the role of the capital together.At the time of King Cheng of Zhou Dynasty, the Western Zhou Dynasty also built the eastern capital Chengzhou in Luoyi (now the north bank of Luoshui, Luoyang City, Henan Province) in the east to strengthen the rule over the homeland of Yin in the east. .

Archaeological exploration and excavation have not yet found the exact location of Zhou Dufeng and pickaxes. However, the book "Zhou Li·Kaogong Ji" written during the Warring States Period has made a rough description of the capital palace of the Zhou people: "The craftsman camped the country, Fang Jiuli , and three gates next to it, nine longitudes and nine latitudes in the middle school, nine rails for warp painting, left ancestor and right society, facing the future market." The general idea is that craftsmen built the capital in a square shape, each side is nine miles long, and each has three gates.There are nine east-west and north-south avenues in the city. On the left (east) of the city, a Taimiao is built to worship ancestors, and on the right (west) there is a Sheji altar to worship the god of land and the god of grain.The front (south) is the palace, and the back (north) is the commercial area "city". The book "Three Rituals" also draws a map of Zhou Wangcheng based on literature imagination.Existing ruins of some capitals in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods show that the "Zhou Li·Kao Gong Ji" is based on at least some facts and is not completely fabricated.Zhou Wangcheng had a certain influence on the capitals of later generations, and the design of capitals after Zhou was more or less based on the principles of "Zhou Li·Kao Gong Ji".The practice of setting up two capitals at the same time in the Western Zhou Dynasty to strengthen the central government was a pioneering work at that time.Chengzhou is divided into two parts, "City" and "Guo".The city, also known as Wangcheng, was the seat of the ruling group of the Western Zhou Dynasty, with a small area. "Guo" is in the east of Wangcheng, with a large area, and it is mainly used to house the nobles of the Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou army stationed in the east to guard the east.This system of setting up "city" and "Guo" in the capital was also inherited by various countries in the future.

In 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou moved the capital eastward to Luoyi, and the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period began.During this period, production tools and production technology were continuously improved, productivity continued to increase, local economies gradually developed, and the population continued to increase accordingly.Politically, there are many vassal states, and there are frequent wars among them.These factors, on the one hand, made the capital spring up like mushrooms after rain, and on the other hand, promoted the development and improvement of the capital itself.

There were more than 1,200 countries when King Ping moved eastward, and more than 140 countries were recorded.Every vassal state has a capital city, and the capitals of some vassal states moved frequently. For example, the state of Jin moved six times.There are too many records in the history books about "a certain place in the city" and "building a certain capital" at that time.Of course, some capitals are actually just small cities, regardless of their population size and urban area, they have little influence in history.Due to the long history, many unimportant capitals are now annihilated.The relatively famous big countries at that time, and their capitals in relatively stable or powerful periods, are listed as follows: Linzi (Zi Capital) of Qi State, now northeast of Zibo City, Shandong Province Jin Guojiang (Jiang Jiang) is now southeast of Yicheng County, Shanxi Chu Guoying (yingying) is now the northwest of Jiangling County, Hubei Qufu, State of Lu, now Qufu City, Shandong Zheng Guoxin Zheng is now Xinzheng City, Henan Province State of Wu Wu, now Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province Yuehui [guigui], now Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province Qin Guoyong is now southeast of Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Shangqiu, Song Dynasty, south of Shangqiu City, Henan Province During the Warring States period, although after long-term wars, small countries were annexed by big countries, and the number of vassal states was greatly reduced, but due to the frequent migration of many countries, there were still many cities that served as capitals during this period.The migration of the capitals of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period is as follows: Qin State: Yong → Jing [jing] Yang (now Jingyang County, Shaanxi) → Dong [yueyue] Yang (north of Lintong County, Shaanxi today) → Xianyang (northeast of Xianyang City, Shaanxi today) Chu State: Ying → Chen (now Huaiyang County, Henan) → Juyang (southeast of Taihe County, Anhui today) → Shouchun (Shouxian County, Anhui today) State of Qi: Linzi Yan State: Ji (now southwest of Beijing).It also takes Wuyang (now southeast of Yixian County, Hebei) as the accompanying capital, and is called the Xiadu. South Korea: Pingyang (now southwest of Linfen City, Shanxi Province) → Yiyang (now west of Yiyang County, Henan Province) → Yangdi [zhai House] (now Yuzhou City, Henan Province) → Xinzheng (now Xinzheng City, Henan Province) State of Zhao: Jinyang (now southeast of Taiyuan City, Shanxi) → Zhongmu (west of Hebi City, Henan today) → Handan (Handan City, Hebei today) Wei State: Anyi (northwest of Xia County, Shanxi today) → Daliang (northwest of Kaifeng, Henan today) During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the architectural layout of the capital improved, the city walls became more and more mature, and the walls became higher and thicker.In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was just a "city of three miles, and a country of seven miles".The equipment of the city wall is becoming more and more perfect, and Huangchi, battlements [die], city gates, towers, gates and suspension bridges have all appeared.What Mencius said, "The city is not too high, and the pond is not too deep" is a portrayal of this kind of city.In terms of layout, most of the capitals at this time were square.In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Chengzhou city was divided into city and Guo, with the city in the west and Guo in the east. The area of ​​the city was smaller, and the area of ​​Guo was larger. The practice of relying on each other was also adopted by many countries.Therefore, Guo is also called "Great City".Small towns are generally the areas where the monarch and ministers work intensively, as well as the palace residences of the monarch and nobles.Ayutthaya is a general residential area, as well as handicraft areas, commercial areas, and burial areas.There are generally some farmlands in the city, and there are various agricultural populations living there.Most of the Eastern Zhou royal city was still open land or farmland, and there were also a large number of agricultural residents among the residents. This is a major feature of the early capital city.Until the Tang Dynasty, there were still farmlands in Chang'an City. The functions of the city also increased during this period.The capitals before the Western Zhou Dynasty were only political and military centers, but some metropolises at this time were not only political and military centers, but also economic and cultural centers. Capitals generally have handicraft workshop areas and commercial areas, and some often occupy quite a large area.For example, in the capitals of Zheng and Han in Xinzheng, Henan, there are large-scale handicraft workshops in the outer city."City" generally appeared in handicraft areas and commercial areas. The urban areas were surrounded by walls, with city gates and managed by city officials.The city gate opens and closes on time every day, there are many shops in the city, and the business has reached a certain scale.In fact, the capitals of some vassal states at that time, on the one hand, maintained the nature of national capitals, on the other hand, they already had the nature of cities, and became places where regional handicrafts and commerce were concentrated.The capitals of great powers were also the gathering places of the cultural class at that time—the scholars, and some capitals also had special cultural areas.For example, there is a school outside the gate of Jimen in the west city of Linzi, the capital of the state of Qi, which recruits hundreds of wise men from all over the world, gives them generous treatment, and allows them to give lectures and discuss freely.Some great nobles who lived in the capital city, like the great nobles who lived in other places, had a great tradition of supporting scholars.Cities are becoming more and more prosperous and expanding in size.The capitals of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period and Chengzhou of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were both large cities with a large population and dense business at that time.Some capitals have a population of hundreds of thousands. In short, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were an important stage in the development of the capital city of our country, and the general functions and planning layout of the cities of later generations took shape at this time.These capitals, especially the capitals of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the "Five Heroes of the Spring and Autumn Period" and "Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period", not only played an important role at that time, but also played an important role in the later historical development.Here we select several major capitals for an introduction, so that we can understand the grand occasion of the capitals at that time. Luoyi: This is Luoyi, but it was changed to Luoyang during the Wei Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms.Among the seven ancient capitals in my country, Luoyang was established as the earliest capital, second only to Xi'an.As early as after the extermination of Yin, King Wu of Zhou took a fancy to Luoyang's superior geographical location and thought it was a good place to establish the capital of the Zhou Dynasty.However, King Wu of Zhou died in the second year and failed to move the capital to Luoyang.Afterwards, the Duke of Zhou assisted King Cheng of Zhou to quell the rebellion of the old nobles of the Shang Dynasty. He became more aware of the importance of Luoyi to the Zhou Dynasty's control of the East, so he moved the Jiuding, a national treasure that symbolized royal power, to Luoyi.After careful surveying, large-scale construction began here.From then on, there were two capitals in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Gaojing in the west was called Zongzhou, and Luoyi in the east was called Chengzhou.According to "Yi Zhou Shu Zuo Luo Jie", the small city in Chengzhou City is 1720 Zhang, or about 4.5 Li, and the big city "Guo" is 70 Li square.After King Ping moved eastward, it became the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.During the Spring and Autumn Period, all the feudal lords respected the Son of Heaven as the co-lord, and Luoyi received tribute from all directions. The handicraft industry was developed, the commerce was prosperous, and there were many wealthy merchants. It was also called the richest man in the world along with Linzi, Xianyang and Ying.Luoyi has a well-developed culture, and Lao Tzu, a famous thinker during the Warring States Period, once served as a historian here for a long time.He lobbied all countries with a three-inch tongue, and Su Qin, a joint vertical family who had admired the seals of the six countries, was also from Luoyi. Daliang: In 361 BC, in order to dominate the Central Plains, King Hui of Wei moved the capital of Wei State from Anyi to Daliang, and Kaifeng began the history of establishing the capital.In the second year of Daliang, the capital of the Wei Dynasty, he took advantage of the nearby favorable conditions to dig the famous gap in history and communicated the main waterway between the Yellow River and the Huaihe River at that time.As a result, Daliang became a transportation hub, with external connections extending in all directions, and soon became an industrial and commercial center.The city has a large population, and people come and go with horses and horses in an endless stream.This is also a place where talents come forth in large numbers. Famous generals of the Warring States period Shang Yang, Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Sun Bin, Pang Juan, Wu Qi and others were educated or had activities in Daliang. Linzi: Qi State is the feudal state of Lu Shang (Jiang Ziya), the most famous hero in the early Zhou Dynasty.From the mid-9th century BC when Duke Xian of Qi moved his capital here, to when Qin destroyed Qi in 221 BC, Linzi served as the capital of Qi for more than 600 years.The whole city includes two parts, the big city and the small city. The circumference of the big city is 14 kilometers, and the circumference of the small city is 7 kilometers. The total area is about 30 square kilometers.The big city is a general residential area, the small city is a palace area, and the handicraft workshops are mainly distributed in the northeast of the big city and the south of the small city.It has been proven that there are 11 city gates, 10 roads and two drainage systems.During the Warring States Period, Linzi had 70,000 households, making it one of the most prosperous cities in the country. "Historical Records Biography of Su Qin" describes: On the streets of Linzi, cars collide with cars, people bump into shoulders, skirts are connected to form a tent, sleeves are raised like curtains, and people sweat like rain.Linzi is also the center of oriental culture. The famous thinkers Mencius, Xun Kuang and Zou Yan have all been here.During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Linzi was still an important city in northern my country.In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the population reached 100,000 households, which was the heyday of Linzi. Qufu: It was called Yan here in the Shang Dynasty, and it was once the capital of the Shang Dynasty.After King Wu of Zhou destroyed Shang, he named his brother Zhou Gongdan the Duke of Lu.Zhou Gongdan was in the court to assist the government, and sent his son Boqin here to establish the State of Lu and began to build Qufu City.After hundreds of years of operation in the Western Zhou Dynasty and Eastern Zhou Dynasty, it was already a metropolis in the East during the Warring States Period.At that time, Qufu City was flat and rectangular, about four kilometers from east to west, three kilometers from north to south, and an area of ​​about 10 square kilometers. The current Qufu City is only 1/7 of that.There are 11 gates on all sides, and there are eight traffic arteries in the city.The center of the city is the palace area, and the east, west, and north sides of the city are handicraft workshops and residential areas.In the past 10 years, through the systematic exploration of pottery making, bone making, iron smelting, copper smelting and other workshop sites and residential area sites in the old city of Qufu, people know that the capital of the State of Lu was already quite prosperous.Qufu is an important birthplace of traditional Chinese culture. The great thinker Confucius was born here. It is said that Confucius taught 72 sages and 3,000 disciples here. Yong: From 677 BC, Duke De of Qin moved his capital here from Pingyang (east of today’s Baoji County, Shaanxi Province), to 383 BC, when Duke Xiang of Qin moved his capital to Liyang (southeast of Fuping County, Shaanxi Province today). Yong has been the capital of Qin State for more than 280 years.The whole city is 3.3 kilometers wide from east to west, 3.2 kilometers long from north to south, and some city gates are about 10 meters wide.The main palaces and ancestral temple buildings are all in the middle of the city to the southwest.The architectural ruins discovered today are of relatively large scale.Among them, Majiazhuang Site No. 3 and Site No. 1 are the most complete palace layout and ancestral temple site found before the unification of Qin Dynasty.The former includes the outer court (the place where the king handles government affairs), the inner court (the place where the king lives and lives) and the palace, which are surrounded by walls and divided into five courtyards from south to north.The latter is composed of the ancestral temple (a place for worshiping ancestors) and the other two temples to form a "pin" structure, and the plane is in the shape of a "concave".After Xiangong, because Yongcheng was too westward to develop eastward, the capital of Qin State moved to the east of the Guanzhong Plain, but the old capital of Yong, which had been built for a long time, was still not abandoned. The ancestral temple will be held.Until the ninth year of Qin Shihuang (238 BC), the adult crown ceremony was held here for the 22-year-old Qin Wangzheng. Xianyang: In 350 BC, more than 10 years after the capital was moved to Liyang, Qin Xiaogong moved the capital to Xianyang.Xianyang was the capital of Qin State and Qin Dynasty for a total of 144 years until the end of Qin Dynasty in 207 BC.It is located in the eastern part of the Guanzhong Plain, on the famous Weihe Ferry, with convenient transportation, which is conducive to the expansion of Qin State to the east.In more than a century after the capital was moved, Qin State developed into the most powerful country among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period, and Xianyang became one of the most prosperous metropolises at that time.After Qin destroyed the six kingdoms, Xianyang became the capital of my country's first unified dynasty.When Xianyang was the capital of the early Qin Dynasty, the city walls and palaces built were all in the north of the Weihe River, six kilometers from east to west, and about 7.5 kilometers from north to south.During the process of destroying the six kingdoms and after the unification, Qin Shihuang built a large number of palaces with the architectural styles of the Kanto countries.It is said that within 200 miles near Xianyang, there are more than 270 palaces, spanning both sides of the Wei River.The famous Efang Palace is located between Xi’an City and Xianyang today. The front hall of the palace is 500 steps from east to west and 50 feet from north to south. Miyagi city walls.The population of the capital also reached 700,000 to 800,000.However, the good times didn't last long. More than 10 years later, the Peasant War at the end of Qin Dynasty broke out. Xianyang was burned by Xiang Yu's army. The fire burned for three months and turned it into ruins.However, following the Qin Dynasty, Chang'an was the capital of the Western Han Dynasty. Chang'an City was located in the south of the ancient city of Xianyang, separated by a river. Xianyang had a direct impact on the construction of Chang'an City in the Western Han Dynasty. Handan: From 386 BC when Zhao State moved its capital here from Zhongmou, to 228 BC when Qin destroyed Zhao, and Zhao State established its capital in Handan for 158 years.Handan City has a special shape and majestic architecture. There are two city sites called Zhaowang City and Dabei City by later generations.Zhao Wangcheng is composed of three small cities connected together, which may be the palace area.Dabei City is located in the north of Zhaowang City, which may be Guocheng. It is about three kilometers wide from east to west and nearly five kilometers long from north to south. It is a handicraft workshop, commercial area, and residential area.Congtai in the northeast corner of Zhaowang City is 26 meters high, and it was the early palace of Zhao State.Zhao Guo is one of the powerful countries east of Mount Hua, and Handan, its capital, is well-developed in industry and commerce.Legend has it that Guo Zong became rich by smelting iron, and was richer than the king, and the dancers of Zhao State are also famous for their graceful and charming dancers.Until the Han Dynasty, Handan was still listed as one of the five largest cities in the country. Xinzheng: The fiefdom of Zheng State was originally in the east of Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province. It was moved to the east of Luoyang with King Ping of Zhou in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Xinzheng was established as the capital in the early Spring and Autumn Years.In the early years of the Warring States period, South Korea destroyed Zheng and moved its capital from Yangdi (now Yuzhou City, Henan Province) to Xinzheng.Therefore, Xinzheng became the capital of Zheng and Han successively.Xinzheng City is about five kilometers long from east to west, and about 4.5 kilometers long from north to south. There is a north-south partition wall in the middle that divides the city into two parts: the west "City" and the east "Guo".The west "city" was built earlier, and the wall of the east "Guo" was built later.At least in the early Spring and Autumn Period, there were Guo and Guomen. The avenue inside the Guomen was called "Kui", and there was a "city" beside the avenue.Although Zheng Guo is a small country, it has a superior geographical location and developed industry and commerce.South Korea is one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period.Therefore, in Xinzheng City, which is their capital, there are large-scale handicraft workshops such as copper smelting, iron casting, and bone making. Ji: From the 11th century BC when Zhao Gongshi (Shi Shi) was conferred the capital here, to 226 BC when Qin broke the Yan State, Ji has been the capital of the Yan State for seven or eight hundred years.During the Warring States Period, the State of Yan dominated the northern part of Hebei and extended its power into the Liaodong Peninsula, and Ji became an important commercial city in the north.The scope of its trade contacts, in addition to Yanben, is as far as some places in today's Shandong, Shanxi, and Henan.There are large-scale palaces in the city, such as Yuanying Palace and Lishi Palace, which can be seen in records.The site of Ji has not yet been determined, and the layout of the city is not very clear.In addition to Ji, Yan set up a capital in Wuyang during the Warring States Period.The Wuyang site is eight kilometers long from east to west, four kilometers wide from north to south, and has an urban area of ​​32 square kilometers. It is the largest extant site of the Warring States period.The walls are up to 10 meters high.It is divided into east and west cities, separated by a river running through the north and south.The east city is an inner city with an area larger than the west city. The palace area, residential area and workshop area are mainly distributed here, and earthen pipe sewers are buried underground.Since the lower part is an important military town, many ruins in the east city may be barracks.The west city protects the inner city from the west, has fewer residents, and is mainly of military significance.Wuyang City has such a magnificent scale just as the capital, and Jiying as the capital of the country is even more majestic. Ying: King Wen of Chu moved his capital here in 689 BC.Afterwards, except for King Chu Zhao who was the short-term capital (ruo weak), Ying was always the capital of Chu before Chu was forced to move its capital due to the attack of the Qin army in 278 BC.Because it is in the south of Jishan, later generations also called it Jinan City.The city is rectangular, 4.5 kilometers long from east to west, 3.5 kilometers wide from north to south, with a total area of ​​nearly 16 square kilometers.There are seven gates in total, five of which are land gates and two are water gates.There is a moat around the city, up to 40 meters wide.There are densely populated residential areas in the city, workshop areas producing a variety of handicraft products, and many noble cemeteries on the outskirts of the city.Chu State was a big country at that time, and the city of Ying was very prosperous.Huan Tan's "New Theory" said that in Yingdu, cars crashed into cars and people bumped into people. People went out in new clothes in the morning, and their clothes were squeezed when they came back at night.Colorful silk fabrics and exquisite lacquerware have been unearthed underground in Yingcheng, reflecting the development of the handicraft industry.This is the center of Chu culture covering the vast area of ​​the south. It not only created Qu Yuan, the greatest poet in the Warring States period, but also was the capital of music at that time. The popular music "Xialiba People" and "Yangling Caiwei" are popular among the people.It is said that "Xialiba people" and "Yangling Caiwei" are often sung by one person and thousands of people sing together.After the fall of Chu State, Yingdu was razed to the ground. Wu: In 514 B.C., King Helu (helu box donkey) of Wu was on the throne. He was determined to enrich the country and strengthen the army, so he adopted Wu Zixu’s suggestion of “building the city first and setting up defenses”. It is called Guxu City and Helu City.Later, the capital was established here for a long time until it was destroyed by Yue in 473 BC. "Yue Jue Shu" records that Wucheng has two cities, the small city is 12 miles away, and the big city is 47 miles away.In addition, there is Wai Guocheng, which is 68 miles away.The city is rectangular, divided into eight water and land gates.There is a wide moat outside the city, and there is a moat inside the city, which is connected by the water city gate and communicates with the rivers, lakes and ports in the suburbs, which is convenient for ships to enter and exit, reflecting the characteristics of the capital city in the southern water network area.The handicraft industry here is particularly developed, and the famous go-getters and Moye swords were cast here.The state of Wu was a big country at that time, conquering Chu in the west and strengthening Qi and Jin in the north. Wu also became a famous capital in the south of the Yangtze River at that time. Kuaiji: In ancient times, the Yue people lived in the Kuaiji Mountains south of Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province. After 505 BC, Goujian, the king of Yue with great talents, began to place his political center in Kuaiji in order to seek outward development.In 490 BC, the State of Yue used the eight local hills to build a city of more than two miles, called Xiaocheng.There are four land gates and one water gate.A big city was built near the small city, with a circumference of 20 li, with three Lumen and one Watergate.Based on this, Goujian developed agriculture, smelting, shipbuilding, salt making and other handicraft industries.He endured hardships and tasted courage, and finally wiped out the powerful state of Wu, and went north to the Central Plains to fight for hegemony.In 472 B.C., the State of Yue moved its capital north to Langye (south of today’s Jiaonan City, Shandong Province), but Kuaiji was still the political, economic and cultural center of the Yue nation.In 334 BC, the State of Yue returned to Kuaiji as its capital.After the unification of Qin Dynasty, for a long period of time, Kuaiji was the political center of the area south of the Qiantang River.