Chapter 51 Section 3 Halls, Leagues and Banners

The names of local administrative districts in the Qing Dynasty still used the Ming system, and the official name of Chengxuan Zhengshisi was also used, but they were all called provinces in custom. Of course, the name Nanjing was abolished with the fall of the Ming Dynasty and changed to Jiangnan Province, Nanjing City It was changed to Jiangning Prefecture, and the two counties attached to Guo, Jiangning and Shangyuan, remained the same.Later, Jiangnan Province was divided into two. Jiangsu was governed by Suzhou Prefecture and Jiangning Prefecture, and Anhui Prefecture was governed by Anqing Prefecture (now a city), which is almost the same as the current jurisdiction of Jiangsu and Anhui.Similarly, Shaanxi is divided into Gansu, and Huguang is divided into Hubei and Hunan.Except for Gansu, which includes a small part of today's Ningxia and Qinghai, the scope of the other three newly established provinces is roughly the same as the present one.Compared with the Ming Dynasty, it has increased from 15 provinces to 18 provinces.As far as the whole country is concerned, the scope controlled by the Qing Dynasty is larger than that of the Ming Dynasty. "Manuscripts of Qing History Geography" once said: "The land is opened up to tens of thousands of miles, and the territory is extremely wide." The northern boundary is near the southern end of Lake Baikal, and the west reaches the southwest of Lake Balkhash; the western boundary of Tibet also reaches as far east as Kashmir.

The prefectures and counties under the province are also consistent with the Ming Dynasty.The prefectures in the Qing Dynasty were also divided into Zhili prefectures and San prefectures (subordinate prefectures), which were the same as in the Ming Dynasty, but San prefectures in the Qing Dynasty were different from the Ming Dynasty.Take Bazhou (now Bazhong County) in Sichuan as an example. Both Ming and Qing belonged to Baoning Prefecture (now Langzhong County), and they were all scattered prefectures. However, in Ming Dynasty Bazhou led Tongjiang and Nanjiang counties, but in Qing Dynasty there were no counties. Is a county.Another subordinate state of Baoning Prefecture, Jianzhou (now Jiange County), was under the jurisdiction of Zitong County in Ming Dynasty.This is where the general names of the Ming and Qing dynasties were the same but the content was different.

In addition, in the Qing Dynasty, the name of "office" was added to the general names of administrative districts, which was unprecedented in the Ming Dynasty and was a new system created in the Qing Dynasty.There are also two types of halls: Zhili hall and San hall. Zhili hall is parallel to the government and Zhili prefecture, and San hall is parallel to San prefecture and county. The officials are Tongzhi or Tongju.The halls are generally located in remote minority areas or in some complex areas in the interior. The former, for example, was set up near the Great Wall during the Yongzheng period and controlled the vast area of ​​Koubei. The Dushikou Hall in Shikou (between Guyuan and Chicheng, Hebei Province) and the Duolunor Hall in Duolunnuoer (now Duolun County, Inner Mongolia), both belonged directly to Zhili Province.Another example is the Zhili Offices of Songpan and Zagu (later changed to Lifan, now Li County) in the northwest of Sichuan Province, and the Zhili Office of Shijie (zhuzhu) in the east (now Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County). Sichuan Province.As for the scattered halls, there are more. Still taking Sichuan Province as an example, there are Leibo Hall (now Leibo) and Mabian Hall (now Mabian) belonging to the prefecture of Syria (now Yibin City).Dajianlu Hall (now Kangding) belonged to Yazhou Prefecture (now Ya'an City), Jiangbei Hall (now Jiangbei) belonged to Chongqing Prefecture (now Chongqing City), and Chengkou Hall belonged to Suiding Prefecture (now Daxian City) Office (now Chengkou County) and so on, the latter two have little to do with ethnic minorities.Some of the halls set up in Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty were established after the land was reformed. "Reform the land" refers to changing the chieftain system, and "returning to the stream" refers to promoting the official system.Chieftains are local emperors of different sizes in some minority areas. Although they accept the title of the imperial court, their hereditary ruling power remains unchanged.Guiliu means that after the chieftain is dismissed, he is replaced by a magistrate appointed by the superior.This measure had already been implemented in the Ming Dynasty, and was further implemented by the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou in the Qing Dynasty.For example, Bazhai Hall (now Danzhai County), Danjiang Hall (now Leishan County), Dujiang Hall (now east of Sandu Shui Autonomous County), Taigong Hall (now Taijiang County), Qingjiang Hall (now Jianhe County) And so on are all set up after the land reform.This is true of Weiyuan Hall (now Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County) and Simao Hall (now Simao County) in Yunnan Province.

Outside the 18 provinces, Shengjing, the accompanying capital, governed Fengtian and Jinzhou prefectures.Jilin and Heilongjiang’s general jurisdictions differ greatly from today’s scope. The northern part of Jilin extends as far as the left side of the Heilongjiang Estuary and includes Sakhalin Island; the northern part of Heilongjiang reaches the Waixing’an Mountains.The border between Jihei is also very different from today.In the 25th year of Jiaqing (AD 1820), Jilin General’s territory was divided into five sub-capital jurisdictions, Heilongjiang General’s jurisdiction was divided into three sub-capital jurisdictions and Hulunbuir’s vice-capital general jurisdiction. In fact, they were all military The division is also a political area.The Jilin General's resident was changed from Ningguta (now Ning'an, Heilongjiang Province) to Jilin, and the Heilongjiang General's resident was also moved from Heilongjiang City (formerly Aihui, on the east bank of the river; later moved to the west bank to the south of Heihe City) to Mergen (now Heihe City South) Nenjiang), and then moved to Qiqihar.

In the Inner Mongolia part of the Mongolian region, except that the Chahar tribe once suffered a devastating blow against the Ming Dynasty, and the rest of the tribe was arranged as the Eight Banners stationed outside the Great Wall of Hebei and Shanxi Provinces, the other ministries and banners were divided into Zhelimu and Zhuosuo Tu, Zhaowuda, Xilin Gol, Ulanchabu, and Ikezhao Six Leagues.The so-called alliance is named after the various ministries and banners agreed to discuss some affairs and issues between each other at the place of the alliance.This name is still in use today, and some alliance names have not been changed, and some new alliances and flags have also been established.In the Qing Dynasty, there were also two banners that did not form alliances: one was Alxa Banner and the other was Ejina Banner.Galdan, the leader of the Junggar Tribe, said that Khan, with the support of Tsarist Russia, continued to invade and expand outwards. The land of the Erut Tribe was occupied, and his chief led his troops to flee to the nearby area. Give it to Huajiang" ("Manuscripts of Qing History Geography").This is the origin of Alxa Erut Banner, which is called Alxa Banner for short today. Some people think that the name Alxa is a false name of Helan Mountain.The old Turghut Banner in Ejina used to have grazing land near the present-day Tacheng in Xinjiang. "The Ming Dynasty was forced by the Junggar to live in Russia." It belongs to the inner genus, grants herds to Baoerteng, and spins to grazing Ejina River" ("Manuscripts of Qing History Geographical Chronicles"), which is named Ejina Old Turhu Tebuyi Banner.Therefore, the origin of Ejina Banner is more tortuous. These two banners have new development after 1949. Alxa Banner is now divided into two banners, left and right, and together with Ejina, they form the newly established Alxa League, and the production continues to develop.The other Turghuts who moved to the Russian border lived in the lower reaches of the Volga River and were treated harshly by the Tsar. Later, they traveled thousands of miles and returned to the motherland during the Qianlong period.The rebellion against Junggar in the Qing Dynasty went through three dynasties, and now the basin in northern Xinjiang is called Junggar, which is also named because it is the scope of activities of the Junggar tribe.