Chapter 49 Section 1 Shengjing and Beijing in the Qing Dynasty

The Qing regime arose in the south-central part of today's Northeast Jilin Province. Later, under the leadership of the outstanding leader Nurhachi, the Jurchen ministries were gradually unified.In the forty-fourth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1616 A.D.), Nurhachi was located in Hetuala (now in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province), and later named the country Houjin, which meant the restoration of the cause of the Jin Dynasty in the past.With the development of the military, the capital was successively moved to Liaoyang and Shenyang.After his death, his son Huang Taiji succeeded him and began to proclaim himself emperor.Huang Taiji determined to occupy the Central Plains and become the feudal emperor who unified China.He changed the name of the country to Qing, changed the family name to Man, and called Shenyang Shengjing.During his reign, he not only established some military strongholds in the West Liao Corridor, but also conquered the nearby Mongolian ministries north of the Great Wall, and sent troops south many times, as far as Shandong and other places, and surrounded Beijing. Fall apart.He reigned for 16 years and was succeeded by Fulin after his death, who was later called Qing Shizu.In the year after he ascended the throne, he marched into Beijing, replaced the regime of Li Zicheng's peasant army who had only been in Beijing for more than a month, and then unified the whole country, establishing the last dynasty in our country that lasted for more than two and a half centuries.

The Qing Dynasty still used Beijing as its capital, followed the title of Shuntianfu, the capital of the Ming Dynasty, and used the old capital Shengjing as the accompanying capital, called Fengtianfu, and established Chengde County attached to Guo.So similar to the Ming Dynasty, there were also two capitals.The capital includes Miyagi (the Forbidden City, the Forbidden City surrounded by the Tongzi River), the Imperial City (Chengtianmen is the urban area within Tiananmen, Di'anmen, Donganmen, and Xi'an Gate, including Miyagi and Gongyuan District), the inner city (Zhengyang , Chongwen, Xuanwu, Dongzhi, Chaoyang, Desheng, Anding, Xizhi, Fucheng, etc.) and the outer city outside the first three gates built in the Ming Dynasty. Of course, the name of the city has been changed.At that time, only banner people lived in the inner city, and the eight banners were arranged according to the location to guard the imperial residence. Therefore, it is often called Tatar city in Western maps, and Han people were gradually allowed to live in it later.The outer city is the residential area of ​​Han officials and civilians.The outer city is divided into five cities, which is different from the division of five cities in Ming Dynasty.Outside Zhengyang Gate is Zhongcheng, the west is Beicheng and Xicheng, and the east is Nancheng and Dongcheng.In the Qing Dynasty, the Outer City achieved rapid development.The grain supply of the capital is the same as that of the Ming Dynasty, relying on water transport along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, with an annual amount of 4 million shi.