Chapter 36 Section 2 Liao, Five, Beijing, Five Dao and "Sixteen States" Issues

The Liao Kingdom was originally called Khitan. It was established at the same time as the Liang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties. Its laws and regulations were mainly modeled on the Tang Dynasty, and the division of administrative regions was no exception. Shangjing Linhuang Mansion: It was originally named Huangdu, and later changed its name to Shangdu, and became the Daoist Office of Shangjing.The name of the mansion is Linhuang, which is near the Balin Left Banner under the jurisdiction of Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia today.Named after the Jinhuang River (that is, the Xilamulun River), it mainly includes the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the Mongolian People's Republic and parts of Russia.

Liaoyang Prefecture in Tokyo: In the third year of Tianxian (928 A.D.), Dongping County (now Liaoyang City) was designated as Nanjing, and later changed to Tokyo. Zhongjing Dading Mansion: Established in the 25th year of Liao Shengzong Tonghe (AD 1007), it was called Zhongjing, and the name of the mansion was Dading.In the vicinity of Ningcheng County, which belongs to Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia today, it is the Daoist Office of Zhongjing. Xijin Mansion in Nanjing: Youzhou in the original Tang and Five Dynasties, after Shi Jingtang was ceded to Khitan, Khitan was established as Nanjing in the first year of Huitong (AD 938). The mansion was called Youdu (now Beijing), and later changed to Xijin. It is the Daoist Office of Nanjing.

Datong Mansion in Xijing: Yunzhou in the original Tang and Five Dynasties.In the thirteenth year of Chongxi (AD 1044), it was built as Xijing, the name of the prefecture was Datong, and it was the seat of Xijing Road. The Nanjing and Xijing roads of the Liao Dynasty were built on the basis of Shi Jingtang's ceding to the Khitan sixteen prefectures.With these 16 states, Khitan used this as a base to continuously invade the south and participate in the struggle for hegemony in the Central Plains. In order to strengthen the management of public security in the city, the five capitals of the Liao Dynasty set up an institution called the Police Patrolling Yuan, which set up police patrols in charge of administrative affairs.Among them, Nanjing inherited the old system of Youzhou City and was still divided into 26 workshops.

It is generally believed that what Song and Liao fought for was the sixteen prefectures ceded to Khitan by Shi Jingtang, but there are some discrepancies in reality.Because Yingzhou and Mozhou among the 16 states were taken back from Khitan by Shizong (Chai Rong) of the Later Zhou Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, and then inherited by Song Dynasty, Yingzhou was promoted to Hejian Prefecture at the end of Northern Song Dynasty.Thus only 14 states were contested.In addition, in some ancient books, it is often called "Sixteen States of Yanyun" or "Sixteen States of Youji", both of which have some language problems.Yunzhou refers to today's Datong City, but today's Beijing was called Youzhou at that time, and there was no title of Yanzhou.The name "Youji" does not include Yunzhou and other places in the west. Of course, it can also be explained by the ancient Yan Kingdom and the nearby Yanshan Mountains, but after all, there is a state word behind it, which still does not make sense.Wang Yinglin, a scholar in the late Southern Song Dynasty, called "Sixteen States of Shi Jin" in his works, which is self-evident, referring to the 16 states ceded by the Later Jin Dynasty.

The dream of the Song Dynasty to acquire the so-called 16 prefectures, such as You and Yun, was once realized. It was with the help of the emerging Jin Dynasty’s opportunity to destroy the Liao Dynasty, some empty cities were bought with a huge amount of silver and silk. Zhongfu Road (the governing places of the two roads were Youzhou and Yunzhou in the past) disappeared without a flash in the pan.So this dream is nothing but a fantasy, or even a nightmare.Because the Jin soldiers went south soon, and captured Song Huizong and Song Qinzong in 1127 AD, and the Northern Song Dynasty perished.