Chapter 5 Section 4 Fangguo and Fengguo Place Names in Shang and Zhou Dynasties

During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, in addition to the Shang and Zhou dynasties, there were also large and small square kingdoms formed in the surrounding areas.At the same time, the Shang Dynasty, especially the Zhou Dynasty, also had feudal states established by enfeoffing their relatives with the same surname and meritorious officials.The oracle bone inscriptions and bronze inscriptions found in ancient documents and archeology not only record the capitals and place names of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, but also record the place names of many Fangguo and Fengguo during the Shang and Zhou dynasties.From the first ancestor Qi to Tang XIV, merchants moved their capital eight times; Tang destroyed Xia Jie, established the Shang Dynasty slavery state, established the capital in Bo, and moved the capital five times before Pan Geng moved his capital to Yin.According to their migration directions, the place names of cities such as Nanbo, Beibo, Xibo, and Yanbo appeared.After Pan Geng moved to Yin, the capital of merchants was named Yin, and it was fixed.According to Ding Shan's (1901-1952, famous historian) "Yin Shang Clan Fang Guozhi" in the surrounding Fangguo, there are more than 40; such as Dog, Guifang, Qiangfang, Yifang, Zhoufang, Tufang, Zhao Fang, Yu Fang, Ren Fang and so on.

During the rise and development of the Zhou Dynasty, there were city and place names successively, such as Qixia, Cheng, Feng, Haohao, and Huaili.Among them, Qixia was the residence of King Tai of Zhou, King Wen moved his capital to Feng, and King Wu moved his capital to Hao.At the same time, in the process of King Wu of Zhou's extermination of Shang, there were 99 conquerors and 652 conquerors ("Yi Zhou Shu Shizhujie"), a total of 751 countries. There were 800 princes who met unexpectedly, and they were basically the same.Among them should be included Feng Guo and Fang Guo, which belonged to the Yin and Shang Dynasties, but because there are no historical records, their names are difficult to pinpoint.After King Wu destroyed the Shang, he began to enfeoff princes, reward the population with land, and build a feudal state, such as Shennong was entrusted to Jiao, Huangdi was entrusted to Zhu, Emperor Yao was entrusted to Ji, Emperor Shun was enfeoffed to Chen, and Yu was enfeoffed to Qi.In addition, the meritorious minister and counselor Shi Shangfu was named Qi in Yingqiu.Fengdi Zhou Gongdan was in Qufu, called Lu.Feng Zhao Gongshi (shi style) was granted to Yan, younger brother and uncle were granted to Guan, younger brother and uncle were granted to Cai and so on.King Cheng came to the throne, Guan and Cai were rebellious, and Zhou Gongding rebelled. Guan, Cai, Ying [Chengcheng], Huo, Lu, Wei, Mao, Dan, Gao [Gao Gao], Yong, Cao, Teng, Bi, Yuan, Feng [fengfeng], Xun [xun Xun], Han [ han Han], Jin, Ying, Han, Fan, Jiang, Xing, Mao, Xun, Ji, etc. ("Zuo Zhuan" Xigong twenty-four years).According to the summary of famous scholars in the early Qing Dynasty, "Yu met the princes in Tushan, and there were thousands of countries holding jade and silk. Cheng Tang was ordered, and there were more than 3,000 countries. King Wu watched soldiers, and there were 1,800 countries. (Ping Wang) At the beginning of the eastward migration There are still a thousand or two hundred countries." After that, the princes swallowed each other more, as seen in the Spring and Autumn Classics, there are more than a hundred countries, and there are alliances and conquests, there are rules to discipline, about 14 monarchs: Lu, Wei, Qi, Jin, Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai, Cao, Xu, Su, Chu, Wu, and Yue; their sons and men belonged to vassals, counting up to 113 countries, and the Yi descendants of Kyushu among the countries included Rongman, Xianyu, Wuzhong, Shanrong, Beidi, Huaiyi, etc. (Volume 1 of "Minutes of Reading History and Fangyu").Due to the existence of a large number of feudal states and Fang states during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, a large number of place names associated with these ancient states or their capitals appeared.Many of the place names have been used until today, and some place names have undergone evolution and changes, which have also had an important impact on the place names of later generations.