Chapter 14 Section 2 Dredging River and Tonghui River
The external water transportation in Dadu area has existed since ancient times.There was Yongji Canal in the Sui Dynasty.However, the northern section of Yongji Canal was mainly transformed by Sanggan water.The course of Sangganshui oscillates frequently, and it was also named Wuding River in history. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty hoped that it would not change its course, so it was named Yongding River.At a certain time in the Tang Dynasty (historical texts did not record the specific date), due to the diversion of the Sanggan River, the Yongji Canal no longer reached Zhuojun.In the Jin Dynasty, there was an artificial river named "Zhahe" in Zhongdu (today's Beijing), which ran from the east of the capital to the Lu River, where grain could be transported.In the late Jin Dynasty, due to the threat of the Mongolian Khanate, the capital was moved to Luoyang, and the Zha River gradually silted up.
In the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, in order to solve the problem of grain transportation between Dadu and Tongzhou, in the 16th year of Zhiyuan (AD 1279), Guo Shoujing’s suggestion was adopted, and an important grain transportation channel was built on the basis of the old waterway. Futong River.The Futong River takes Yuquan water as its main water source, flows eastward into Dadu, and pours into Jishuitan.Then it leads out from the north side of the pool, exits the city from the south of Guangxi Gate to the east, and connects to the Wenyu River in the prefecture.Wenyu River goes down to Baihe River (North Canal).The water volume of Yuquan water is too small, and it must be strictly prevented from leaking.The slope of the canal channel is too large, and gates must be adjusted along the river.For the above two purposes, Guo Shoujing built seven dams along the more than 40-mile-long canal, known as "Futong Seven Dams".The seven dams of Futong are well-known in Dadu, and the folks call this canal the dam river.The annual transportation capacity of the Bahe River is about 1 million shi. In the Yuan Dynasty, it and the Tonghui River built later jointly undertook the task of transporting grain from Tongzhou to Beijing.
In the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, in addition to damming the river, a channel called Jinkou River was also dug in Dadu.The Jinkou River first opened in Jin, but was blocked later.Under the auspices of Guo Shoujing, the Yuan Dynasty reopened in the third year of Zhiyuan (AD 1266).It uses Sanggan water as its water source, diverts water from the vicinity of Mayu Village (in today's Shijingshan District) to the east, passes through the south of Dadu City, and meets Luhe River in Lier Village in the southeast of Tongzhou.This is a waterway that mainly transports building materials such as wood and stone from Xishan to meet the needs of building a metropolis.Due to the greater slope of the Jinkou River and the rapid flow of water, the river bank is often washed away; and because the Sanggan River may flow down the Jinkou River when it floods, endangering the safety of Dadu, Guo Shoujing later blocked it.
At first, in the Yuan Dynasty, the southern grain transportation was imported into the capital. Although sea transportation and river transportation were implemented simultaneously, the transportation volume was not too large because the sea transportation was new and the boats were small and far away. .The total amount of grain transported to Tongzhou by the two routes was only more than 1 million shi, and Bahe could basically undertake the task of transshipment from Tongzhou to Beijing.But later, due to the continuous improvement of sea transportation, huge ships that can hold thousands of stones were used to transport grain, and a relatively straight seaway was also explored, coupled with the penetration of Jeju and Huitong Rivers.In this way, between Dadu and Tongzhou, it is more difficult to rely on the dam river for transshipment, so there is a second water transport grain channel, Tonghui River.
In the twenty-ninth year of Zhiyuan (AD 1292), the Xinhe Project officially started, and Guo Shoujing, the capital water supervisor, was in charge of it.The development of water sources is the key to the construction of this canal.Through on-the-spot surveys, Guo Shoujing knew that there were many mountain streams and springs at the foothills in the northwest of Dadu. As long as they were collected, the water source problem of the Xinhe River could be basically solved.So, starting from Baifu Village in Changping County, he walked south along the foot of the mountain and crossed the canal according to the terrain.It is roughly parallel to today's Jingmi Canal, intercepting Shenshan Spring (Baifu Spring), Shuangta River, Yu River, Yimu Spring, Yuquan, etc. along the way and converging in Wengshan Po (Kunming Lake).Below Wengshanbo, use the Yuhe (Nanchang River) channel to enter the city from the north of Heyimen (now Xizhimen) and pour into Jishuitan.The above two waterways are the water collection and diversion channels of the Xinhe River.Wengshan Po and Jishuitan are the water tanks of Xinhe.The catchment channels and water tanks provide a relatively constant flow of water for the New River.
Below Jishuitan is the waterway. Its straight route is zigzag from Tandong to the northeast corner of the imperial city, then turn southward, go straight out of the south city along the root of the imperial city, and go east along the old Zhahe road in the Jin Dynasty to Gaolizhuang ( Near the northwest of Zhangjiawan in Tongxian County), it meets the Baihe River.From Dadu to Tongxian, in order to overcome the large gradient of the river bed and prevent the loss of river water, 11 groups of complex gates were built, with 24 dam gates, and gatekeepers and military households were dispatched to manage them.These dam gates were originally non-permanent projects made of wood, and later changed to permanent masonry structures.
The new river, which consists of the diversion section and the shipping section, is more than 160 miles long.After more than a year of construction, the main project was completed.It was named Tonghui River by Kublai Khan.With the completion of the Tonghui River, most of the grain transportation problems have been basically solved.Jishuitan has become an important port, and "the water is covered with boats" is an unprecedented event.
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