Chapter 21 Section 6 Chinese Medicinal Materials

Traditional Chinese medicine is a national treasure. It is a traditional medicine source developed by the Chinese nation on the basis of long-term practice. It is a treasure of the excellent culture of the Chinese nation and has been valued by countries all over the world.Chinese medicinal materials are rich in resources and various in variety, many of which are traditional export commodities, and there are many rare and valuable varieties.Such as plant medicinal materials ginseng, angelica, codonopsis, medlar, notoginseng, eucommia, licorice, magnolia officinalis, ganoderma lucidum, gastrodia elata, poria cocos, honeysuckle, astragalus, Polygonum multiflorum, peony, etc.Animal medicinal materials include deer antler, musk, and Cordyceps sinensis between animals and plants.

Angelica Angelica is a perennial herb and a specialty medicinal material in China.It has the effects of regulating qi and nourishing blood, removing blood stasis and promoting regeneration, regulating menstruation and normalizing pain, moistening intestines and laxative.The angelica produced in the north of the Qinling Mountains is called "West Angelica" with Tianshui in Gansu and Xi'an in Shaanxi as distribution centers; the angelica produced in the eastern part of Gansu and western Shaanxi is called "Qingui"; It is called "Chuangui"; those produced in western Yunnan and western Sichuan are collectively called "Yungui".Among Chinese angelicas, Qingui has the most abundant output.More than 90% of angelica production is concentrated in the alpine and damp areas of Minxian, Yanchang, Zhangxian, and Weiyuan counties in Gansu.Gansu Angelica is famous all over the world because of its large size, white mouth, dense and firm texture, and sufficient oil content.Angelica produced in Yunnan has a strong fragrance, heavy oiliness, and a big, round, smooth head, also known as "slick head", which is the top grade of angelica.my country's artificial planting of angelica has a history of 2,000 years, and it has been prosperous for a long time. It is unique in the international market and is known as a hundred treasures of gynecology.

Codonopsis Codonopsis Codonopsis is a precious Chinese herbal medicine. Its roots are used as medicine to nourish yin and clear lung heat, benefit stomach and promote body fluid, relieve cough and eliminate phlegm, and nourish yin and nourish qi.Codonopsis ginseng produced in the famous Wutai Mountain in Shanxi is called Taishen, which is the treasure of Codonopsis ginseng.The Wendang produced in Wenxian County, Gansu Province is covered with horizontal stripes all over the body. It is big, strong and strong, and its cross-section is in the shape of a chrysanthemum. The best quality is the "Mingshen" from Yunding Mountain in Qingbaijiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan. , the strips are even and thick, and the section is chrysanthemum heart-shaped.In addition, along the Wulong River in Laiyang, Shandong Province, due to the loose soil, it is rich in sand ginseng, which is a high-quality Codonopsis ginseng with white color, sufficient powder, and excellent quality.

Panax notoginseng "Sanqi", also known as Tianqi, belongs to Araliaceae.It can stop bleeding and remove blood stasis, reduce swelling and relieve pain, treat hematemesis, hematuria, bruises and gynecological diseases. It has hemostatic function when taken internally or externally.Because it has the same adhesive effect as lacquer, it is also known as mountain lacquer, and Li Shizhen in Ming Dynasty called it Jinbuchang.In the Qing Dynasty "Compendium of Materia Medica Supplements", it is stated: "Ginseng is the first to replenish qi, and Sanqi is the first to replenish blood. It tastes the same and has the same effect. Therefore, people call ginseng Sanqi and it is a precious one in traditional Chinese medicine." Coronary heart disease and angina pectoris are curative.Our country's "Sanqi" is produced in Yunnan and Guangxi, and Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan is the most concentrated, especially the two counties of Yanshan and Xichou.The Baise area in Guangxi is also a long-established "37" production area.Yunnan Baiyao, which is processed and produced from Yunnan "Sanqi" in China, is a unique specialty drug in China. It is a holy medicine for traumatology to treat traumatic bleeding and expel pus and expel toxins.

Lycium barbarum [gouqigouqi], the fruit called wolfberry, is a valuable Chinese herbal medicine, which has the effects of nourishing liver and kidney, generating essence and Qi, improving eyesight and nourishing blood, and prolonging life.The fresh fruit of wolfberry is red in color, shaped like a ruby, glittering and translucent, exquisite and translucent, and the dried fruit is red and sweet.Liu Yuxi of the Tang Dynasty wrote a poem praising: "The top-grade functional nectar, and a spoonful of it can prolong life." Ningxia is the origin of Chinese wolfberry, especially "Zhongning wolfberry is the best in the world".Lycium barbarum loves its homeland and loves barren saline-alkali land.It blooms in June every year and bears fruit in July. It is like a beautiful woman's ruby ​​earrings, jeweled and cute.If you go far away, you will lose your style.90% of Chinese wolfberry exports come from Ningxia.In addition, wolfberry is also grown in the Qaidam Basin of Qinghai. Due to the long sunshine time and large temperature difference between day and night, the wolfberry produced has large particles and high sugar content.

Gastrodia elata is also called Dingfengcao because it does not shake when there is wind, and it shakes when there is no wind.The ancients said that it is a magic medicine: "Gastrodia elata, natural hemp, sowed by gods, and excavated by mortals." According to modern scientific observation, Gastrodia elata seeds only have embryos, no seed milk, and rely on symbiotic germination bacteria to provide nutrition; there are no roots, It has no green leaves and cannot carry out photosynthesis. It can grow up only when the tubers are mature. A yellow-red stalk emerges only when the tubers are mature.Gastrodia elata is currently not only wild, but also cultivated artificially.Gastrodia elata contains vitamin A, gastrodin [daidai], caroline and a variety of alkaloids, which not only have the functions of dispelling wind and calming down, nourishing qi and nourishing the liver, lowering blood pressure, but also treating convulsions, coma, crooked mouth and squinting eyes , neurosis, etc.Wild Gastrodia elata in my country is mainly produced in Hanzhong, Shaanxi, Zhaotong, Yunnan, and Bashan hilly areas, Sichuan.Yunnan gastrodia elata is big in size, thin in skin, thick in flesh, white and transparent, and has excellent texture. It is the top grade in gastrodia elata.

Ganoderma lucidum Ganoderma lucidum is a precious and rare medicinal material, which belongs to a group of lower plant fungi. In ancient China, it was spread that Ganoderma lucidum can cure all diseases and is an elixir for bringing the dead back to life. Many folklore about "stealing fairy grass" has been woven, adding to the mystery of Ganoderma lucidum. Wild Ganoderma lucidum is rare and rare, and has the function of treating many diseases.Pharmacopoeias of past dynasties have detailed records, such as Qin and Han Dynasties, Song Dynasty Tang Shenwei's "Revisiting Zhenghe Jingshi Zhenglei Spare Materia Medica", Ming Dynasty Li Shizhen, etc., all described in detail the types, origins, medicinal properties, and functions of Ganoderma lucidum.Ganoderma lucidum is divided into six categories, according to the shape and color, there are red, black, green, white, yellow, and purple. It was extended to the book "Baopuzi" by Ge Hong in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and even Ganoderma and some similar species, There are as many as one hundred kinds.

In modern times, Ganoderma lucidum collected in the wild and artificially cultivated Ganoderma lucidum are mostly brown-red and purple-red.Its shape is composed of two parts, the upper part is mushroom-like, which is called fruiting body, which is the physical part of picking; the lower part is white mycelium, which can decompose various organic matter, absorb nutrients, and produce various enzymes for the growth of the upper fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum development. Although the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum are shaped like umbrella mushrooms, they are different from mushrooms.The cap and stipe of Ganoderma lucidum develop on one side of the top, and the stipe is located on one side of the cap, while the mushroom cap and stipe grow and develop around, and the stipe is located in the center of the cap.Because the Ganoderma lucidum is located on one side of the stipe, and the stipe is curved, which looks like a "Zigzag" shape when viewed from the side, so it is named "Ganoderma lucidum" according to the shape.

The mysterious and simple Ganoderma lucidum is fleshy when it is born, and turns into a very light corky after maturity, which has the medicinal value of nourishing and strengthening, and strengthening the body. In recent years, artificially cultivated Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used clinically, expanding the source of medicines to meet the needs of the Chinese and foreign medicinal materials markets. Ganoderma lucidum is "warm, calm and non-toxic". It has the effect of "entering the heart to generate blood, helping the heart to fill the pulse". Recently, Ganoderma lucidum preparations and tablets are used to treat chronic bronchitis, coronary heart disease and angina pectoris, and as a medicament for lowering high blood pressure and hyperlipidemia.A number of pharmacological experiments and clinical applications of Ganoderma lucidum have shown that Ganoderma lucidum has certain curative effects on various diseases, especially some chronic diseases, and has very few side effects.

Poria cocos is also known as Fuling, Yunling, Anling, Bai Fuling, and pine cassava.This product and Ganoderma lucidum belong to the family Polyporaceae of the Basidiomycetes Polyporacea, but are different from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum.The fruiting body of Poria cocos is flat, woody, the flesh is white or brown, spongy, and the pores are angular or irregular. It is an annual or perennial fungal population. Poria is a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine, and its sclerotium is used as medicine, including Fushen, Chiling, Geling, and Poria.There are many records of it in ancient Chinese medical literature.It is described that Poria cocos "indicates against adverse qi in the chest and ribs, anxiety, fear, evil and palpitations, pain in the heart, cold and heat, irritability and cough, dry mouth and tongue, and diuresis". "Decoction Materia Medica" records that Poria cocos "eliminates the bladder, benefits the spleen and stomach, and treats stomach accumulation and galloping tortoise".And Ming Li Shizhen detailed the efficacy of Poria cocos as: "Later generations must use Poria spirit to cure heart disease. The skin is mainly used to treat edema and swelling of the skin, to open water channels, and to open the interstitial spaces.”

In terms of Poria cocos pharmacology, it can be summarized as sweet in taste, flat in nature and non-toxic.It can enter the heart, spleen, lung, and kidney, which is beneficial to the spleen and stomach, calms the mind, and promotes water and dampness.Indications for edema, abdominal distension, difficulty urinating, diarrhea and stranguria, palpitation after drinking, insomnia and other diseases.Wuling Powder prepared with Poria, Polyporus, Alisma, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Guizhi can cure "stroke fever", "those who want to drink water from the soup, but vomit when water is poured in", "difficulty in urination, mild heat and thirst". In view of the high medicinal value of Poria cocos, the history of artificial cultivation has reached more than 400 years.Poria cocos contains polysaccharides, which can be converted into vitamin D after hydrolysis, which can enhance people's resistance, and because it contains potassium salts, it can diuresis and laxative.Artificially cultivated Poria cocos is cultivated with strains, which not only has high yield and good quality, but also the strains are convenient to transport and easy to store, which saves wood compared to using fresh Poria cocos as seed cocos. At present, Poria cocos is mainly distributed in 15 provinces and regions including Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Guangdong and Guangxi.Among them, the main production areas in Guangxi are Wuzhou and Yulin, and in Wuzhou, Cenxi, Cangwu, Zhaoping, Mengshan, and Teng counties produce the most.Among the Poria varieties in the domestic medicinal material market, there are four types of Poria cocos pieces, Poria cocos pieces, Poria pieces (red and white mixed), and Poria cocos skin.Process Poria cocos pieces, cut off quadrangular or hexagonal cocos slices, accounting for 40% and mix with 60% block Poria cocos for sale.Poria cocos skin, red poria cocos and white poria cocos cannot be combined, and the finished products are supplied to the market separately. Honeysuckle is also known as honeysuckle, silver flower, double flower, two flower, old man's beard and so on.It belongs to the perennial evergreen twining shrubs of Loniceraceae.The branches have short hairs, the leaves are opposite, the back is gray-green, and the leaves are ovate or long ovate.The two flowers are axillary in pairs. When they first bloom, they are white and soon turn golden yellow, so they are called honeysuckle.As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, honeysuckle was regarded as a good medicine for clearing away heat and detoxifying.Li Shizhen once said: brewing wine with silver flower juice and taking it has the effect of "lightening body and prolonging life". Honeysuckle is a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine. Its flower buds or first-opened flowers are yellowish-white when dried, and brownish-yellow after a long time. The smell is fragrant and the taste is sweet and slightly bitter.The stems and leaves of honeysuckle are dried to make a traditional Chinese medicine called honeysuckle (or honeysuckle). Honeysuckle has curative effects on the early onset of exogenous fever, sore throat, sore carbuncle, erysipelas, pneumonia, and dysentery. It is also used to treat metrorrhagia, cystitis, arthritis and other diseases.Jinyinteng has the functions of clearing away heat and detoxifying, dredging channels and collaterals.Honeysuckle can also be used for various purposes such as heat-relieving drinks, essences, food, and cosmetics.In addition to the original place of Shandong and Henan, barren slopes, embankments, and gardens in other provinces are widely introduced and cultivated. Astragalus Astragalus was formerly known as Astragalus, or aliased as Wangsun and Xiqi.It is a perennial leguminous herb native to Shanxi, Hebei and Northeast China.The stem is more than two feet high, with alternate leaves, 13-27 leaflets, small stipules at the base of the leaves, and white hairs on the back.Pale yellow flowers in summer in terminal or axillary racemes.Take its underground roots for medicinal purposes. Astragalus has yellow-brown skin, warm in nature and sweet in taste, contains sucrose, glucose, mucus, gum, cellulose, etc., and is a mild and strong medicine.Control qi deficiency and blood loss, surface deficiency and spontaneous sweating, edema of limbs, shortness of breath and weakness, uterine prolapse, prolapse of the anus and other "deficiency symptoms".Astragalus membranaceus is sweet in nature and flavor, slightly warm, can invigorate qi and solidify the surface, diuresis and treat sores. Astragalus likes arid climate and loose sandy soil environment, and has a certain ability to resist cold. It can be excavated from the beginning of spring thaw to before the ground freeze in autumn. The quality is better in 617 years.Cylindrical single root of Astragalus membranaceus, with neat longitudinal wrinkles, hard and slightly tough, firm and powdery, the outer layer of the cut surface is yellow-white, with radial patterns, and a yellow chrysanthemum heart in the middle. Astragalus is widely planted in northern my country.The main producing areas are Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Hebei, Ningxia, Gansu and other places. Licorice licorice, also known as sweet grass, honey grass, sweet root, powder licorice, is a perennial leguminous herb.In spring, seedlings are bred from perennial roots. The plant height is 213 feet. The leaves are alternate. The leaf stems are hairy. The flowers are shaped like butterflies. The racemes are axillary. The lavender flowers are elegant and unique. The pods are brown and contain 618 seeds.The roots of licorice are harvested every year and dried for medicinal purposes. Licorice is sweet and non-toxic. The finished product is a cylindrical strip with brown skin, obvious smooth lines and wrinkles, yellow-white cross-section, chrysanthemum pattern and fibrous.Licorice contains various components such as licorice sugar, glucuronic acid, mannose, asparagine, urea [niao] enzyme and resin.Among them, licorice sugar can stimulate the secretion of the throat and trachea, and become a good medicine for antitussive and expectorant.It also has the effect of treating sore throat, sores, furuncles, sores and tongue, and dysuria.Glycyrrhiza licorice has always been said to be "ten directions and nine herbs" because of its pungent and sweet taste.Licorice likes temperature and drought, and the licorice produced in Yanchi area of ​​Ningxia is pure in texture, straight and straight, thin in skin and red in color, pure and sweet, and is a well-known good product at home and abroad.It is exported to Southeast Asian countries, Hong Kong, Macao and Japan.In addition, the production of licorice in the arid regions of Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Gansu is also considerable.Licorice grows on hillsides and grasslands with deep soil layers in North China, Northeast China, and Northwest China. Polygonum multiflorum has many aliases, such as Goblin, Chishouwu, Shanshouwu, Yehe, Hongneixiao, Madanshi and so on.It belongs to the perennial herb of Polygonaceae, native to China. It has been recorded in the ancient Chinese Pharmacopoeia that Polygonum multiflorum tuber root has the effect of "nourishing blood and calming the nerves" when used as medicine, and its rattan (stem), Ye Jiaoteng, is used to make medicines to treat insomnia and dreaminess. The leaves of Polygonum multiflorum are alternate, the leaves are heart-shaped, the base of the petiole has a filmy leaf sheath covering the stem, the flowers are green and white, and the panicles are terminal or axillary.Its fruit is triangular, black and shiny, wrapped in wing-like perianth. Polygonum multiflorum contains "lecithin" and "rhein". According to pharmacological experiments, it can promote intestinal peristalsis and regulate the digestive system.It also has the health care effects of nourishing and strengthening the body, beautifying black hair, benefiting the essence, and prolonging life.It can promote blood regeneration, and has a certain therapeutic effect on rickets, constipation, goiter, and women's postpartum vaginal discharge. Polygonum multiflorum is divided into three varieties: white, red, and black. It is powdery, with plum blossom-like patterns on the cross-section, and it tastes bitter and astringent.Yejiao Teng is long and cylindrical, with a wheel-shaped radial pattern on the cross-section and many small holes.The main production areas are Henan, Hunan, Hubei, Shandong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui and other places. Paeoniae Alba is also known as Paeoniae Alba, Chishao, Hangshao, Haoshao, Chuanshao, Guanfang and so on.It is a perennial herb of the family Ranunculaceae, with gorgeous flowers. It is an ornamental plant. Its root can be used as medicine. It is exported to Japan and Southeast Asian countries, and has a long-standing reputation. The plant height of peony is 60-80 cm, the leaves are dark green, the leaves are alternate, the small leaves are divided into oval to lanceolate, the leaves are not divided into teeth, the stem clusters are erect, blue-purple green or purple, smooth and hairless, the roots are strong, The outer skin is brownish-yellow or brown, cylindrical or conical.The white and pink or purple flowers of peony are crowned and fragrant. They are composed of single or double petals. The flowers are large and beautiful. Several flowers are solitary on the top of the branch or in the axil of the upper part of the stem. The flowering period is from April to May, and the fruit is oval. It belongs to the fruit of follicle [gutu Gutu]. The front end is hooked and bends outwards, and there are dark brown seeds inside. The fruiting period is from May to August. Peonies are mostly cultivated plants, and they like to grow in sunny, warm climate, well-drained, deep and fertile sandy soil.It has a certain ability of cold resistance, and it can survive the winter in the open field at a temperature of minus 20°C with a little soil.Peony is a perennial plant. It breaks the ground and sprouts in March every spring. It is a prosperous growth period from April to June. It turns yellow and withers in autumn and enters a dormant state.Generally, it is harvested after three to four years of growth. The roots of peony are excavated in spring and autumn, and processed into medicinal materials, which are cylindrical in shape, hard in texture and not easy to break.The finished medicine tastes sour and bitter, and is slightly cold in nature. It has the function of nourishing blood, softening the liver, nourishing the spleen and invigorating the stomach. It can treat women's diseases, such as irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, and sweating due to sweating.It has a certain effect on dizziness, chest, abdomen, and rib pain, gastrocnemius muscle spasm, and extremity spasms. The main producing areas of wild peony are Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Hebei, and Shanxi. Most of its medicinal roots are not peeled and used as red peony.In recent years, due to the large market demand, it has been widely planted. The production of Paeoniae Alba has a long history in Haoxian County, Anhui Province. It has a good texture and is marketed at home and abroad.Liu Kai, a poet of the Qing Dynasty, described it as: "White peony flowers outside Xiaohuangcheng (Haozhou) grow morning glow from ten miles to five miles away. Everyone grows flowers before and after flowers, and every family plants flowers like mulberry and hemp. If you make this flower into a beautiful city, it will be more beautiful than peonies." It’s very charming; if you get this flower as a good medicine, your daughter will be free from depression.” This shows that the ornamental and medicinal value of peony has long been praised by the ancients.Other production areas include Shandong, Zhejiang, Sichuan, and Guizhou, where it is often mixed with aster, safflower, chrysanthemum, sorghum, and beans in rotation. Cornus officinalis [zhuyu Zhu Yu] Cornus officinalis is also called cornus, cornus, jujube bark, and Tianmuzi.It belongs to the deciduous small trees or shrubs of Cornaceae.The flowers open before the leaves, and the flowers are small yellow clusters born on the branches. The fruit is mainly used. The fruit is oval and red when ripe. Remove the hard core and get the pulp for medicinal purposes.Cornus officinalis is a famous and precious nourishing medicine. The finished medicine is irregular flakes or bundles, soft in texture, sour in taste, warms liver and kidney, solidifies essence and suppresses sweat, treats kidney deficiency, low back pain, dizziness, impotence and nocturnal emission, etc. Cornus officinalis is a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine, and it is a good agent for the production and processing of "Liuwei Dihuang Wan", "Guishao Dihuang Wan", "Qiju Dihuang Wan" and "Mingmu Dihuang Wan".In recent years, it has been found that it can increase white blood cells, prevent the sequelae of radiation and chemotherapy, and cure cancer.It is also an effective medicinal material for lowering blood pressure and treating senile frequent urination.Cornus officinalis requires sufficient sunlight, warm and cool, and a well-ventilated ecological environment, and should be planted in patches.Xixia County, Henan Province is an important production base of dogwood in my country, and its output ranks first in the country, followed by Manghe area in Yangcheng County, Shanxi, known as the "Hometown of Dogwood".There are still Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Anhui, Sichuan, Shandong and other provinces in my country that are widely planted, which still cannot meet the needs of domestic and foreign markets. Cordyceps sinensis Cordyceps sinensis is a combination of insect larvae (larvae of bat moths) and parasitic fungi.When the larvae encounter the Cordyceps fungus in the soil, the fungus will grow a germ tube, drill into the larvae, absorb nutrients and germinate into hyphae.Because it is a small insect crawling like a spring silkworm in winter, and it grows fungus buds like grass in summer, so people call it Cordyceps sinensis.This traditional Chinese medicine is as famous as ginseng and deer antler, and is a high-grade tonic.Cordyceps is sweet in taste, damp in nature, and fragrant in nature. It has the effects of nourishing essence and tonifying kidney, strengthening physical strength, dilating blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, sedative hypnosis and anticancer.Wild Cordyceps sinensis is produced on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Qinghai accounts for 60% and ranks first. The quality is also good, the color is bright, the hyphae are thick, and the individual is plump. It is regarded as a treasure. The output of Cordyceps sinensis in Nagqu, Tibet is also abundant. Antler Antler is the newborn tender horn on the head of a male deer, and it is a precious nourishing medicinal material.It has the effects of promoting essence and nourishing marrow, benefiting blood and strengthening yang, strengthening muscles and strengthening bones.The main production areas are Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Sichuan and Xinjiang.Among them, the Tianshan red deer antler produced in the Yili River Valley at the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang has large and plump branches, and the coat color is excellent.Jilin sika antler has a high output and has a long-standing reputation.