Chapter 7 Chapter Six Traditional Religious Festivals

The ethnic minorities in our country have various religious beliefs.Among them, there are not only primitive nature worship such as ancestor worship and totem worship and polytheistic beliefs, but also religious beliefs such as Taoism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity.For example, among the Yao people, there is a Yao missionary belief that incorporates the worship of the original ancestors of the ethnic group.Tibetan, Mongolian, Tu, Yugu and other ethnic groups have the belief of Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism).Dai, Blang, De'ang and other ethnic groups have the belief in Theravada Buddhism.There are mainly 10 ethnic groups who believe in Islam, namely Hui, Uyghur, Kazakh, Kirgiz, Tatar, Uzbek, Tajik, Dongxiang, Salar and Baoan.Part of the Yi, Miao and some ethnic minorities on the border of Yunnan believe in Christianity.The Russians and a small part of the Ewenki believe in the Orthodox Church.These religious beliefs are reflected in festivals, and various religious festivals have also been formed.Due to the development of history, the activities of these religious festivals often not only have religious content, but also add various colors of customs and entertainment.

The Achang people in the Lianghe area of ​​Yunnan Province believe that in ancient times there was no heaven and earth, only "chaos".Later, light flashed out of "chaos", and only then did there be light and darkness, yin and yang, as well as the "Shu Pa Ma" of the Lord of Heaven and the "Shu Mi Ma" of "Shu Mi Ma" of the Mother of Earth.Supama made the sky with colorful stones, mixed gold sand with rainwater to make the sun, and mixed silver sand with rainwater to make the moon, and finally used his own breasts to make the sun mountain and moon mountain respectively. Since then, men have no breasts.The mother of the earth, Shu Mima, plucked her own face hair and wove it into the earth. Since then, the women have no beards.Then the blood flowed into a sea, and the universe came to life.The God of Heaven and the Mother of Earth combined to produce human beings.The God of Heaven teaches humans to hunt, cook food and build houses, while the Mother Earth teaches humans to record events on wood, and use divination and spells to drive away diseases and disasters.For this reason, the people of the Achang nationality have to celebrate the festival of offering sacrifices to the mother of the earth three times a year on the horse day of the second month of the lunar calendar, May 28, and June 25, and there are sacrificial activities every time.The first festival is to pray to the mother of the earth to protect the safety of the whole village. On that day, it is forbidden to work in the field, and outsiders are not allowed to enter the village. Each household must send out a man to gather for dinner.The second festival is to pray to the Mother Earth to bless the livestock to prosper. After the sacrifice, they will discuss matters related to animal husbandry together.The third festival is to hope that the mother of the earth will bless the grain harvest and the grain warehouse will be full. At that time, the whole village will gather to set up offerings and burn incense. In order to get rid of birds, beasts and insect pests and ensure a good harvest.All the activities of offering sacrifices to the Mother Earth are held under the big green tree. During the sacrifice, no ground shall be broken, and rice shall not be pounded. The whole festival is full of religious atmosphere.

The Nu people who live in Lanping County, Yunnan Province call themselves Ruorou people, believe in animism, and worship mountains, rivers, forests, boulders, the sun, the moon and other natural scenery.Every year, the "Mountain and Forest Festival" is held, which is attended by men from all ethnic groups.They gathered in front of a sacred forest on the mountain, and the wizards presided over the sacrifice and killed the black sheep for sacrifice.After the sacrifice, cook mutton for dinner on the spot.Through the activities of offering sacrifices to mountains and forests, seek the protection of the gods.

The Hani people in the Ailao Mountains hold "Aimatu" on the first day of the dragon in February every year, that is, the festival of "sacrificing to the gods of the village", which is their biggest religious festival.According to legend, in ancient times, there was a demon king who ate people here, and the villages took turns to enshrine it.One year it was the turn of the widow Emma's family to feed the devil.Emma asked Migu, a wizard who can understand ghosts, to negotiate with the devil, asking if he would get rid of the habit of cannibalism if he married two beauties every year.After the devil agreed, Emma dressed her two sons as girls and gave them to the devil.These two young men dressed as women drew their swords and killed the demon king while he was enjoying drinking.Since then, the resourceful Emma has become the god who protects the village, and the five-day festival "Aima Tu" to worship the village god has also been formed.The village god Emma of each village is symbolized by a tall, straight and strong tree.At the root of the tree, there is a long stone slab one meter long and thirty to forty centimeters wide as an altar, which is called the sacred stone or the village stone.During the festival, outsiders are not allowed to enter and not to leave. All adult men in the village participate in the ceremony, and nine strong men who are not widowed are selected from them to assist Migu in the sacrifice.The sacrifices include pig heart, liver, head, feet, meat, etc. After the sacrifice, take a little of each and put them into three bowls, and bury them under the sacred stone.The rest were shared among the people on the spot.Then choose two handsome guys to dress up as beauties, go down to the village for a week with the accompaniment of the band, and enter the forest to marry the dressed up devil.During the banquet, the "beauty" assassinates the "devil king", and the villagers use wooden knives, wooden hammers, wooden spears, etc. to eliminate the "little demon" from house to house.Then use a strong straw rope to hang on the trees on both sides of the gate of the village, with a chicken on one end and a dog on the other end, which is called "Golden Rooster God Dog Guards the Gate of the Village".In addition, there will be activities to congratulate babies born before the festival and offer sacrifices to water gods and forest gods.During the village sacrifice period, unmarried men and women do not participate in the activities. They wander among the mountains and forests, dating and singing, but they are not allowed to meet alone.The girl offered the chimney to the boy and lit a cigarette; the young man sent the girls home after a date, carrying a small basket full of glutinous rice and chicken legs.The "Aimatu" festival of the Hani people in the Ailao Mountains to worship the gods of the village is also interspersed with the social interactions of young people.The Hani people in other areas also hold the "Amashi" festival to worship the village god on the Dragon Day of the second lunar month.However, the legend of its origin and the content of the event are different.It is said that in ancient times, people and ghosts were brothers, and later they broke up and separated, but ghosts often came to the village to make trouble.People reported to the god Momi, and Momi turned her children into trees and became goddesses outside the village, and taught people to go to the woodland where ghosts live on February Dragon Day to beat gongs and drums, set fire to burn ashes, and suppress the ghosts. Live ghosts.At that time, the wizard will first wave the long knife to send away the gods of plague and fire in the village; each family hangs wooden knives and sticks smeared with dog blood at the entrance of the village to prevent ghosts from entering.A man from each family goes to the sacred tree in the village to kill a big pure black pig, and uses the pig's head and legs to offer sacrifices to the gods, and the rest is equally distributed to each household for food.If there are barren women, they can go to the sacred tree to hug the pig legs that have been sacrificed to the gods, in order to conceive and have children.

The Yi people living in Da and Xiaolejie villages in Xishan, Kunming, Yunnan used to have "Festivals for Worshiping the Sun God" and "Festivals for Worshiping the Taiyin God".The former is held on November 29th of the lunar calendar. At that time, the small temples in the village will paste the big characters "Sun Bodhisattva" cut and pasted with five-color paper, and offer offerings carved with lotus patterns similar to the sun.Residents of the whole village come here to worship incense and kowtow, and recite the "Sun Sutra" seven times, praying for the sun god to bless the harvest of agriculture and the prosperity of people and animals. The four seasons are not abnormal." ("Cuan [cuan Channel] Wen Cong Ke·Xian Jiu Jing") on the 13th day of the third month of the lunar calendar, the festival of offering sacrifices to the Taiyin God will be held again. When the moon is shining brightly that night, elderly women gather in small temples in the village to cut and paste on yellow paper. Under the word "Taiyin Bodhisattva" in the temple, use tofu slices, potato chips, fried buckwheat shreds, rice, fruits, etc. as offerings, kowtow to the moon god and offer incense, recite the "Taiyin Sutra" seven times and the "Taiyang Sutra" three times, and pray Protect your family from disease, disaster, safety and prosperity.

The Mosuo people, a branch of the Naxi nationality in Yongning, Ninglang (langlang) County, Yunnan Province, live in a matriarchal family. They worship the goddess on Mount Gemu (also known as Lion Mountain) by the local Lugu Lake. There will be a "Mountain Revolving Festival" on the 15th.People dress in costumes, bring food and wine to Mount Gemu to pray, and hold various cultural and entertainment activities.It is said that the goddess turned out to be a beautiful girl who was good at weaving linen. She was very smart and capable, and could weave flowers, green grass, and natural scenery into the linen, which made a male god fall in love with her.So on July 25th, she was photographed into the sky by a strong wind, which made the local people panic.Later, the male god finally released the girl, but she could not return to the human world, so she became the goddess on Mount Graham.When a storm or a wild beast comes, the goddess will call out to warn the Mosuo people.Therefore, on the day when a girl died, the Mosuo people would go to the foot of Mount Gemu to worship the goddess, have a happy dinner, and hold a competition to grab the wine jar and so on.Through the festival, we thank the goddess for his nostalgia for the human world, and bless the safety of people and animals in this area, and the harvest of agriculture.On the 15th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar, they also hold Baiwaha Mountain activities.It is said that in the past, Abauchi, the living Buddha of Tibet, came here. When he saw the majestic Mount Waha, he told the local Mosuo people that they would live prosperously if they worshiped Mount Waha, which worships men.Therefore, on the 15th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar, another festival of worshiping Mount Waha is formed.

Among some Dai and Yi nationalities, there are also festivals to worship mountain gods.The Dai people living in Mengla County, Yunnan Province have the "Jin Diao Bala" festival to worship the mountain god every year, which is held twice on the second day of February and the seventh day of March in the lunar calendar.Women are not allowed to participate. The small sacrifice is held every year, and the big sacrifice is held every three years.On the second day of February, all the men in the village gather to light incense and offer sacrifices to the mountain gods.And adult men take turns trying to erect an egg brought by the elders, and each person tries to make it three times.If successful, he will be the "temple master" of that year and preside over the sacrificial matters.If no one can erect the egg successfully, the son of the previous temple owner will succeed.The one on the seventh day of March is more grand. Two straw huts will be built on the north and south sides next to the sacred tree outside the village.The one in the north is the mountain god room, and the chief priest can take turns.After the people set up the shrine, they placed various offerings, and the chief priest recited prayers to inform the mountain god, and cut the neck of the chicken for divination.If you get auspicious hexagrams, you have to go hunting to get wild animals, otherwise give up.Finally, those who participate in the sacrifice will kill pigs and chickens, drink wine and dine, and spend the festival together.

The Miqie people of the Yi ethnic group living in Fumin and Wuding areas of Yunnan Province also worship the mountain god on the 30th day of the twelfth lunar month every year. The Yi language is called "Bai Xingnuo", which means "sacrifice to the mountain god".The Miche people believe that among the many gods, the mountain god is the most important, because he can bless the harvest of food, the prosperity of the population and the success of hunting.In case of plagues and disasters, the mountain gods can also eliminate diseases and disasters.Therefore, on the evening of the 30th day of the twelfth lunar month, every family has to go to the mountain temple in the village to kill chickens before going home to celebrate New Year’s Eve, combining the New Year’s Eve with the festival of offering sacrifices to the mountain god.

The Gaoshan people in Taiwan have a festival to worship their ancestors during the spring plowing in February every year, which is called "offutt sacrifice" (meaning sacrifice to the soul of ancestors).Sacrifice takes the "she" as the unit, setting up ancestors' spiritual seats on special sacrificial altars, offering rice wine, food, and fruits, and singing related sacrificial songs.Afterwards, singing and dancing activities were held.This kind of ancestor worship festival exists in many ethnic groups.But the exact dates vary. The Lahu people in Lancang Lahu Autonomous County, Yunnan Province celebrate the ancestor worship festival from the 13th to the 15th of July. Each household places a woven bamboo table on one side of the god table, and puts offerings such as pineapples, peaches, and plantains on it. , But also kill chickens for rice, burn paper, recite lyrics, and pay homage to ancestors.

The Naxi people in Lijiang area have two sacrifices a year, that is, the summer and winter ancestor worship festivals, which are held on the 2nd to 14th day of the sixth month and the 14th day of the lunar calendar respectively.Each household has different fixed dates.The summer festival is more solemn, while the winter festival is simpler.After worshiping the ancestors, relatives and friends should be entertained to celebrate the festival. The Gelao people scattered in Guizhou and other places have their ancestor worship festivals on different dates, some are on the third day of the third month of the lunar calendar, some are on the sixth day of the sixth month, some are on the sixth day of the seventh month or the fifteenth day of the eighth month.Generally, as early as half a month before the festival, the public of the whole village selects six families as the priests, and every night at midnight, the elders of the priests' families go to the entrance of the village to call the old grandfather back.On the day of the festival, the sacrificial leaders bring pigs, chickens, pots, and water to the mountain with the sacred tree for preparation, and all the men in the village come to participate.People lit joss sticks, burned paper money, set off firecrackers, chanted sacrifices, and prayed to their grandfathers to bless the safety of the whole village.The offerings include rice cooked with five grains, dishes made with chicken and pig heads, feet, and five internal organs, as well as wine and tea with pepper leaves.After the sacrifice, everyone has dinner together, and the leftovers are taken home to share with the family.

The Korean people in Northeast my country also carry out ancestor worship activities on the "Sansi Day" on the third day of the third month of the lunar calendar.On this day, women go up the mountain to collect Jindalai flowers and make food for sacrifice.At the same time, they also bring food and wine for outings and spring outings.Ancestor worship activities are not only to remember the ancestors, but also have the meaning of praying to the ancestors to protect the prosperity, safety and happiness of the descendants. The Drum Society Festival of the Miao people in the southeast of Guizhou, also known as "eating drums and Tibetans", is held regularly every three, five, seven or thirteen years.If it is irregular, it will be temporarily determined by divination.Generally, seven years are considered as the minor sacrifice and 13 years as the major sacrifice.On Yihai Day in October or November of the lunar calendar, cattle are slaughtered and 14 days of sacrificial activities are carried out.It is carried out collectively by families of the same blood, including dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of households.Before the festival, it is necessary to determine the drum Tibetan head, and prepare drum Tibetan cattle for bull fighting (bullfighting) and sacrifice.At the beginning of the festival, the double drums used for sacrifices should be brought to Guzangtou’s home (receiving drums); the single drum buried in the past should be turned over to alarm the ancestors (turning drums); (drum making); ceremonies such as bullfighting, slaughtering and sending drums are also held.Relatives and friends from far and near will come to participate, and guests who have heard the news will be warmly entertained.In the past, people slaughtered a lot of cattle during festivals, which cost a lot and even affected production and life. Recently, some reforms have been made. The Naxi people believe in Dongba religion, which is named after the wizard named "Dongba".Dongba is a Naxi language, which means "wise man" and "classic teacher".Its patriarch is "Dingbashiluo".Dongba religion believes in polytheism and believes that everything has animism, and generally has no systematic teachings, temples and organizations.Dongba can master the hieroglyphic "Dongba script" and the written "Dongba scriptures", which are generally passed down from father to son, and a few learn from teachers.Dongba is also proficient in astronomy, calendar, art and literature, and medicine of the nation.In the past, it played a certain role in various aspects of Naxi people's daily life, such as worshiping heaven, worshiping ancestors, weddings and funerals, naming, festivals, breaking ground, divination, healing, and exorcising ghosts.Every year on the eighth day of the second lunar month, the Naxi people in the Erba area of ​​Zhongdian County celebrate the religious festival of offering sacrifices to Baishuitai.Legend has it that the patriarch Dingba Shiluo once studied under a Tibetan lama in his early days. He was despised because of his poor family and could not learn classics.Therefore, one night, he stole the scriptures privately and went to the cave in Sanba Township to preach while translating scriptures, and finally founded Dongba Sect.Because the spring water flows out of the cave, the calcification in the spring water has precipitated for many years nearby, forming a terraced white water platform, so it is called Baishuitai.Baishuitai is regarded as a holy place by Dongba believers. Every year on the eighth day of February, people gather here to burn incense and worship, and appreciate the strange spring.People have picnics and dinners in the nearby jungle, dance and sing, and compete in horse racing, making it a joyful festival of blessing and disaster relief. The Bai people in Dali, Yunnan and other places believe in the "Lord" as the guardian god of the village.The owners of each village are different, but there are also several villages that share one owner.Each village has its main temple, which is dedicated to the main statue carved from fragrant wood.There are nature gods and dragon boat gods; more are deified historical figures such as Nanzhao Wang Xinuluo, Duan Chicheng, Du Chaoxuan, Mrs. Baijie and so on.Every year on the birthday or death day of the head of the village, the "Lord's Festival" will be celebrated.At that time, all the people in the village will beat gongs, drums, and suona, and invite the owner out of the shrine from the owner's temple, take him back to the village in a sedan chair or bullock cart, and place him on the altar of the public house.Men, women and children in costumes hold various activities in the square, such as playing dragon, lion dancing, walking on stilts, and singing rural operas.I pray for the blessing of the Lord.Every year from April 23rd to 25th of the lunar calendar, the "Three Spirits" festival is an event to commemorate Duan Zongbang, the central official who governs the "Five Hundred God Kings" in Dali area.It is said that Duan Zongbang, the emperor who loves the people of Nanzhao, went to worship at the foot of Wutai Peak, and unfortunately died of a sudden illness. Therefore, the people went around Chongsheng Temple in the Buddhist capital, Shengyuan Temple in the divine capital, and Jingui Temple in the immortal capital for three days and three nights to express their condolences. Therefore, it is known as the three spirits. The "Sanduo Festival" of the Naxi people in Lijiang is held on the eighth day of the second month of the lunar calendar, and it is also a grand sacrificial festival."Song of Sanduo" in Naxi language means "sacrifice to three flowers".There are many stories about Sanduo.It is said that Sanduo, also known as Beiyue, is a symbol of Jade Dragon Snow Mountain in the Naxi area. Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty once titled it "Great Sage Beiyue Dingguo Anbang Jingdi".Therefore, Sanduo God is worshiped every year as the national protection god; another said that Sanduo was a general of the Mutusi of the Naxi nationality. He died unfortunately in a war against foreign aggression. Pavilion" (that is, "Beiyue Temple") as a memorial.Since the three flowers belong to the sheep, sacrifices are made on the sheep days of the second and eighth lunar months.The first and second single-day sacrifices in February are the most solemn.Now the autonomous county government has decided that the eighth day of February is a traditional festival for the Naxi people. At this time, the camellias are in full bloom, the spring is bright, and the statutory holiday is one day. Various celebration activities have been carried out, which has promoted the meaning and content of the Sanduo Festival. step. The Ewenki people living in Hulun Buir League and other places in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region celebrate the "Aumina Leng" festival every April in the lunar calendar, also known as the "April Festival".Mainly old shamans (wizards) teach new shamans and carry out activities to pray for the safety and prosperity of the clan.At that time, the god dance will be performed at the old shaman's house. The whole clan will send out a sheep to be robbed by two shamans. The winner will kill the sheep, and the shaman will walk around the crowd with the bloody sheep heart. Posture follows.At this time, the old shaman turned around and squeezed the blood of the sheep into the mouth of the new shaman, who spat the blood onto two trees, and then everyone shared the mutton, and the old shaman took the sheep's skin.After three years of teaching in this way, the new shaman can independently dance gods to exorcise ghosts and cure diseases.During the festival, the shaman will gather the whole clan, men, women and children, and use the roe neck skin as a rope to surround them, and use the remaining length of the rope to predict the increase or decrease of the clan population in the future. "Ominaleng" is an important festival for cultivating new shamans in shamanism. It is usually held in August in the Ewenki pastoral area (Chen Barhu Banner).At that time, the shamans, led by a shaman wearing a mask and cassock, came to each yurt and circled three times from east to west.The host family sprinkled them with milk and yogurt at the same time, until the shamans entered the yurt and circled the fire three times.Herdsmen prepare food and utensils for the puja.Everyone gathered outside the yurt where the shaman lived, formed several circles, sang and danced, and entertained day and night.Shamans who have participated in the Ominaleng Festival can add a six-pronged antler to their dharma hat, and then add two more forks to the antlers every time they participate in it, until there are 12 forks.The more pujas you attend, the higher the shaman's level. Among the Ewenki people in Inner Mongolia, it is said that one summer night in ancient times, a car pulled by mules came and a woman with disheveled hair sat on it.Under such circumstances, the village invited nine lamas to chant sutras and practice methods to capture the strange girl and suppress her under stones and mounds of earth, called Aobao. There are colored cloth and colored paper, which become a symbol of the belief of the Ewenki people.People who pass by it will add stones to it. From April to June of the lunar calendar every year, the most people pass by, so adding stones is the most frequent.Later, it gradually became a festival of "Aobaohui" on a selected day during this period every year.On that day, herdsmen from far and near gather in front of the nearby Obo for a horse race first, and then lamas will chant scriptures and perform sacrifices, and the participants will add stones to Obo.Finally, entertainment activities such as wrestling, singing and dancing are carried out to celebrate this traditional religious festival. Among the Daur people in the Qiqihar area of ​​Heilongjiang Province, the "Aobao Sacrifice" event is held every year on the 18th day of the eighth lunar month.In Daur language it is called "Aobao Wobei".On the high hills or mountains near the Daur people's residence, there are conical oboos piled up with stones, which are the symbols of the national protection god or the mountain god.At that time, people dressed in costumes will gather around Obo with boiled cattle, sheep and pork as offerings.Willow or birch branches with green branches and green leaves, as well as colorful flags and cloth strips are inserted on the obo, which symbolizes the harvest of five grains and the prosperity of six animals.When offering sacrifices, incense should be lit around Obo, and white wine and cheese should be sprinkled on it.The shaman's assistant, Bageqi, will read the sacrificial text aloud, while the shaman will dance auspicious dances around Obo and sing prayer songs for gods.All participants kowtowed to Obo, praying for good weather, safe homes and healthy livestock.After the sacrifice, everyone ate sacrifices together, and held horse racing, archery, wrestling, singing and dancing and other activities. The Kyrgyz people living in Fuyu County, Heilongjiang Province used to believe in shamanism and regarded trees as gods.They celebrate the "April 18th Festival". On this day, cattle and sheep are sacrificed to the tree god, and horseback riding and archery activities are held.It is also a festival developed from shamanistic beliefs. The "February Eighth Festival", which is popular among some Yi people, is a festival to worship Miku God.It is said that Miku was an ancient national hero of the Yi nationality, who became a god after death, and everyone worshiped him for this.At that time, all the men in the village will gather under the tallest and ancient tree (dense dry tree) next to the village.Each household should offer a bowl of rice, a small piece of salt, tea, wine and other things.Bimo (wizard) presides over the sacrifice, killing pigs and offering sacrifices to Miku God.After the sacrifice, the participants ate roast pork and pig blood porridge together, and the remaining pork was divided equally among individuals to take home.During the festival, there will also be activities such as singing and dancing, wrestling, swinging, picnics, and bonfire parties. The Dong people living in the northern part of southeast Guizhou will hold a certain procedure of worshiping ancestors on the first Mao day after the minor heat in June of the lunar calendar, which is called "June Festival".As early as 12 days before the festival, the housewives of the same clan will line up to the river in order of seniority to wash zongba leaves, dried bracken, glutinous rice, etc., and then make sweet wine and various foods.During festivals, glutinous rice and fish must be steamed, and the fish must have complete scales and fins.And cook melons, vegetables and new corn together into a pot of rotten vegetables without salt.Then, on the long table, food such as rice, rotten vegetables, fish, bracken, etc. were served on the Yunnan leaves in the order of each room to worship the ancestors.Every room burns paper money before meals, recites prayers, and prays for the blessings of the ancestors. From offering sacrifices to mountains and forests, village gods, ancestors, eating drums, worshiping three spirits, worshiping the Lord, offering sacrifices to three flowers, to shamanism, offering sacrifices to national heroes, and June Festival and other festivals, they are all related to ancestor worship and all things. There are festivals with primitive beliefs such as spirits.In some ethnic groups, these festivals are often held together with the Spring Festival and Qingming Festival.Others are closely combined with other religious beliefs. Since religious beliefs have a certain mass character, these religious festivals are often part of national festivals. People who believe in Islam generally have several major festivals: such as the Holy Ji Festival, Rouzi Festival, Eid al-Adha, Kurban Festival, and Belati Night Festival.Sajri is a festival commemorating the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.Muhammad was born in 570 A.D., on March 12 of the Hijra calendar. According to legend, he died on March 12, the eleventh year of the Islamic calendar (August 6, 632 A.D.), so this day is called "Holy Day". Ji" and "Holy Taboo".Chinese Muslims are used to commemorating the Holy Ji and the Holy Ji together, so there is this Holy Ji Festival.This festival is celebrated among Hui, Dongxiang, Salar, Baoan and other nationalities.At that time, the mosque will be newly decorated, and people will go to the mosque to listen to the imam (hong hong) chanting, preaching, and praising the holy.The story of Muhammad's life is told and a festive meal is held.Some Muslims also donate "merit" (money and things) to the temple.Some families also use brown sugar and flour to make fried oily incense or steamed cakes and give them to each other.In some places, activities such as playing lions and dragon lanterns are carried out. Eid al-Fitr is a free translation of the Arabic "De Feitul".According to regulations, Muslims fast during the ninth month of the Hijra calendar.Look for the new moon (crescent moon) on the last day of Ramadan, and break the fast on the second day after seeing the moon.If the moon is not seen, Eid al-Fitr will be postponed, generally no more than three days. The fasting festival in Xinjiang is called Rouzi Festival, which is a transliteration of Persian and means "fasting".During Ramadan, you must eat Suhoor before sunrise, and you must not eat or drink throughout the day. You must restrain your selfish desires and cut off evil thoughts to show your belief in Allah, except for children, the elderly, the sick, and the sick.At night, you can eat, drink, talk and laugh, and neighbors gather together.Early in the morning of Eid al-Fitr after the full month of Ramadan, the religious people take a bath and go to the mosque to worship, congratulate each other and give each other oil incense.In some Muslim-believing areas in Xinjiang, each family kept on chanting scriptures the night before and did not sleep all night.At dawn, an oil gourd lamp is hung on the tree in the courtyard. When the oil is exhausted and the lamp falls, the gourd should be crushed, which means that all disasters will be broken.People took to the streets one after another, tied the horses with red cloth labels, and tied pheasant feathers with red silk on the mane and tail of the horses, looking beaming.Each family has prepared milk tea, almonds, raisins, honey, and sweets and snacks to entertain the guests. Eid al-Adha, also known as "Kurban Festival", is also called "Ed Azuha" in Arabic. "Ed" means festival, and "Azuha" means sacrifice and devotion, so it is also translated as " Eid al-Adha".It is also translated as Dedication Day and Filial Piety Day.Held on December 10 of the Hijra calendar, it is also the last day of activities for pilgrims in Mecca.According to legend, Ibrahim, the ancestor of the ancient northern Arabs, dreamed that Allah revealed that he killed his own son Mayil to show his piety to Allah.When Ibrahim was about to obey the order, Allah suddenly sent an envoy to bring a black-headed ram (lower) sheep, saying that he had appreciated Ibrahim's loyalty, and asked him to kill the sheep instead of offering a son.Since then, the local tribes have retained the custom of sacrificing animals.All ethnic groups who believe in Islam in Xinjiang attach great importance to the Eid al-Adha. At that time, they will sweep the courtyard, dress up and slaughter cattle and sheep.Generally, lambs under two years old, calves and camels under three years old are not slaughtered.Neither will they kill animals that are blind, or lame, or that have their ears cut off, or those that have lost their tails.The meat obtained is divided into three parts, one part is eaten by oneself, one part is given to relatives and friends, entertaining guests, and one part is donated to the poor, widowed and elderly.But not for sale.The sheepskins were handed over to the mosque, while the blood and bones were buried underground.People came to the mosque decorated with lights, shook hands and hugged each other and wished each other a happy festival.Under the leadership of the head imam, everyone held a festival ceremony, listened to the imam reciting the Qur'an, and watched the sacrifice ceremony.Relatives and friends visit each other at home and taste pilaf, mutton, etc. together.Men gather in the mosque square, hold hands in a circle, and dance together; women dance in the courtyard of their home, with the accompaniment of rewafu and tambourine, a brisk and enthusiastic folk dance.In this festival, Uyghur, Kazak and other ethnic groups also hold horse racing, holding sheep and other activities. The Muslims in Northwest my country celebrate the "Belati Night" on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month in the Hijra calendar, which is called "Zhuan Ye" or "Nian Ye". "Belati" is a Persian transliteration, which means "repentance".It is said that Allah, the Lord, will decide the life and death of people on this night; it is also said that Allah descended to the lowest level of heaven on this night, pardoned the sins of the dead, and relaxed the conditions for entering heaven.Therefore, most Hui people have to fast during the day, and at night they have to chant scriptures, worship, give alms, and pray for the protection of Allah.In the past, the imam of this workshop was invited to every household to recite "Pelati", and all the nights were over.Later, due to the small number of imams, the recitation could not be completed that night, so the recitation was postponed to a few days on the 15th. Tibetan Buddhism, commonly known as Lamaism, was formed and developed mainly in Tibetan areas.Tibetan Buddhism spread in Tibet, Mongolia, Tu, Yugu, Naxi and other ethnic areas.The festivals of Tibetan Buddhism include Merang Chinpo (big call), Chongqu (small call), Tiaoshen Festival, Buddha Sun Festival, Linka Festival, and Ghost Exorcism Festival. "Melang Chinpo" is a transliteration of Tibetan, which means "great prayer", commonly known as "passing the great call".In 1409 AD (the seventh year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty), Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelug Sect, commemorated Sakyamuni and organized a vow and prayer meeting in the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa.Since then, it has been held every year from the 3rd to the 23rd of the first month of the Tibetan calendar.After the death of Tsongkhapa, it was interrupted for 19 years, and then resumed, held every year.The great call to preach is everywhere, and it is on a grand scale.Among them, the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa is the largest, followed by Tashilhunpo Monastery, Kumbum Monastery in Qinghai, and Labrang Monastery in Gansu.During festivals, monks from the three major temples and believers from U-Tsang, Amdo, and Kham all gather in the Jokhang Temple for religious activities.On the night of the 15th, butter flowers and butter lamps were displayed on Bajiao Street in Lhasa to celebrate the festival, which is called "Ju Aquba" (worship on the 15th day), commonly known as "Lantern Festival".It was the busiest moment during the Great Call.When Tsongkhapa first preached the great call, he mainly presented crowns, clothes, faces, butter lamps, gilded bodies, and food to the Buddhas. Later, the content continued to increase.Since the Qing Dynasty, it has been changed to chanting scriptures and preaching the Dharma, examining Gexi, giving alms, dancing gods, sending ghosts, butter lantern festivals, exposing Buddhas, and worshiping Buddhas as the main content. "Chuan Xiaozhao" is called "Chongqu" (also known as Congque) in Tibetan, which means "dedication meeting".After the death of the Dalai Lama V, Diba Sangjiejia did not report his funeral, so this festival was established on the anniversary of his death.It is held in the second month of the Tibetan calendar to carry out relevant religious activities and select second-class Geshes (Cao Renpa Geshes), etc., which only exist in Lhasa, and the scale is smaller than that of Chuan Dazhao. The Tiaoshen Festival is held on December 29th of the Tibetan calendar every year.At that time, the Potala Palace and Mulu Temple in Lhasa will respectively carry out the activities of "dancing gods to exorcise ghosts".The one in the Potala Palace is called "the God of jumping in the palace", and the one in the Mulu Temple is called "the God of Mulu Tiao".Lamas dressed as gods, Buddhas and ghosts go around the Jokhang Temple, firing guns and shouting to get rid of evil spirits.It has the meaning of getting rid of the old year and welcoming the new year. In the agricultural areas of Tibet, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and other places, there is also a traditional Buddha Sun Festival. The festival dates vary from place to place, and are usually held in early February, mid-April or mid-June of the Tibetan calendar.At that time, the monasteries will take out the huge cloth paintings or brocade embroidered Buddha statues from their collections and display them on the hillsides or on the rocks on the cliffs for everyone to watch.Both the Potala Palace and Tashilhunpo Monastery have huge Buddhist altars.In the mid-April of the Tibetan calendar every year in the Potala Palace, dozens of young and strong monks and laymen lift the 100-meter-long five-color brocade embroidered Buddha statue out of the room and hang it on the south side of the fifth floor. One or several pieces are hung, and monks face the Buddha statues to recite Buddhist scriptures and pay respects.The Tashilhunpo Monastery exposes the Buddha on April 15, and the Kumbum Monastery displays the Buddha in front of the mountain on the 15th of the first lunar month. Every year, the Lion Roaring Buddha, Sakyamuni Buddha, Tsongkhapa and Vajrasattva (duo) Buddha statues are displayed. One of.Small temples have a relatively small scale of displaying Buddhas. Litang Temple in Sichuan holds Buddhas in the temple on the 15th of the first lunar month every year, at the same time as the Butter Flower Fair. Linka Festival, called "Zanlin Jisang" in Tibetan, is held every year from May 15th to 24th in the Tibetan calendar in Liulin on the outskirts of Lhasa.It is said that at this time when the gods of the world gather, the masses generally light a kind of incense tree branch, and the cigarettes are lingering, to show their support to the gods and Buddhas.This is a festival for worshiping gods in Tibetan Buddhism.During the period of Chuan Xiaozhao, there is another ghost exorcism festival on the 29th day of the second lunar month in the Tibetan calendar, and a ghost exorcism ceremony will be held in Lhasaru Square.Legend has it that the "ghost" is a follower of the Bon religion, the minister of extermination of Buddhism, and his name is Enlan Dazha Lugong.When holding the ghost exorcism ceremony, a lama should play a half-black and half-white face, and people will drive him to the suburbs with all their strength.The person pretending to be a ghost has to stay in the Samye Monastery for a few days before returning to Lhasa secretly. Theravada Buddhism is a free translation of Sanskrit "Shinayana".In the first and second centuries AD, Indian Buddhism separated into the Mahayana sect that "saves all sentient beings". They derogated the original Buddhism and sect Buddhism that only sought self-liberation as Hinayana.Later, as a special term for Buddhist sects, it no longer contains derogatory meanings.Around the 6th to 8th centuries AD, Theravada Buddhism was introduced to the Dai area of ​​my country. In addition to the Dai, Blang, and De'ang people who believed in Theravada Buddhism, some Achang and Wa areas also believed in Theravada Buddhism.The main festivals of Theravada Buddhism are: Water-Sprinkling Festival, Door-Closing Festival (Dai Nationality), Door-Opening Festival (Dai Nationality), Howasa (Door-closing Festival of the Blang Nationality), Owasa (Door-Opening Festival of the Blang Nationality) and so on. The famous Water-Splashing Festival is popular in Dai, Blang, De'ang, Achang and other ethnic areas in western and southern Yunnan.It is held every year around the Qingming Festival of the lunar calendar, which is also the New Year of the Dai calendar.It is generally believed that this festival originated in India. To commemorate the birth of Sakyamuni, according to the legend that "dragon sprayed incense and rained on the Buddha's body" when the Buddha was born, it came from soaking the Buddha statue with various famous incense.Therefore, it is also called "Buddha Bathing Festival".It probably followed the spread of Theravada Buddhism, and was introduced to the Dai people of my country and other regions through Myanmar, Thailand and Laos.It is generally held for three to four days, the first day is New Year's Eve, the third or fourth day is New Year's Day, and the middle one to two days are "empty days".At the beginning of the festival, women have to clean bamboo buildings, streets, furniture, clothes and so on.Young people pick wild flowers and offer them to Buddhist temples, build several pagodas with sand, and sit around to listen to the Buddha's chanting.At noon, put a Buddha statue in the courtyard, and bathe the Buddha in clear water.After the ceremony in the Buddhist temple, young people, men, women, old and young come out to play and splash water on each other to express their blessings.Many people were soaked all over, but they were very happy, thinking that it would be auspicious.Every family needs to make the traditional "milliolusu" (glutinous rice flour with brown sugar and a fragrant flower called "milliolin", wrapped in banana leaves and steamed), "millihuo" (steamed with steamed glutinous rice, added Brown sugar, made into round slices, dried and eaten with fire or fried), grilled fish, moss vegetables, bait and other ethnic flavor foods.In addition, there are dragon boat races, throwing bags between young men and women, setting off sparks, setting off high rises (the top of a long bamboo pole is tied with a bamboo tube filled with gunpowder, which will fly into the sky after being lit), and setting off Kongming lanterns (long round lights made of rice paper, about six meters high. , two meters in diameter, leave a small hole below, smoke the hole with heat, and ignite the oily cloth bound on the hole to generate heat to make it rise, like a bright lamp hanging in the air) and other activities.With the accompaniment of gongs and drums, people sing and dance to their heart's content.The peacock dance and bamboo hat dance are beautiful and moving.Near the event venue is the place for driving fairs, where all kinds of food and daily necessities are available. When the De'ang people celebrate the Songkran Festival, young men give the bamboo baskets they weave to their favorite girls before the festival.During the festival, the girl carries this bamboo basket on her back, which means that she has fallen in love with this young man.节日的第一天，又叫“采花日”，人们身着盛装，敲铓锣、象脚鼓上山采花，傍晚回村。回村后互赠鲜花，以示友好、吉祥，入夜则欢聚歌舞。次日为泼水高潮，姑娘头插鲜花，各家以米粑、幡旗、桂香、蜡条送往佛寺供奉。人们围塔聆听佛爷念经。浴佛仪式后，人群以象脚鼓为前导，到泉边河旁，热烈泼水。文泼者用花枝沾上舀在勺中的净水，轻洒于对方背上，并为之祝福，被泼者高兴地接受。武泼者则互相追逐，以大量的水泼向对方，被泼者可以躲闪。第三天为节日尾声，青年男女在泼水之余，找意中人谈情说爱，追求异性的垂青。 阿昌族泼水节，又称“桑建节”或“浇花水节”。桑建为椎栗树神之名，他曾战胜恶魔，为人们带来幸福。所以在每年清明节后的第七天，开始过泼水节之时，青年男子都要聚集上山采集椎栗树花。回来时，村内妇女听见象脚鼓声，都到村外迎接，小伙子将花束赠给姑娘，姑娘则回赠以刚刚打制的粑粑。食完后一起歌舞回村，将采来的花束一圈圈地扎在事先准备的竹竿上，成为花塔，或制成花轿，大家围着歌舞，直到深夜。第二、三天，主要浇花，男子敲击象脚鼓与锣等，扛四色旗走在前面，姑娘排成长队到河里挑清水回来浇泼花塔、花轿及轿中佛像。第四天为节日高潮，先请村内50岁以上妇人依年龄排成一队，由姑娘将清水泼在老人们的衣袖或所持的汗巾上，以示祝福长寿。然后未婚男女互泼，他们泼水时十分讲究礼节，同性别及年龄相差大的不能互泼。泼水前要用歌声询问对方是否同意，如同意后，由男方先泼，女方泼还，并互相祝福。对方不愿意时，不能强行泼洒。泼完后，有情人相约去草坡或山地对歌，尽兴而散。 关于泼水节，傣族民间还有一个传说：古代有位神将一年划分为旱、雨、冷三季，并规定了人间播种、中耕、收获的时间，交给另一神掌管。但该神胡作非为，下雨降温不按时，使人间冷热无常，旱涝频仍，瘟疫流行。最高天神英打拉提知道后，便扮成小伙子与该神的七个女儿“串姑娘”，暗中告诉她们父亲的恶行，使这七个姑娘联合起来，大义灭亲。但她们父亲的头颅落地以后便生火灾，姑娘没法，只好轮流抱着父亲的头，不使落地。每当轮换下一人后，姐妹们便打水来冲泼在前一个姐妹的身上，以冲去秽气污臭。傣族百姓为了纪念这几位明晓事理的姑娘，所以每年也在人间泼水，为她们洗身祝福。这个传说，为泼水节增添了扬善抑恶的正义精神。 据传说，每年傣历九月，佛要去西天为母亲讲经，三个月后才返人间。有一次，佛去西天期间，几千教徒下乡传教，踩坏很多庄稼，引起百姓不满。佛知道后，规定他不在的三个月内，教徒集中在一起，关门忏悔，不许去任何地方，于是就有了“关门节”这一节日。傣语叫作“豪瓦萨”。一般在傣历九月十五日(农历七月中旬)举行。到时凌晨各寨佛寺响起鼓声，宣布佛已“进洼”(入佛寺)，老人要将谷花、香、烛、纸钱送到佛的后座。佛徒们前来念经，“赕佛”(以食物、鲜花、蜡烛、货币斋僧献佛)。关门节还宣布从农事繁忙开始，和尚不准随便外出；民间禁止谈情说爱，禁止结婚；进佛寺拜佛的人不能远离家庭到别处过夜等。直到开门节时，这些禁例才自动解除。 开门节在关门节后的三个月，为傣历十二月十五日(农历十月中旬左右)，多在秋收后举行。当日，佛徒们取出佛座上的物品烧掉，以示佛已“出洼”。十六日，和尚们便身着袈裟，出门宣传教义。十七日开始盛大的赶摆活动，在大青树下，筒帕、首饰、饵丝、牛干巴、糯米甜酒等等，应有尽有，成为一个物资丰富的市场。老年人入佛寺拜佛念经，求家庭幸福。中年人热心于象脚鼓比赛，观看孔雀舞和傣戏等。青年男女则在花伞下喁喁细语，有的相约带上食物到幽静处谈情说爱。开门节宣告日常生活的开始，人们也放火花，放高升，点孔明灯，以畅快的心情恢复游乐、恋爱、出外、串亲等种种活动。 布朗族在关门节开始时，各家要送一对蜡烛、一朵鲜花到氏族长(高嘎滚)家，祭祀祖先灵位。并跪下为祖先象征性地洗手洗脚，以求幸福。傣历十二月十五日举行开门节，十四日晚，寨里老人要到佛寺附近的竹楼去住，听佛爷讲经，经文大多是劝人行善的佛教故事等。佛爷还要给来听经的老人滴水祝福。承头赕佛的人要向佛寺献礼。人们也跳象脚鼓舞、燃放火花、放高升，以示庆祝。 云南省德宏一带的阿昌族，信奉小乘佛教，相传农历九月十日是“个打马”(菩萨)从天上取经返回人间的日子。因此每逢这一天，人们要用竹木编扎框架，外面以纸糊裱成青龙、白象，迎接菩萨归来，过一个“敖露”(会街)节日。青年男女在节日夜晚都不睡觉，收集斋米，煮成斋饭，进行供斋活动。白天赶街时，人人身着盛装，挥舞青龙，并由一人藏在白象肚内，拉动连着象鼻滑轮的绳子，使象鼻能上下左右摆动，在锣鼓伴奏下，龙与象要绕寨一周，然后汇集街场进行表演。青龙象征风调雨顺，白象则预示着五谷丰登，人们跳起象脚鼓舞，耍白象，舞青龙，欢乐对歌，衷心期望能有一个人寿年丰、百姓安乐的生活。 基督教传入我国以后，在一部分彝、苗族及云南边境的部分少数民族地区流行。其节日如圣诞节等，各地大致相同。