Chapter 8 Section 7 The Decline of Block Printing in the Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty was a dynasty established by the Manchu nobles.In 1616 AD, Aixinjueluo Nurhachi, the leader of the Jurchen in Jianzhou, Northeast China, established a political power. The country was named Jin, which was called Houjin in history. In 1636, Huang Taiji proclaimed himself emperor and changed Jin to Qing. In 1644, when the Ming Dynasty fell, the Qing army entered the Pass, and Emperor Shunzhi made Beijing his capital. In the early Qing Dynasty, the country was unified, the society was relatively stable, and the politics was relatively clear. The so-called "Kang-Qian Prosperous Age" appeared, which created favorable conditions for the development of the printing industry.At the same time, in order to consolidate the political power, the rulers promoted literary inquisition and severely suppressed the anti-Qing thoughts of intellectuals; on the other hand, they advocated the rule of literature, advocated academic research, and used printing to serve their politics, so the engraving and printing industry continued to develop.In the late Qing Dynasty, foreign invasion, social turmoil, economic decline, national weakness, and cultural activities declined. With the introduction of Western printing, traditional block printing gradually declined, and was finally replaced by new printing technology from the West. .

Block printing in the Qing Dynasty made achievements in official, family and workshop carvings. Among the official engraved editions of the Qing Dynasty, the Wuying Palace edition is the most popular.In the early Qing Dynasty, the court engraved books belonged to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the books engraved were called "Neifu Ben". In 1680, Emperor Kangxi set up a book revision office in the Hall of Martial Arts in the Xihua Gate of the present Forbidden City, and gathered school officials and engraving craftsmen together. Since then, the books of the inner government and the official editions of the Qing Dynasty have been engraved by the Hall of Wuying, and the version of the inner government has been renamed "The Palace of Wuying", or "Dianben" for short.The palace version is famous for its precise collation, high-quality paper and ink, round fonts, clear layout, and dignified binding.For example, the "Thirteen Classics" and "Twenty-one Histories" engraved in the fourth year of Qianlong (AD 1739) were all written and proofread by specially selected ministers, which made the name of the palace version great.Generally speaking, all palace books carved before the thirteenth year of Qianlong (AD 1747) are considered to be no less than Song and Yuan editions.Ye Dehui, a modern copyist, said in his monograph on book collection technology "Ten About Book Collection": "The engraved editions of the Wuying Palace were collated by the curators at that time, and most of them were based on the rare editions engraved in the Song Dynasty, and the punishment was quite strict, so there were few corruptions." Because some books in the palace version are the emperor's own works, or have been reviewed, approved, and revised by the emperor, they are printed with "imperial system", "imperial approval", "imperial decision", "imperial decision", etc. For example, the works of Emperor Kangxi engraved in 1711 are called "Shengzu Yuzhi Anthology" (Figure 13); the famous dictionary engraved in 1716 is called "Imperial Kangxi Dictionary" (Figure 14); in 1739, Emperor Qianlong ordered The engraved official history of the past dynasties is named "Twenty-Four Histories of the Imperial Order".The Wuyingdian engraved editions were most prosperous during the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong dynasties: there were 63 kinds of books from the time of Emperor Kangxi; 71 kinds of books from the time of Emperor Yongzheng;Emperor Qianlong was in power for 60 years, with Youwen as his rule, and more than 100 subsets of scriptures and histories were carved.After Daoguang, the number of palace books has been greatly reduced.

Here we need to record the republishing of the Chinese version of the Tripitaka Qianlong Edition in recent years.This Tibetan scripture is also known as "Dragon Zang" or "Qing Zang".In the eleventh year of Emperor Yongzheng (AD 1733), in order to make the "Tripitaka" "not to be misunderstood and misleading", a library was established in Xianliang Temple in Beijing. Prince Hongzhou of Shuohe and Chaosheng, the presiding officer of Xianliang Temple, were responsible for gathering Buddhist masters to review the scriptures at dawn and night. The carving began in the thirteenth year of Yongzheng (AD 1735) and was completed in the third year of Qianlong (AD 1738). , The speed of engraving and printing this Buddhist Tibetan is unprecedented.In just four years, a total of more than 79,000 double-sided sutra plates were carved, with a total weight of 400 tons. It is the largest engraved classic in my country.This Buddhist scripture has more than 7,000 volumes, 724 letters, and a total of 67 million characters. It contains 1,669 Buddhist scriptures, classified according to scriptures, laws, treatises, and miscellaneous, and is cataloged in the order of "Thousand Characters".The original texts of some of these scriptures, laws, and treatises have long been lost in India.At that time, a total of 100 copies were printed and distributed to monasteries inside and outside Beijing for collection. According to records, 22 more copies were printed later, but less than 30 copies have been preserved to date, and each of them is incomplete.

Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, more than 10 scripture editions of the Tripitaka in Chinese have been engraved in our country, but none of them have survived. One exists in Haeinsa Temple in South Korea, that is, the 80,000 editions of the "Tripitaka"; the other is preserved in Manfuku Temple in Kyoto, Japan, that is, the "Omberber edition" of the "Tripitaka" edition).It originally existed in the Hall of Martial Arts in the Forbidden City, but was moved to the Bolin Temple due to the inconvenience of printing. It is still in the temple and is kept by the Beijing Library.However, after 250 years of ups and downs and the vicissitudes of the world, many scriptures have been lost, decayed, or eaten by rats and insects. In addition, Emperor Qianlong, out of political reasons, three times. He ordered the destruction of the scriptures and confiscated the scriptures, so that this scripture is also incomplete.In recent years, in order to rescue national treasures, preserve Buddhist cultural heritage, and promote traditional Chinese culture, my country's Cultural Relics Publishing House has undertaken the important task of revising and republishing the "Qianlong Edition Tripitaka".In order to gather a complete set of scriptures, they sent special personnel to visit temples and cultural relics institutions in dozens of provinces and cities across the country to check the originals and search for lost books.Several damaged scriptures were found in the Baita Temple in Beijing; in a remote temple in Chaozhou, the scriptures ordered to be destroyed by Emperor Qianlong were accidentally discovered, and these books were copied and brought back to Beijing.In this way, from 1987 to 1990, after three years of collation and compilation, this voluminous and nearly lost "Tripitaka of Qianlong Edition" finally reappeared in its complete appearance.

"Qianlong Edition Tripitaka" is not only an important classic for the study of Buddhism, but also a precious document for the study of ancient oriental languages, literature, art, philosophy, and history. Its republishing today is of great significance.Zhao Puchu, president of the Buddhist Association of China, commented on the publication of the book: "The Tripitaka is an extremely rare monument in the history of human culture. It embodies the wisdom and hard work of generations of Chinese people, and embodies the tenacity and greatness of the Chinese nation. , is a priceless spiritual treasure that we are proud of."

In 1991, when Chinese President Yang Shangkun visited Thailand, he gave this Tripitaka as a national gift to the King of Thailand. Thailand respected the book very much and regarded it as a sacred object.It can be seen that as soon as the book was published, it acted as an envoy of friendship and made an indelible contribution to the communication of cultural exchanges between China and Thailand and the enhancement of the friendship between the people of China and Thailand. In addition to the palace version, the official printed editions of the Qing Dynasty are the local official editions.The local government office is the Yangzhou Poetry Bureau (Official Book Bureau) established in Tianning Temple, Yangzhou, presided over by Cao Xueqin's grandfather Cao Yin. Founded with the remaining money from the Salt Affairs Bureau, it is a publishing organization mainly editing, proofreading, and publishing the books of the inner government.Due to the sufficient funds, the management personnel carefully supervised the department, and the engraved books, regardless of the copying, publishing, printing, paper, collation, and binding, were kept perfect, which can be regarded as a model for engraved books in the Qing Dynasty.For example, there are 10 kinds of books engraved, including "Poems of Song, Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties", "Fu Hui of Past Dynasties", "Remaining Poems of Past Dynasties", "Peiwenzhai Calligraphy and Painting Manual", nearly 3000 volumes, all of which are beautiful and pleasing to the eye.The proofreading is also very meticulous, and the binding is dignified and elegant, and its perfection is no less than that of the Wuyingdian version.In particular, the "Quan Tang Poetry" published in the forty-fourth year of Kangxi (AD 1705) was finely printed on Kaihua paper (because it was produced in Kaihua, Zhejiang, so it was named), and the engraving is the best, and the font is beautiful, the ink color is even, and the paper It is clean and white, and the cover is decorated with light yellow hard paper, and the bookmark is decorated with light yellow silk cloth. It is very beautiful and is known as the representative of Qing Dynasty engraving.For this reason, Emperor Kangxi wrote Zhu Zhu in a memorial: "The engraved book is very good!"

After the Opium War, wars continued in the south. In order to supplement the books lost in the turmoil, the provinces set up official bookstores, and the books engraved were called "block prints".Official Publishing House was founded in the early years of Tongzhi (1862-1874 A.D.) by Zeng Guofan, the governor of Liangjiang at that time, in Nanjing, named Jinling Publishing House (later renamed Jiangnan Official Publishing House).Among the engraved editions, the most famous ones are the "Twenty-Four Histories" jointly engraved by the Five Bureaus (Jinling, Huainan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Hubei). Mao Jin's Jigu Pavilion is the base.Others include "Four Books", "Five Classics", "Wen Xuan", "Historical Records Collection Jie Suo Yin Justice" and so on.Because they were collated by well-known scholars, the engraved books were famous for their precise collation, so that the high officials in the court and China at that time asked for them one after another.After the founding of Jinling Bookstore, other provinces followed suit and set up bureaus to engrave books.For example, the Sixian Bookstore in Changsha, Hunan Province engraved the posthumous note "Wang Chuanshan Posthumous Letter" written by Wang Fuzhi, a beginner in the late Ming and Qing Dynasties, and "Supplementary Notes to Han Shu" and "Ji Jie Jie Han Shu" written by modern philologist Wang Xianqian (AD 1842-1917). , the famous scholar Sun Yirang (1848-1908 A.D.) in the late Qing Dynasty wrote the annotated version of "Mozi", "Mozi Jianwen" and so on.Another example is the Cungu Bookstore in Chengdu, Sichuan, which is presided over by Chengdu Zunjing Academy. The history books and "Shuowen Jiezi Zhu" etc. are engraved with large format, square fonts, clear and clear lines, and eye-catching reading, which are very popular among readers.However, Zhejiang Bookstore is the one with the largest quantity and high quality of official bookstores in various places: first of all, it attaches great importance to the selection of rare books as original copies, such as the engraved "Twenty-two Sons", an anthology of major works of Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties, which is the Zishu series. The most perfect book; secondly, it invites famous experts to collate, such as the Helei book "Yuhai", which has few mistakes and surpasses the palace version; moreover, it also tries to reduce the format, increase the number of lines, and reduce the cost, so that ordinary readers can afford to buy, so It enjoys a high reputation in the "bureau block edition". Most of the "bureau prints" are "imperial compilation" and "imperial" classics and epics, but ordinary reading materials are also printed, and the price is low.It has a large number of engravings and a wide range of circulation, which has played a very good role in the popularization of culture.

In addition, after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established its capital in Nanjing, it set up engraving offices and brush books, and engraved and printed many edicts, proclamations, documents and children's books of the leaders of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, such as "Taiping Edict", "Tianmu System of the Heavenly Dynasty", "New Chapter of Senior Citizens", These books played an important role in exposing the crimes of the Qing government, boosting the morale of the Taiping Army, and promoting the development of the revolutionary struggle. At the same time, Du Wenxiu, a hero of the Hui nationality, led the Hui uprising in Yunnan and established the anti-Qing regime "Pingnan Kingdom" in Dali. In the harsh years of rainy winds and endless wars, he spared no effort to invest a lot of manpower and material resources, and finally published 30 volumes of "Bao Ming Zhen Jing" by "Generalissimo Du Xinjuan" in 1862. The title of the book is in Chinese, and the classics The text is in Arabic, which is the earliest Arabic block edition in China. Its first publication provided conditions for the religious life and study of Muslims at that time, and at the same time prompted the majority of Muslims to support and support the Dali regime.But four years later, the Qing army occupied Dali and burned down the printing place and all the prints of "Bao Ming Zhen Jing".Later, Ma Lianyuan, a famous Islamic scholar and scripture teacher, engraved Arabic for the second time around 1895. It was written by Tian Jiapei Haji, a famous Arabic calligrapher, and more than 20 master engravers from Sichuan were hired to engrave it.The calligraphy of this book is strong, as if it was completed in one go, the layout is eye-catching and beautiful, the binding is simple and elegant, and the opening of the book is refreshing and pleasing to the eye. It is deeply loved by Muslims at home and abroad.After the publication of the first edition, it became very popular at home and abroad. Muslims in Nanjing, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Northwest China, Thailand, Myanmar and other places enthusiastically ordered it, and nearly 1,000 copies were issued at one time.So far, all scriptures are still preserved in the Nancheng Mosque in Kunming City. According to statistics in recent years, there are 1,946 engravings, with a total of 3,576 pages, and 30 volumes of scriptures are intact.This is the most precious cultural heritage of Chinese Muslims, and it is also a rare historical relic of the Hui nationality. Even Islamic countries have never owned it. It can be called "the isolated version in China".

In addition to official engravings, private engravings in the Qing Dynasty included high-ranking officials and eunuchs who used public or private funds to engrave books in order to gain the reputation of being "study"; there were famous literati who engraved the poems and essays of their predecessors and themselves in order to spread academic achievements. There are well-known bibliophiles and collation scholars, who either reproduce rare books, or compile and collate series of books, and anecdotes.Among them, the famous ones are: 30 collections of "Zhibuzhai Series" compiled and engraved by Bao Tingbo in Shexian County, Anhui Province during the Qianlong period, which compiled 207 works from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, including textual research on classics and history, arithmetic, epigraphy, geography, collections of poetry and prose, and bibliographies.The Bao family has a rich collection of books, and there are rare copies of rare books in many generations. He took the meaning of "learn and then know enough", and named his room "Knowledge not fast".Bao Tingbo himself once won the fame of juren for presenting books to the imperial court.He also asked his son to present more than 600 books to Emperor Qianlong, making him the crown of book collectors at that time.He is knowledgeable, especially good at collation.The series of books he collected and engraved enabled some long-lost books to be handed down to the world.At this time, there was also the "Shiliju Series" compiled and engraved by Huang Pilie in Wu County, Jiangsu Province, which selected 19 kinds of ancient books. It is valued by bibliophiles.Huang Pilie is also a famous bibliophile. He has a library with more than 100 Song editions, so he named it "One Hundred Songs [chan Chan]".The books he engraved are famous for imitating rare books.For example, "Guoyu", an engraved history book of different countries in Song Dynasty, recorded the history of Zhou, Lu, Qi, Jin, Zheng, Chu, Wu, and Yue; , These books were all collated by Gu Guangqi (word Qianli), the "first person in collation in the Qing Dynasty", and their subtlety surpassed that of the Song version.There are also 30 collections of "Yue Ya Tang Series" compiled and engraved by Wu Chongyao, Nanhai, Guangdong during the Xianfeng Period, which compiled 190 kinds of ancient books, each with postscripts, describing the author's life and the origin of the book.He also engraved 61 kinds of "Lingnan Posthumous Letters", all of which were written by Guangdong scholars from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, especially the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Wu Chongyao started his career as an opium seller. He was qualified to be a juror because of his donations in Jifu, and later he donated money to buy the title of chief envoy. Scholars were hired to collate and publish these comprehensive series of books.However, the Qian family in Jinshan (now Jinshan County, Shanghai) had the most privately engraved books and lasted the longest. From Qianlong to Daoguang years, they engraved books without interruption, and engraved many historical books, medical books and series of books, especially the " There are 230 series of books such as Shoushange Series, Zhihai, Zhu Cong Bielu, etc., which compile ancient works that are lost but only survived or are rarely circulated.These collections preserve a great deal of ancient material.

In short, as far as the series of books engraved by private individuals in the Qing Dynasty is concerned, there are as many as 2,000 kinds, most of which are carefully edited and engraved, which can be described as too beautiful to behold.Therefore, these calligraphers can be said to have made significant contributions to the preservation of Chinese classical documents and the research on Chinese culture. Among the private engraved editions, there are many writings carefully written by famous calligraphers and engraved by famous engravers.Like the "Yaofeng Wenchao" written by the famous calligrapher Lin Ji in the Kangxi period, the "Yaofeng Wenchao" written by the essayist Wang Wan (known as Mr. Yaofeng), the "Wuting Wenbian" written by Chen Tingjing, and the poet Wang Shizhen (known as Yuyangshanren) His "Gufu Yuting Manuscript" and "Yuyangshanren Essence Record" are known as "Lin's Four Writings" and are relatively well-known fine prints.

Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, private engraving of books was still popular.The reason, apart from the fact that many scholars hide themselves in their study for fear of death, is also related to the society at that time strongly urging people to engrave books.Zhang Haipeng, a calligrapher, often said to people: "Collating books is not as good as reading, and reading is not as good as engraving books; reading is only for yourself, and engraving books can benefit others; the spirit of the author is used to live long, and the spirit of the future is used to benefit future studies. The way is wider." (See Volume 6 of "Collecting Books Chronicle Poems") Zhang Zhidong, governor of Huguang in the late Qing Dynasty, also persuaded people to engrave books. ), She Zhibao (She County Bao Tingbo), Nanhai Zhiwu (Wu Chongyao), Jinshan Zhiqian (Qian Xizuo), their names will not be lost in five hundred years." Moreover, engraved books can "pass on the essence of the sages. Yun, enlightening the difficulties of later learning, also the first task of benefiting, and the elegant talk of accumulating goodness" (see "Bibliography and Answers").Ye Dehui, a modern bibliophile, also persuaded people: "Accumulating funds is not as good as accumulating books, and accumulating books is not as good as accumulating yin virtues. It is true. Now there is one thing. Accumulating books and accumulating yin virtues are both, and they are no different from accumulating funds, so engraving books is also the case. He also cited the examples of Wuzhao's descendants in the late Shu Dynasty and Jiguge Maojin in the late Ming Dynasty, saying that they "are admirable because they engraved books, or their descendants lived on their salary, or protected themselves in troubled times, or passed down hundreds of years of editions" (see "Shu Lin Qing talk").In his opinion, engraving books is good for fame, profit, and descendants.Therefore, at the end of the Qing Dynasty, private engraving of books became common practice. In the Qing Dynasty, official and privately printed books were mostly supplied to the bureaucratic landlord and scholar-bureaucrat class, while the supply of popular reading materials needed by the people still relied on folk bookstores. Bookstores in the Qing Dynasty were very common.There are more than 100 bookstores in Beijing, most of which are concentrated in Longfu Temple and Liulichang.The bookstores in Liulichang are the most prosperous. It developed rapidly from the middle of the Qing Dynasty. According to some statistics, from the middle of the Qing Dynasty to the early years of the Republic of China, there were 62 bookstores in Liulichang, publishing a total of 246 kinds of books.At one time, more than 300 bookstores opened at the same time. Some of these bookstores were mainly selling books, and some were also engraving and publishing.In addition to printing and selling the general classics and history books and stereotyped prose examination papers for the Beijing Examination, they mainly printed novels, folk songs, folk songs, riddles, dictionaries, medical books, Guci and elementary Manchu textbooks and other popular reading materials needed by the folk in daily life.Some bookstores specialize in engraving a certain type of books. For example, Wenguangtang and Yinghuatang mostly publish Manchu books; Sanhuaitang and Hongyuantang publish books in both Manchu and Chinese (Figure 15); Zunguzhai is good at printing Fine arts and archaeological works; Suiyazhai mostly engraved its own collection of books (the Chinese bookstore in Liulichang still uses the name of Suiyazhai).There are many books here that are rare, hard-printed or celebrity manuscripts, so many famous scholars often visit and ask for books, and even rent houses nearby for convenience, such as the aforementioned Huang Pilie, Wang Shizhen and textual scholars. Sun Xingyan (AD 1753-1818) and others all lived near Liulichang.After more than 200 years of changes, Liulichang has developed into a famous cultural market in Beijing today.The buildings along the street, carved beams and painted buildings, are antique and fascinating. The ancient books and new books, antique calligraphy and paintings, and the four treasures of the study are displayed in each store.The most famous bookstore in Longfu Temple is the Juzhen Hall of Liu Yinglie (named Kuiwu). It is not only good at movable type printing, but also engaged in block engraving.Most of the engravings are Confucian classics. The cover is titled "South of Longfusi Street, Kyoto, Juzhentang Shufang Zihang", with a double-line inscription, and "Juzhentang Collection Edition" is engraved under the center of the plate.The engraved books have been carefully selected and collated in detail. The calligraphy and paintings are clear, and the paper and ink engraving are all top-grade. There are more than 50 bookstores in Suzhou, publishing classics and history, medical books and a large number of novels and operas, and the most engraved books are Xijia Saoye Shanfang, which was founded in the Ming Dynasty.During the Qianlong and Jiaqing years of the Qing Dynasty, the most history books were printed. The owner at that time was Xi Shichen (styled Linzai). Every time he got a rare book, he had to proofread it himself and immediately printed it. Therefore, he was highly praised by bibliophiles.The history books he engraved include the biographical history book of the Eastern Han Dynasty "Dong Guan Han Ji" edited by Ban Gu and others (because the book was compiled in Luoyang Nangong Dong Guan, hence the name), and the chronicle miscellaneous history written by Qian Yan of the Song Dynasty, which records the historical events of the Wuyue Kingdom in the Five Dynasties period "Wuyue Beishi", the Northern Song biographical history book "Eastern Capital History", "Five Dynasties Outer History", "Khitan Kingdom Chronicles", "Dajin Guozhi", "Southern Song Dynasty Book", "Yuan History Leibian", etc. .Later, the scope of engraving books expanded, and besides the classics and history collections, there were hundreds of kinds of enlightenment books used in engraving notebook novels and village schools.Later, branch offices were established in Shanghai, Songjiang, Hankou and other places, and the business was very developed, becoming the longest-running and most influential bookstore in the Qing Dynasty. In addition, there are also many bookstores in Guangzhou and Foshan towns in Guangdong, where many novels and daily medical books are engraved.As for the bookstores in Hangzhou, Huizhou, and Nanjing at this time, they were far less prosperous than in the Ming Dynasty.The bookstore in Masha Town, Jianyang, has been in decline for hundreds of years from the Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty. However, during the Jiaqing period (1796-1820 A.D.), a fire occurred, which reduced the old bookstore here together with the old book editions to ashes. Afterwards, it fell apart. In the Qing Dynasty, there were bookstores in all provinces, with the most engraved books and a wide range of distribution, which made great contributions to the development of culture and popularization of education. In the history of engraving printing in the Qing Dynasty, wax printing and panel printing also appeared.In the early years of Daoguang (1821-1850 A.D.), the government office of Guangdong Province used the wax printing method to print Xingyuan banknotes every day, that is, the provincial government bulletin. This is the second use of this low-quality printing method since the Northern Song Dynasty.At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Liang Qichao and others also adopted the method of engraving and printing with white flour plates in order to publicize the reform, and printed some propaganda materials.These two printing methods, due to the poor printing effect, are naturally difficult to carry out for a long time, and they have become a small episode in the history of woodblock printing. The printmaking art of the Qing Dynasty was not inferior to that of the Ming Dynasty in the early Qing Dynasty, and some works are quite commendable.Like Xiao Yuncong (AD 1596-1673), a painter in the early Qing Dynasty, who was good at painting landscapes, and also worked on figures, and wrote poems and prose well.His illustrations of Qu Yuan's "Lisao" "Lisao Picture" are deeply conceived and touching, with vivid facial expressions and flowing and powerful clothing lines; 43 Landscapes of Taiping, Anhui, with poems and prose, the poems all use ancient sentences, and the paintings are all based on ancient methods. It can be said to be the culmination of Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming landscape paintings.These two sets of works were carved by Liu Rong, Tang Yi, Tang Shang and others who were good at woodcarving at that time.The former was engraved in 1645 and the latter in 1648.In addition, Jiao Bingzhen, a famous court painter during the Kangxi period, was good at painting figures, as well as landscapes, flowers, and towers. He absorbed the perspective light and dark painting methods in religious paintings brought by Western missionaries, and the landscapes, figures, and towers he painted were from far to near. , arrogant but small, unhappy, deeply loved by Emperor Kangxi.He repainted 46 pieces of the "Imperial Farming and Weaving Picture" based on the painting of the same name in the Song Dynasty. On the upper right of each painting, there is an original poem in the Song painting, and on the top of the sky there is a poem inscribed by Kangxi. In the picture of "Transplanting Seedlings", the original poem inscribed in the Song painting is: Kangxi's poem is: Time.Tongxinxin's masterpiece, it's never too late for Yueming to go back.