Chapter 5 Section 4 The Prosperity of Block Printing in Song Dynasty and the Printing Industry of Liao, Jin and Xixia

In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin replaced the Hou Zhou regime and established the Song Dynasty, with Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan) as its capital, known as the Northern Song Dynasty in history. In 1127, Jin destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, and Zhao Gou rebuilt the Song Dynasty. Later, Lin'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province) was established as the capital, which was called the Southern Song Dynasty in history.During this period in the north, the minority regimes that stood side by side with the Song Dynasty included Liao, Xixia and Jin. The Song Dynasty was the golden age of woodblock printing.

The Song Dynasty government paid more attention to education.In the center there are schools of Guozi, martial arts, law, arithmetic, medicine, painting, etc.; in the local area there are county schools, prefectural schools, county schools, academies, family schools, and houses.In 1093 A.D., the number of Taixue students in the Northern Song Dynasty reached more than 3,100; in 1203, as many as 37,000 candidates applied for the Taixue Examination in the Southern Song Dynasty. It can be seen that education in the Song Dynasty was quite developed.Due to the development of education, the amount of books needed also increased greatly, which promoted the development of the printing industry; at the same time, the output and quality of paper and ink in the Song Dynasty exceeded the previous generation, and prepared a material basis for the development of the printing industry; In addition, the Song court itself strongly rewarded engraved books, like Wu Keqin, a descendant of Wu Zhaoyi, who became an official because he donated the book editions of "Selected Works" and "Beginners". The Wu family also made a fortune from engraving books. It is said that The family is rich.Another example is Lu Zuqian, a scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, who contributed 150 volumes of "Song Wenjian", a collection of poems and essays in the Northern Song Dynasty compiled by himself, and received a large amount of silver and silk from the court.It is for these reasons that block printing in the Song Dynasty developed by leaps and bounds.

Block printing in the Song Dynasty had great development in official engraving, family engraving and workshop engraving. First of all, all levels of government in the Song Dynasty were committed to engraving books, such as the central Guozijian, the three institutions in charge of the national library (Zhaowenguan, Jixianyuan, Shiguan), Mige, Chongwenyuan and Secretary Province (National Library), etc. , these cultural institutions have published a large number of books, especially Guozijian engraved the most books.At that time, someone said: "The group of books printed by Guozijian, although the prosperity of the Han and Tang Dynasties, cannot be added." There are as many as 110 kinds of Jianshu in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty.Among them are the Confucian classics, the official history, which is called the masterpiece of historians edited by Sima Guang, most of the chronicle history books, most of the books, Laozi and other books.In addition to these orthodox documents, there is also a medical work "Kaibao Materia Medica" (named because it was engraved in the Kaibao period of Emperor Taizu of Song Dynasty), and it is "widely awarded to the world, and passed on."Especially the supervised edition in the third year of Qiande (965 A.D.), which is a rare treasure among ancient Chinese books, is now in the Beijing Library.

Other government agencies engraved, such as the "Song Xingtong" edited by Dou Yi, which was engraved by Dali Temple in 963 AD. 1023-1031), the famous agricultural book "Qimin Yaoshu" engraved by the Chongwen Academy, which was said to be "unavailable to the imperial court dignitaries" at that time; there are also "Zhou Bi [ Bi Bi〕 Suan Jing (Figure 4), "Nine Chapters of Numeracy", "Sun Tzu's Suan Jing" and "Ten Books of Suan Jing"; there are also many related to history, philosophy, astronomy and calendar, science and technology, poetry articles, entertainment Games and books such as Buddhist and Taoist classics.In addition to being issued to various places for official use, official engraved books are also allowed to be sold as a fiscal revenue for the government.

At the same time, local government agencies at all levels also imitated the central method to engrave books one after another.Among them are those engraved by the state (government, army) and county government offices, such as the one engraved by Jiangning Prefecture (where the government is located in Nanjing City) in 1058-1059 AD; the research monograph "Mao Shi Zhengyi" engraved by Shaoxing Prefecture in 1139 AD, etc.In addition, some local officials used public funds to engrave books at that time, and then smuggled them back to their hometowns to sell them for extra money. For example, Tang Zhongyou, the magistrate of Taizhou (where the government is located in Linhai County, Zhejiang Province today) (the chief executive at the state level) was such a fake public servant. people.There are also engravings of various envoys and agencies. For example, in 1069 AD, the Tea and Salt Department of Liangzhe East Road (now eastern Zhejiang, where the government is located in Shaoxing) engraved important medical books in our country. Today, there are only two volumes in the Beijing Library; in 1147, Fujian Road ( The Transshipment Department, where the government is located in today's Fuzhou City, has reprinted the most popular etc.It is also engraved by the Minister's Treasury.It turns out that all agencies of the local government in the Song Dynasty had envoy warehouses, just like today's guest houses.The minister's treasury has the so-called minister's money, which is not only used to entertain past officials for free, but also allowed to engrave books with the minister's treasury money.Some envoys have set up book printing bureaus, which specialize in engraving books, and the books published are called envoys.Among them, the more famous ones are engraved in 1133 by the envoy of the Liangzhe East Road Tea and Salt Department; in 1183, Sima Guang's "Sima Wen Gong Ji" was engraved by the envoy of Quanzhou, Fujian.These official editions are often collated by well-known scholars, and their quality is better than that of ordinary local editions.

In addition, local academies and various schools also have engraved copies. For example, in 1265, Jian’an Academy in Jianning Prefecture engraved Zhu Xi’s “Mr. The prefectural school (where the government is located today in Jiande, Zhejiang Province) engraved the first chronicle history book "Tongjian Jishi Benmo" written by Yuan Shu, a historian of the Southern Song Dynasty, and Quanzhou Zhouxue engraved the geography book " "Yu Gong Lun", this book is rated as "exquisite paper and ink, just like the first extension of "Huang Ting", radiant and radiant, and it is a masterpiece of engraved books in Song Dynasty".Academies and schools generally have learning fields, funds, and manpower. They are well-edited and printed, and they are an important part of the engraving business in the Song Dynasty.In short, in the Song Dynasty, from the central government to the local government, government agencies and cultural institutions of all sizes engraved a lot of books.

At that time, the government of the Song Dynasty also issued an official newspaper—"Di Bao", or "Chao Bao". Su Dongpo's poems can be seen: "Sit in the mansion to report on the old man, and gossip about Chushan to remember the drunken old man." The contents of the Di Bao It mainly includes the emperor's edict, daily words and deeds, government decrees and bulletins, memorials of officials at all levels, rewards and punishments for officials' promotion, work reports of various central agencies, and the battle situation of frontier garrisons, etc.After the Mansion Report has been reviewed by the Menxia Province (the agency in charge of the examination and approval of national decrees), the officials sent by each state and county to the capital will send the report according to the prescribed date (such as once every day, every five days, every 10 days, or once a month) ) to send.At that time, there were about 120-150 Jinzuo officials stationed in the capital, and they were under the jurisdiction of Shangdu (that is, the capital) Jinzao Academy (local office in Beijing).Mansion newspapers are not allowed to report "confidential" news, otherwise it will be considered a "violation of the system".In addition to distributing to government departments at all levels, the Mansion Newspaper was also allowed to be sold. At that time, there were people who sold Chaobao in Kyoto.Most of the Di Bao was copied, and only a small part of the manuscript was printed and distributed by "block printing". However, some scholars believe that the printing industry was developed in the Song Dynasty, and the Di Bao should be a printed matter.

In the Song Dynasty, illegally published tabloids run by private individuals, officials, envoys, middle and lower-level officials of government agencies and owners of bookstores also appeared.Most of the tabloids published "challenge affairs" and other gossip that the government had not made public, so the tabloids were also called "news". Since then, the word "news" has been associated with newspapers.Its materials come from the "internal investigation" and "yamen investigation" that reported news within the palace and within the imperial court.Because most of the tabloids are "news" published first, they are very popular in the society.A tabloid publisher publishes one piece every day and sells it in the society, which can "reap unrealistic profits" and make a lot of money.However, tabloids often violated the imperial court's prohibition, and were severely banned by the government on the charges of "creating false rumors" and "spreading chaos".Most of the tabloids are handwritten, and a few are engraved.However, some scholars believe that since tabloids are for making money, hiring people to copy them will not have to pay the loss, and treat it as printed matter.It is a pity that no matter whether it is a newspaper or a tabloid, there is nothing left today.

Secondly, there were also many privately engraved books by scholar-bureaucrats in the Song Dynasty.Some engraved their own works; some engraved the works of their ancestors; some engraved the works of their teachers and friends;These privately engraved books became popular in the Southern Song Dynasty, and many famous editions were privately engraved.For example, Cai Mengbi, the Sanfeng of Jianxi, Fujian, carved many books, among which the "Historical Records Collection Jie Suoyin" engraved in 1171 has been handed down to this day.The book's engraving, printing, paper and ink are all excellent.The "Historical Records Collection Jie Suoyin Justice" engraved by Huang Shanfu in Jian'an during the Shaoxi period (1190-1194 AD) is the earliest in existence, and many reprints in later generations are based on Huang Shanfu's "Historical Records".He also engraved "Book of Han" and "Mr. Dongpo's Poems". pushed to a new level.The "Historical Records" and "Han Shu" engraved by him and the "Hou Han Shu" engraved by Liu Yuanqi in Jian'an during this period are very similar in terms of format, font, knife technique, and ink color. They may belong to the same engraving worker, and Huang and Liu respectively contribute.These three books are all collected in Japan, and are very cherished, and have been designated as Japan's "National Treasures"."Shicaitang" (the name of the book building) in Liao Yingzhong, Shaowu, Fujian, engraved "the best book of the 'Nine Classics' in the late Southern Song Dynasty. It was compiled by more than a hundred people for comparison with dozens of copies."In addition, the engravings of "Chunqiu Jingzhuan Jijie" and "Analects of Confucius" are exquisite.In particular, he engraved the "Mr. Changli Collection" by Han Yu, a famous essayist in the Tang Dynasty (Figure 5), and the "Mr. Hedong Collection" by Liu Zongyuan. It is so excellent that it is regarded as the standard printed edition of Hanliu Anthology, and bibliophiles regard it as the top grade of Song edition books.Lu Ziyu (yuyu), the son of Lu You, engraved his father's "Weinan Anthology" in 1220. The engraving is extremely fine, and it is now in the collection of the Beijing Library.The "Nine Classics" and "Three Biography" engraved by Yue Fei's grandson, Yue Ke, were all written by "famous scholars of the classics, who repeatedly participated in the book, and ordered good workers to enter the catalpa".His engraved collation monograph "Changzheng Nine Classics and Three Biography History Cases" is even more accurate in detail for books, calligraphy and paintings, annotations, phonetic interpretations, sentence readings, and differences in examination.Today's Beijing Library still has a volume of "Zhou Li", his engraved book describing the political system of the pre-Qin Dynasty.These privately engraved books are generally rigorously collated and exquisitely engraved.

Furthermore, it is Fang Ke.Square engravings in the Song Dynasty occupied an important position in the book engraving industry, and the engraved books were called "square engravings".Fangke refers to the bookstores opened by general booksellers, specializing in engraving books for the purpose of profit.Some ordinary people still make a living by engraving books. The so-called "small people also turn to their relatives to get food and clothing".There are many bookstores in many cities, and the bookstores have their own writers, engravers and printers.The most famous bookstores in the Song Dynasty were the "Wanjuantang" and "Qinyoutang" of Yu's family in Jian'an, Fujian.Since the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yu family has been engraving books for more than 600 years, and has engraved a large number of books. Until the Ming Dynasty, the Yu family's engraved books were still famous far and wide.Even in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, there were still people in the Yu family running a bookstore, which attracted the attention of Emperor Qianlong. He issued an order to the Military Aircraft Department: to select honest and proper personnel, good at making visits, searching for evidence and replaying.Yujiashufang has made important contributions to the spread of culture.Among the handed down Song editions of Wanjuantang, there is "Spring and Autumn Gongyang Jingzhuan Jiegu" written by He Xiu, a Confucian scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty, inscribed in 1191. Qin Youtang has a biographical literature describing the deeds of more than 100 women in ancient times written by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty (Fig. 6).The Eastern Han Dynasty Zhengxuan's Notes and Tang Lu Deming's Yinyi "Zhou Li" engraved in Wanjuantang were rated as "perfect stippling and excellent paper and ink" by the people of the Qing Dynasty.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, Chen Qi's book shop in Lin'an was also very famous.Chen Qi, courtesy name Zongzhi, was born in Qiantang, Zhejiang, because his room was named Yunjulou, so he was named Yunju.He is not only a publisher, but also versatile, good at poetry and painting.He is bold and open-minded, and made friends with many underappreciated poets in the rivers and lakes, and expressed sympathy for them.For this reason, he compiled and printed "Jianghu Collection" and "Sixty Famous Sages of the Southern Song Dynasty", which spread the works of many unknown poets at that time.The books he publishes are not only cheap, but also those who buy books can pay on credit, and "there is no money for books on credit"; those who can't afford them can be borrowed. It reflects his character of being kind to others and being filial to his mother, so he won the reputation of "literati only bosom friend" and "famous names in Jianghu".His book shop is located in Lin'an Pengbei Street, "the gate is opposite to the Guanhe River, and the eaves are under the shade of willow trees", which is a good place for dancing and writing.So someone wrote a poem saying: The deep water of the Guanhe River is green and long, and the phoenix trees outside the gate are counting autumn leaves. Among them is Chen Xueshi, who recites poems to entertain his life's worries. The books published by the bookstores in this area are called "shed editions" or "book shed editions" by bibliophiles.His son Chen Xuyun also inherited his father's business. Father and son successively ran bookstores and published more than 100 books, especially engraved a large number of poetry anthologies. Almost all the famous poets of Tang and Song dynasties were missing.The ones that have been handed down so far include "Poetry Collection of Du Shenyan", "Collection of Poetry of Zhou He", "Collection of Poetry of Wang Jian", "Collection of Poetry of Zhu Qingyu", "Collection of Poems of Tang Girl Yu Xuanji", "Collected Works of Meng Dongye" by Meng Jiao (Figure 7), etc. There are more than 20 kinds; in the Song Dynasty, there were "Tanghu Poetry Draft" by Yue Ke, and "Anwantang Collection" by Zheng Qingzhi (named Anwan).These books are beautifully and exquisitely carved, and they are representative works of the Chen family's engraved editions.Because Chen Qi is a scholar and has the book "Yun Juyi Manuscript", he is different from other booksellers. The fine works are quite cherished by book collectors in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition, there are Yin's family in Lin'an, Liu's family in Masha Town, Jianyang, Rong Liulang's family who originally lived in Kaifeng and moved to Lin'an, and many bookstores in Shanxi, Jianghuai, Huguang, Sichuan and other places, all of which have engraved a wide variety of books.Block-cut editions pursue novel titles, content suitable for social needs, and timely engraving, so they are widely marketed and play a very important role in invigorating the culture of the Song Dynasty. Compared with the above three types of engraved editions, the official engraved edition spares no expense in the engraving materials, and the printing is beautiful and elegant.The manuscripts are carefully collated.In order to make more money and save labor and materials, the printed editions are arranged in tight rows and dense characters.There are very few of the three printed editions of the Song Dynasty handed down to the present, so bibliophiles cherish them very much. As can be seen from the above, the book engraving industry in the Song Dynasty was quite developed. The engraving centers in the Song Dynasty mainly included the capital cities of Kaifeng and Lin'an, Fuzhou, Jianning, and Jianyang in Fujian, and Chengdu and Meishan in Sichuan. Kaifeng was the political, commercial and cultural center of the Northern Song Dynasty.In addition to a large number of books engraved by the Imperial College and other academies and ministries, there are also many bookstores that print and sell books.The area around the East Gate Street of Xiangguo Temple is where bookstores are concentrated. Some of them have red-edged white cloth signs of "Dui (Yue) Keshufang" in front of them, and some have written the words "Fa Dui Ancient and Modern Books".During the Xiangguo temple fair, customers are bustling with each other, various vendors are clamoring for sales, and there is a constant flow of vehicles, horses and pedestrians, which is very lively.Booksellers also try their best to sell books, some sell books by gambling in disguise;In Zhang Zeduan's "A Picture of Rising the River During the Qingming Festival", there is a bookstore among many shops along the river, and the owner is talking with customers.Li Qingzhao, a famous poetess in the Southern Song Dynasty, recorded in the "Preface to Jinshilu" written in 1132 AD that her husband Zhao Mingcheng (Jinshi textual research) was studying in Taixue in his early years, and he went to Xiangguo Temple to buy books every holiday. You can see that Xiangguo Temple The area has always been a concentrated place for printing and selling books.These all reflect the prosperity of Kaifeng's printing industry.However, after Kaifeng was captured by the Jin soldiers in 1127, many book printing plates were transported as spoils of war to the capital of Jin (now Beijing); . In 1138 AD, after the Southern Song Dynasty established Lin'an as its capital, Lin'an became the political, economic and cultural center.Since the Northern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou has enjoyed the reputation of "a land with beautiful mountains and lakes, the first state in the southeast".The business here is prosperous, the handicraft industry is developed, and the book engraving industry is prosperous.The number of engraving workers is not only large, but also skilled. Therefore, many books published by the Song government have to be sent to Hangzhou for plate making. Many supervised books were engraved in Hangzhou. Even the Goryeo Kingdom at that time entrusted businessmen to engrave Buddhist scriptures in Hangzhou. Version.There are more than 20 bookstores in Lin'an City, some of which even have branch offices.They either engraved Buddhist scriptures, anthologies, history books, or engraved poetry, singing books, novels and stories, or engraved books about entertainment games, divination, and gambling.At that time, a "Chaojing Mileage Map" similar to today's traffic tour map was published, which was sold at the Baita Bridge on the main road to Hangzhou. Very clear."In addition, the boards for playing chess and the playing cards are all printed. In short, the engraved content is very extensive, and the Hangzhou version is well-printed, ranking first in the printing industry in the country at that time. The "Wangyou Qingyue Collection" now stored in the rare book library of the Beijing Library is a Hangzhou block edition. This is a Go book edited by Li Yimin, the chess master of the Imperial Academy of the Southern Song Dynasty. "And got the name.This book is the earliest monograph on Go in our country. He collected the previous writings about Go and the famous chess games and game scores handed down from the past dynasties, and compiled them to form a book with actual games and theory. Guided systematic works.The book has beautiful fonts, skillful knife skills, pure ink colors, clear lines, simple and generous, and fully demonstrates the style and features of Hangzhou block editions in the Song Dynasty. In Fuzhou, Fujian Province, the book engraving industry flourished during the Northern Song Dynasty.Here is rich in human and material resources, and the education industry is developed. There are "book clubs" (schools) in every township. There are hundreds of students, and dozens of students. Schools are not like Xuli Lane, and people in the city are half-reading", which promotes the development of the engraving industry in this area.The people here used to believe in Buddhism under the rule of Fujian and Wuyue. In order to promote Buddhism, the faithful men and women tried their best to raise donations and print Buddhist scriptures. From 1080 to 1103, it took 23 years. Finally, the Dongchan Temple in Fuzhou raised money. The inscription was engraved into "Fuzhou Dongchan Temple Tripitaka" (referred to as "Fu Zang"), with a total of more than 6,000 volumes and 580 letters.This Tibetan scripture is the first Tripitaka collected and engraved by the people in our country. It was engraved in the second year of Chongning (1103 A.D.) of Emperor Huizong of Song Dynasty and "in order to wish the emperor a long life, the country is prosperous and the people are safe", so it is also called "Chong "Ning Wanshou Great Collection" (referred to as "Chongning Collection"), today there are scattered volumes in the Forbidden City, Beijing Library, and Shanghai Library.Less than 10 years after the engraving of "Fu Zang", the Kaiyuan Temple in Fuzhou City initiated a fundraising campaign. With the support of believers, it also began to engrave the Tripitaka in 1112. It was not completed until 1151, which took nearly 40 years.A total of 6132 volumes, 595 letters, known as the "Vairoccan Tripitaka", or "Virocaka". During the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, he vigorously promoted Taoism, searched and visited Taoist posthumous writings in many ways, and ordered the Taoist priest Liu Yuandao to correct and finalize the Dazang. In the sixth to seventh years of Zhenghe (AD 1116-1117), it was printed in Wanshou Temple in Minxian County, Fuzhou. , a total of 5,481 volumes and 540 letters. It is named "Zhenghe Wanshou Taoist Collection" because of the Wanshou Temple engraved in the Zhenghe period. This is the first collection of Taoist classics in my country.Later, when the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Song Dynasty, the Taoist scriptures were completely burned, so they have been lost. The above two Buddhist scriptures and one Taoist scripture were engraved with a total of about 300,000 blocks, most of which were produced in Fuzhou in the Northern Song Dynasty, which shows the prosperity of Fuzhou's engraving industry.It's just that in the Southern Song Dynasty, it has greatly declined, and it was replaced by Jianyang and Jian'an in Fujian. Jianyang County in northern Fujian and Jian'an County in Jianning Prefecture (now Jian'ou) are surrounded by mountains, producing a large amount of bamboo and wood, and rich in raw materials for engraving; in addition, the paper industry is developed and the supply of paper is sufficient; , here is far away from the war zone, and the environment is relatively stable; after Lin'an was established as the capital in the Southern Song Dynasty, Fujian became a small rear again, and the economy has developed to a certain extent, so the engraved book industry prevailed.There are a lot of bookstores opened by the people, and there are 37 in the records, which can be called the highest in the country.Books published in Fujian are called "Jianben" or "Minben", and this is the center of Jianben publishing.According to records: the books published by Jianning Prefecture are sold all over the world, and the books published by Jianyang "reach everywhere".There are many bookstores in Masha and Chonghua in Jianyang, known as the "house of books".About 20 miles away from Masha Town, there is also a "Book Forest", also known as Shufang Street, which is also a concentrated place for engraved books.However, most of the books published in Masha Town were shoddy, with arbitrary deletions, sloppy proofreading, and many typos; and the paper was fragile, yellow and black in color, and the content and form were not good.In the early years of Yuanfu (AD 1098-1100) in the Northern Song Dynasty, a teacher named Yao You made a mistake in the exam questions. The students questioned: "Have you read the Masha version, sir? If it is the supervisor's version, then there is nothing wrong."Later, the teacher checked and found that he was wrong, so he was very ashamed and "promoted himself to punish himself". This incident reflects how inferior Ma Shaben is in people's minds.Because of this, in the second year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1266 A.D.), the Department of Transshipment of Fujian issued a notice prohibiting the indiscriminate reprinting of Masha Shufang.However, the Masha version has vivid fonts, numerous and fast publications, low cost and low price, which is very suitable for the needs of the masses, and there are many printed copies with excellent engraving. In 1975, the Suzhou City Library discovered "Wang Zhuangyuan Jibaijiazhuannian Duling Poetry History" is a beautifully engraved Mashafang block edition. A hundred years old, it is still well preserved, and it is an earlier version of studying Du Fu's poems.In the Qing Dynasty, someone said that "the big-character mashaben is the best", so it can be seen that there are also rare books in the mashaben, so it cannot be generalized.It can be seen that the book engraving industry in Jianyang and Jianning is very developed.In addition to engraving classics and history books and famous poems of Tang and Song Dynasties here, the owner of the bookstore also cooperated with local literati to edit and engrave some reference books suitable for the imperial examination. "; also compiled and printed books such as medical books, novels, and encyclopedias that are needed by the people.In short, Jianshu has many types, a large number of prints, and is widely circulated, almost all over the country, and some are even exported to Korea and Japan.But in terms of quality, it can't keep up with the versions in Hangzhou and Chengdu. Chengdu and Meishan in Sichuan are also places where the engraving industry is concentrated. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, there were bookstores in Chengdu that sold all kinds of printed books. During the Five Dynasties, Hou Shu strongly advocated engraved books, so the engraved book industry has endured for a long time.In the fourth year of Song Taizu Kaibao (AD 971), the government sent people to Chengdu to carve the version of the "Tripitaka", and it was not completed until the eighth year of Taiping Xingguo (AD 983).A total of 130,000 blocks were engraved, containing 1,076 Buddhist scriptures.In the same year, the sutra editions were sent to Kaifeng, where Emperor Taizong of Song established a special sutra-printing institution——"Printing Sutra Institute". Judging from the inscriptions of the "Eighth Year of the Xingguo Emperor's Order", this Tibetan scripture was published in this year. This is probably the first large-scale official printing of scriptures in the Northern Song Dynasty.This Tripitaka was published in the form of scrolls, with a total of 5048 volumes divided into 480 zhi.How many copies were printed this time is still unknown.However, under the personal attention of the supreme ruler of the Song Dynasty, after 12 years of carving and full preparations for printing scriptures, the number of printings should not be small.After this scripture printing, the Song government may have engraved the "Tripitaka" in the fourth year of Song Shenzong Xining (AD 1071) in order to save the treasury's financial expenses, and handed over the engraving of the "Tripitaka" to the temple for management and printing. Paper and ink were borrowed from it to print scriptures. Since then, the printing of scriptures no longer needs to be approved by the emperor, and it has become a kind of folk sutra printing activity.From the time it was carved in 983 to the second year of Song Huizong's Daguan (1108 A.D.), this Tripitaka was revised and updated many times. It lasted more than 120 years, and it was printed and issued no less than seven times.In the nearly 90 years before 1071 AD, the internal printing and distribution were directly controlled by the Song government, and in the next 40 years, the public printing and distribution were managed by temples.During the 125-year period, this Buddhist scripture was regarded as a royal ceremony, and its printing number must be quite considerable.Because this Buddhist scripture was engraved in the year of Kaibao, it is called "Kaibaozang"; because it was printed in Kaifeng, it is also called "Kaifengzang" or "Yuzang"; because it was carved in Chengdu, it is also called "Kaibaozang". "Shu Zang".It is the first time in our country to engrave such a magnificent series of Buddhist books, the Tripitaka, and it is probably also the earliest Buddhist collection engraved in the history of the world. Therefore, it has become the ancestral edition of various Buddhist collections at home and abroad.After this book was printed, it was distributed to North Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and domestic minorities and famous temples. It undoubtedly had a positive impact on the printing industry in these countries and minority areas.There is no complete copy of this Buddhist scripture handed down today. Now there are only more than 10 fragments of the "Kaibaozang" scriptures at home and abroad. 971 A.D.) is the earliest surviving scripture of "Kaibaozang". Shanghai Library.Japan also has two volumes in its collection. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the engraving industry in Sichuan gradually developed to Meishan, where world-famous and famous works of Tang and Song Dynasties were engraved here, such as Li Bai, Li He, Meng Jiao, Liu Yuxi and other poetry collections; Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe and his sons Prose collections, medical books, geography, etc. by Qin Guan and others.Among them, "Xinkan Jingjin Detailed Notes on Changli Wen" and "New Journal Zengguang Baijia Detailed Notes on Mr. Tang Liu's Texts", the two books are excellent in paper and ink, with strong calligraphy and painting, and are known as the Shu version of the double wall.Sichuan engraved editions are commonly known as "Shu editions". The Shu editions have clean white paper and fine collation, comparable to the Hangzhou editions. Ye Mengde (1077-1148), a bibliographer and versionist in the Southern Song Dynasty, in his book "Swallows in the Stone Forest", commented on the inscriptions of Hangzhou, Shu, and Fujian: "Hangzhou is the most important place for printing books in the world. Shu is next, and Fujian is the lowest." His words are not without reason. There were many engraving places in the Song Dynasty. In addition to the above-mentioned central areas, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Guangdong and other places also produced high-quality engraved books.Even the remote and remote Hainan Island has medical books engraved.According to records, there were only more than 30 book engraving places in the Northern Song Dynasty, but there were more than 200 places in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the book engraving industry almost spread throughout the entire Southern Song Dynasty. In short, the book engraving industry in the Song Dynasty was the most popular and common, and it deserves to be the golden age in the history of engraving and printing in my country.The engraved books are large in number and high in quality, with beautiful fonts, excellent paper and ink, exquisite binding, rigorous collation, and clear and pleasing layout. They have created the style of the times in terms of writing art, binding form and engraving skills, reaching an unprecedented level. , The mature state of the model for later generations.Therefore, the Song edition book has become a very precious edition, cherished by collectors in the past dynasties.There may have been tens of thousands of Song edition books at that time, but today there are not many collected in libraries at home and abroad, and most of them are fragments and duplicates.Even so, some ancient works have been handed down through printed copies of the Song Dynasty, so the printing industry of the Song Dynasty has made great contributions to the preservation of ancient Chinese culture. Incidentally, it is said that wax engraving was used in the Song Dynasty.The method is to mix beeswax with rosin, heat and melt it, and apply it on the woodblock. After cooling and hardening, you can carve characters on the wax and apply ink for printing.Printing with wax block was quick and easy, but the sharpness of printing was not as good as that of wood block printing.In the first year of Shaosheng in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1094), someone in Kaifeng, the capital city, used wax plates to print and circulate the list of new champions.Due to the oiliness of the wax plate, Bi Jian's three dots of "Jian" were not printed without ink, and the word "Zhan" was printed as a result.The messenger was eager to announce the good news, so he read the names of the champion and the second place together, and shouted loudly, "the champion is Bi Zhan and the second is Zhao Xuan"!Later, Zhao Xuan was killed for treason, and people said that there was an omen when the report was delivered.Although this story borders on absurdity, it shows that the wax block printing method of poor printing quality was used in the Northern Song Dynasty. Block printing in the Song Dynasty was also extended to Liao, Jin and Xixia at that time. After the founding of the Liao Dynasty, they actively absorbed the culture of the Han nationality and created Khitan characters based on the Chinese language to replace woodcut records.Later, a large number of printed books were imported from the Northern Song Dynasty, and gradually mastered the woodblock printing technology, and began to engrave books by themselves.The publishing center of the Liao Dynasty was in Nanjing, or Yanjing (today’s Beijing). Yanjing had a sutra printing house and a private bookstore, and some books were printed. The most famous one is the Chinese Tripitaka "Khitan Tibetan "(also known as "Liao Zang"), this is the Chinese text reprinted from "Kai Bao Zang" in the Song Dynasty, and there are two font versions.There are more than 5,000 volumes of large-character books, which are scroll books, and there are exquisite Buddha statues painted on the front of the scrolls.Small script, thin paper, dense characters, exquisite engraving, known in history as "seemingly accomplished by magic". After the publication of "Khitan Collection", several copies were presented to the royal family of Goryeo, and there are also collections in various temples in China. However, the small print version has not been found so far. Today, only the fragments of the large print version remain. found in the tower. The Sakyamuni Pagoda of Fogong Temple was built in the second year of Liao Qingning (1056 A.D.). Because the pagoda is a wooden structure, it is famous as "Ying County Wooden Pagoda".The wooden pagoda is 20 feet high, majestic and magnificent, and is a treasure among ancient buildings in our country.However, due to the impact of earthquakes, wind and rain erosion and man-made disasters for more than 900 years, the body of the tower has been deformed. At the beginning of ten years of turmoil, the statues in the tower were destroyed again.Therefore, since 1974, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage has carried out emergency repairs on the wooden pagoda. During the construction process, a group of extremely precious cultural relics of the Liao Dynasty were discovered.Among them, there are more than 40 kinds of engraved Buddhist scriptures, more than 10 other engraved books, miscellaneous engravings, and engraved Buddha statues, as well as Buddhist scriptures, etc., which are very rich in content.Due to the long history of this batch of cultural relics, they have been repeatedly plagued by rats. Some of the scriptures and scrolls have been broken and broken, some have been torn into pieces, and some have been corroded into groups. A batch of dilapidated scriptures and ancient books have been reappeared in the world. Among the Buddhist scriptures inscribed in the Liao Dynasty discovered this time, there are 12 volumes of the Chinese "Khitan Collection", but most of them are fragments.It should be pointed out that, since the Northern Song Dynasty, there have been more or less copies of the engraved Tripitaka in my country, but the "Khitan Canon" has not been handed down. For many years, scholars at home and abroad have deeply regretted it.The discovery of the "Khitan Tibetan" has filled a gap in the printing history of our country. The 12 volumes of the "Khitan Collection" discovered this time include the "Dafang Guangfo Huayan Sutra", "Miaofa Lotus Sutra", "Praise the Mahayana Merit Sutra", "Dharma Torch Dharani Sutra" and so on.Each volume of scriptures needs to be carved with several or even dozens of plates, and each volume is made of several or dozens of sheets of paper glued together.Each volume is numbered, and there are exquisite Buddha statues painted on the front of the volume. Each volume has the name of the translator, all in big-character regular script.The font is neat and powerful, the lines are clear and clear, the arrangement is neat, the layout is uniform, the paper quality is excellent, and the printing is exquisite.No insects were found in each volume, which shows the high level of anti-moth technology at that time.All are mounted on scrolls, using round wooden shafts, bamboo poles, and silk-woven ribbons. After being rolled into a roll, printed bookmarks are pasted, and then tied up with ethereal ribbons for storage.Printed bookmarks were pioneered in the Liao Dynasty, and "Khitan Collection" was the first to be used. There are different opinions about the age of the engraving and printing of "Khitan Tibetan". It probably started in the Tonghe period of Liao Shengzong (AD 983-1011), and was completed in the Liao Xingzong Chongxi period (AD 1032-1054). "Opening Treasures" is earlier than other woodcut Tripitakas in China.Compared with the stone-cut "Khitan Tibetan" preserved in Yunju Temple, Fangshan County, southwest of Beijing, it matches one by one in terms of the title, translator and thousand-character text number, which further proves the authenticity of the woodcut "Khitan Tibetan". According to the inscriptions at the end of the scriptures, the other engraved sutras and miscellaneous inscriptions found in the wooden pagoda began in the eighth year of Tonghe (990 AD) and ended in the Tianqing period of Emperor Tianzuo of the Liao Dynasty (1111-1120 AD) at the latest. , stretching back and forth for 130 years.Among these engravings, there is a Liao edition book "Mengqiu", which is the only existing engraved edition of the book.This book is a textbook for enlightenment education for children in ancient times, edited by Li Han in the Tang Dynasty.The book is a collection of stories about the words and deeds of historical figures, compiled into four-character rhymes, rich in content, easy to read and easy to remember, so it has become a children's book that has been widely circulated for more than a thousand years.It and "Thousand-Character Essay" have played a great role in ancient literacy education, and have also had a great impact on future Mongolian books. Many textbooks named "Mengqiu" in later generations use it as a textbook. template. In addition, there are six woodblock prints of the Liao Dynasty in the secret collection of the wooden pagoda, all of which are based on Buddhist content. It depicts the scene of Sakyamuni sitting on the lotus platform with his knees supported and speaking to his disciples.Sakyamuni is dressed in red, with a red and blue halo around his head, a canopy hanging from the top, and the sides of the canopy are decorated with heaven grass.The picture structure is complicated and the layout is compact.The seven characters "Namo Sakyamuni Buddha" are printed on both sides.According to Hou Kai and Feng Pengsheng's article "Discussion on Liao Dynasty Art Works in the Secret Collection of Yingxian Wooden Pagoda" in the sixth issue of "Cultural Relics" in 1982, the printing method may belong to silk screen printing, and it seems to be printed with two sets of plates. The missing printing is red, the back printing is blue, and the yellow on the bottom of the characters is dyed with a brush, which is basically the same as the method of printing and dyeing printed cloth in the folk in our country.The three Buddhist paintings all use the same set of plates to print the outlines of human figures and objects first, and then use pen and ink to outline the facial features, hands and feet of the figures.因为只制了半幅画的漏版，印时将绢对折，使颜色浸过两层绢素，再打开成整幅，这样，画面上的人物、图案、字迹左右对称，而“南无释迦牟尼佛”七字，就出现了左为反文，右为正文的情况，对折处也留下一条污痕。这三幅辽代彩色佛画，在我国还是首次发现，虽然不是印在纸上，而是绢本，但在我国彩印史上占有重要地位。 另外两幅《药师琉璃光佛说法图》版画，画面刻画了向胁侍及十二药叉神将说法的盛大场面。但木刻粗糙，设色简单。还有一幅《炽盛光九曜图》版画，正面为炽盛光佛坐在须弥座莲台之上，人形化的“九曜”星宿环佛而立，似在聆听教义。刻工精细，线条流畅，遒劲圆润，顿挫有方，是我国木刻中的优秀作品，也是迄今我国发现的最大立幅版印着色佛教画幅。 这三幅佛教故事画，都是印在白麻纸上，在雕版印刷后再着颜色，它反映了辽代民间画工之功力和木刻版画之精致。 上述应县木塔发现的《契丹藏》和大部分刻书、刻经与版印佛画，都是在辽都燕京印刷的，这说明了当时的燕京，不仅是北方地区政治、经济和文化的中心，而且在雕版印刷方面也占有重要地位，其雕印业的繁荣完全可与北宋印刷业发达的城市相媲美。 过去记载的北京地区传世的最古刻本，是唐代李贺撰的《歌诗编》，该书是元宪宗六年(公元1256年)的刻本，但是它比应县木塔发现的辽统和八年(公元990年)“燕京仰山寺前杨家印造”的《上生经疏科文》已晚了266年，也就是说北京的雕版印刷史可上溯到990年的辽代了。 辽代还刻印了汉文《五经传疏》、《史记》、《汉书》、辽僧行均著的字书和晋朝葛洪著的医书等。当时辽朝翻刻汉文书籍非常积极。由于苏东坡才名重当代，他的《眉山集》问世不久，辽朝就有了翻刻本，在范阳(今河北涿县)书肆还印卖他的诗集《大苏小集》，所以苏轼有“谁将家集过燕都，每被行人问大苏”的诗句。辽朝的使臣刘霄与苏轼晏饮时，能背诵苏轼的诗句：“痛饮从今有几日，西轩月色夜来新”，使苏轼深为惊讶，后来苏轼写道：“虏亦喜吾诗，可怪也！”当时北宋大量民间印本也流入辽朝，所以苏轼之弟苏辙就说：“本朝民间开版印行文字，臣等窃料北朝(辽朝)无所不有。”有的宋朝商人甚至出卖军事外交机密文书与辽，因为“贩入虏中，其利十倍”。此外辽还把一些汉文书籍译成契丹文印刷出版，如白居易的《讽谏集》，唐史学家吴兢著的⑱，还有《五代史》、《通历》等书，而这些译本也都早已失传了，加上当时“契丹书禁甚严，传入中国者法皆死”，所以辽代刻书流传下来的极少。但上述情况，却反映了辽代刻书业的兴盛和对汉文书籍的喜爱。 金代的刻书事业也相当发达。 金朝统治者很重视学习汉族文化。金熙宗(公元1135—1148年在位)本人非常崇尚儒学，他不仅建立孔子庙，还亲自祭祀孔子庙。他读《尚书》、及《五代史》、《辽史》等，常常夜以继日，因此他能“赋诗染翰，雅歌儒服……尽失女真故态矣。视开国旧臣，则曰无知夷狄。及旧臣视之，则曰宛然一汉户少年子也”。所以从此女真贵族学习汉族文化之风，日盛一日。到了被称作“小尧舜”的金世宗(公元1161—1189年在位)，尤其注重文化教育，他创建了国子学和地方各级学校，勒令女真贵族学习文化，否则不能承袭其官职。他的后继者金章宗(公元1190—1208年在位)也喜欢汉文化，本人能作诗填词，善写汉字，模仿宋徽宗的，几乎达到了神形兼备的程度。这样，随着文化教育的发展，刻书业也迅速发展起来。 金的刻书中心有燕京(今北京)、汴京(今河南开封)、山西平阳府(治所在今临汾市)、河北宁晋等地。 燕京在公元1153年成为金朝的国都后，改名中都，它是金朝政治商业文化中心，曾设立了秘书监掌管经籍图书。国子监利用从北宋汴京掠夺来的旧印版，印了“六经”、“十七史”、《老子》、《孟子》、《荀子》等29种汉文经史典籍，分发给各级学校，许多女真文的译本也都在中都出版。公元1214年，金宣宗在蒙古军的进攻下，仓皇撤离中都，迁往汴京，临行时还没有忘记把图书带走，当时仅载运内府的书籍，就用了三万辆车子，可见金朝燕京书籍、文物之多。 汴京，在金迁都燕京后，改称南京。南京重印了和薛居正监修的《旧五代史》。那时，相国寺仍承袭北宋民俗，每月定期举行庙会，庙会上也出卖书籍。金世宗的孙子完颜璹〔shu赎〕晚年刻印了自己的诗作《如庵小藁》〔gao搞〕，汴京各书铺多有出售。 平阳，地处山西南部，沃野千里，物产丰富，唐代时已成为大郡，北宋建置平阳府，那时这里已兴起刻书之风。金朝时，政府在平阳府设立经籍所(相当后来的官书局)，专门出版书籍。当地出产白麻纸，周围盛产刻版用的梨木和枣木，北边的太原府又有造墨场，木、纸、墨取材都比较方便，所以平阳府也是出版商汇集之地，一时书肆萃集，成为官民雕版印刷中心。有许多书坊刻印了不少书籍，著名的有平水(平阳府城的别称)王文郁刻印的和，李子文刊印的王朋寿增修的类书《增广分门类林杂说》，王敏仲校刊的《尚书注疏》，张存惠刻印的《通鉴节要》。还有平阳姬家刻印的大型单张《四美图》版画，上面绘刻着历史上的四位美人：西汉成帝皇后赵飞燕居中，与西晋石崇爱妾绿珠同在前列，王昭君与班姬(即班昭)同在后面。画中还配以栏杆、假山和牡丹。上刻横标题“随朝窈窕呈倾国之芳容”，下款落“平阳姬家雕印”。人物生动活泼，刻工细致，是平阳坊刻本的代表作。这幅版画是1909年由俄国探险队在甘肃黑水城发现的，已被科兹洛夫盗走，现存前苏联列宁格勒东方博物馆。因为平阳是当时公私出版业的中心，读书人很多，所以许多人家“家置书楼，人蓄文库”。平阳所刻书籍，以“平水版”见称，书写雕镂之精都是第一流的。 河北宁晋荆家出版的书籍，精美价廉，销路很广，可惜宁晋本今已罕见。今北京图书馆藏有崇庆元年(公元1212年)韩道昭撰的韵书《崇庆新雕改并五音集韵》，即是荆家刻印的。 其他地方从事刻书的也不少，金代19路中有刻书地名可考的达九路30处之多，几乎遍及今天的华北地区。许多地方刻书蔚然成风：有的人家家境并不宽裕，像济南李德元以教书为生，竟不惜出利借贷刻印书籍；有人购得南宋国史院编修馆胡铨著的《劾秦桧疏稿》刻印出卖，获利甚多；有人还在宋金两国边界贸易之地刊印书籍出卖；小学教师王鼎自己无钱，特请朋友帮助，刊印了北宋名医成无己著的《伤寒论注解》，这是“医圣”张仲景著的《伤寒论》的最早注本，被称为“万全之书”；还有许多地方大量印卖看风水的《地理新书》，这是金代版本最多的书。但是，金代的官刻和家刻刻印最多的还是经、史、文集，坊刻最多的是民间所需要的医书、类书、字书、韵书和说唱文学。 金代刻书有书名可考的约有100多种，其中最有名、工程最大的则是佛教经典《金藏》和道教经典《道藏》。 《金藏》就是在山西解州(今运城县)刻的《大藏经》，这部书原藏于山西赵城县广胜寺内，所以又叫《赵城藏》。大约公元1148年开始雕版，至1173年刻成，1178年出版，前后历时30年。据说首先发起刻这部藏经的是一个名叫崔法珍的女子。她苦心学佛，把胳臂断下来募集刻经的款项，感动了许多包括汉人、女真人、蒙古人在内的善男信女，他们纷纷捐献钱财、物品、牲口，有的甚至不惜破产而应募捐资。劝募地区遍及山西南部和陕西西部各州县，而后由解州天宁寺开雕大藏经版会主持开雕，所以这部藏经是由民间发起依靠广大信徒集资刻印而成的。《金藏》印成后，崔法珍将印本送到燕京，受到金世宗的重视。公元1181年，又将经版送到燕京，继续印刷流通，为此，崔法珍受封为宏教大师。这部藏经汇集了金代以前在中国流行的各种佛教的经论和著述。原书可能有7000多卷， 至1934年发现时，只剩下4900多卷了。1942年日本帝国主义企图劫走这部佛经，中国共产党赵城县委得知这一消息后，立即采取保护措施。当时还不知佛经藏在何处，经派人查访，才得知藏在广胜寺飞虹塔的二层上。在力空和尚的配合下，由广胜寺附近村庄的抗日村干部，动员了一些身强力壮的抗日群众，以“运公粮”为名，在游击队和八路军战士的掩护下，用箩筐担挑连夜抢运到太岳军区。为了保全这部《金藏》，有几位战士献出了宝贵的生命。中华人民共和国成立后这部佛经已移交给北京图书馆收藏。 这部佛经是我国仅存的一部珍贵的孤本佛经，它的原刻版式除千字文编次略有更动外，基本上是《开宝藏》的复刻本，也是卷轴式装帧。它保留了《开宝藏》蜀本的许多特点，在《开宝藏》和它的另一复刻本《高丽藏》初刻印本都失散的情况下，保存了数千卷《开宝藏》蜀本的面貌，无论在版本和校勘方面都具有较高的价值。 1935年北京三时学会(研究佛教的学术团体)把《金藏》中独具的经论46种，249卷，编为上、中、下三集，缩印成32开线装本120册，分装成12函发行，名为《宋藏遗珍》。 1959年，文化部又在西藏萨迦寺北寺图书馆，发现了31种559卷卷轴装木刻印本佛经，其编排和《金藏》完全一致，从版式、字体、刻工等方面判断，基本上可以肯定是《金藏》版送到燕京后的补雕印本，这就进一步丰富了《金藏》的内容，十分可贵。 金代金章宗明昌(公元1190—1195年)初年，在中都刻印的《大金玄都宝藏》，是大师孙明道花了好几年时间，先是派人到处搜访道经，而后又对北宋刻印的已经残缺的《政和万寿道藏》进行了增补才完成的，共6455卷，是最完备的道藏经，其内容之丰富，工程之浩大，可与《金藏》媲美。可惜这部搜罗广泛的道藏经版，因存放地天长观(旧址在北京白云观西)，公元1202年一场大火，经版被付之一炬。 此外，金朝统治者为了使女真人“知仁义道德”，还把许多汉文经史典籍，译成女真文字刻印出版，其中著名的有《尚书》、、《春秋》、、《老子》、《孟子》、《史记》、《新唐书》、以及白居易的《白氏策林》等书。这些书的印数想来相当可观，像宣扬“以孝治天下”的《孝经》刊印后，金世宗一次就分赐给护卫亲军上千部，可见为数不少。不过，这些译本今天也无一本流传下来。 西夏统治者也比较重视文化教育和印刷事业。元昊本人通晓汉语，喜欢汉文书籍，他建立学校，创制西夏文字，命人翻译《孝经》和解释词义的词典《尔雅》，供给学校作为课本。他的后继者仿照宋朝建立太学和各级学校，实行科举考试，又向宋朝求得许多监本书，向金朝购买儒家书籍和佛经。由于教育的发展，印刷业也随之发展起来。西夏政府在都城兴庆(今宁夏银川)设有官营纸工院和刻印司，专门造纸和刻印书籍。1990年宁夏回族自治区文物管理部门，在清理贺兰县宏佛塔过程中，除清理出一批珍贵的佛教文物外，还发现了西夏文木雕残版2000多块，虽然已大部碳化变黑，但版面文字清晰，字体方正秀丽，刻工细腻娴熟。此外还有其他西夏文书残页。宏佛塔位于贺兰县以东九公里，西面距宁夏首府银川市20多公里。从发现的这些文物看，这里可能是西夏王朝刊印西夏文书籍的一个重要场所，同时也反映了西夏印刷业的发达。 西夏刻汉文本很少，刻印最多的是西夏文著作和汉文典籍的西夏文译本，共约30多种，其中不少刻本还流传至今。西夏文本中有军事法典《贞观玉镜统》、格言集《圣立义海》、西夏谚语集《新集锦合辞》和《西夏诗集》以及佛教劝善的诗文等。汉籍西夏文译本有的节译本，有包括《列子》(道家重要著作)、《左传》、《孔子家语》(有关孔子的遗文轶事)在内的《汉文典籍择译》，有史书《十二国》和兵书《孙子兵法》、、等军事经典著作。为了“和蕃汉之众，增二国之谊”，还在公元1190年出版了骨勒茂才编的西夏文和汉文对照字典《蕃汉合时掌中珠》，以便西夏人、汉人互相学习对方语言。此外，西夏与辽、金一样崇尚佛教，多次用马匹向宋朝换取佛经，并翻译成西夏文《大藏》，共3579卷。这部《大藏》后来在元朝时又对它作了校勘和增补，并于公元1293—1302年在杭州万寿寺重新雕印出版，全藏已增加到3620卷，共印了140多部，赠送给以前西夏境内各寺院100多部，现仅存数十种。还有，国王王后为祈求所谓福利，常大量印施佛经，一次印数多至五万卷或十万卷。可惜许多流传下来的西夏文印本，在清朝末年民国初年被俄、英帝国主义分子盗走了。据记载：公元1908—1909年沙俄的柯兹洛夫曾两次率领探险队到我国西夏的黑水城(今内蒙古自治区额济纳旗)遗址，发掘掠走大批西夏文文献，共达8000号(登录号)之多，其中有西夏文印本和写本80种，汉文印本10多种，现藏前苏联列宁格勒东方博物馆。稍后，盗窃我国珍贵文物的老手英籍匈牙利人斯坦因也紧步科兹洛夫后尘，于1914年夏也来到了黑水城，又盗走了西夏文书和汉文古书280多件，其中有西夏文印本20多件，还有佛像版画残片几十件。这二人的强盗行径实在令人发指。 今天特别值得我们珍视的是，元朝时西夏的刻字工人到江南去刻书，如文学家杨桓著的韵书《书学正韵》，就是西夏刻字工人大约于公元1308年在江浙行省刻印的(今天美国国会图书馆藏有该书的元刻明修本)。此书“条理周详，字画端正”。可知他们在600多年前就献身于沟通文化事业，体现了汉夏人民之间的友好关系源远流长。

---

Notes: 等14种经典的词义、音韵的专著，是一部关于儒学术语的辞典。 ：该书记录了唐太宗的治国经验，收有唐太宗与魏徵、房玄龄、杜如晦等大臣的问答，大臣的诤议和所上劝谏的奏疏以及政治上的措施。向为历代统治者所重视，成为他们必读的政治教材。 问世前本草学的范本，是研究宋以前中药学的重要文献。