Chapter 11 Section 2 Marriage and Family System

From the Warring States period, through the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, the feudal society in China came to its peak.As an important part of the feudal social system, the marriage and family system has also been relatively comprehensively developed and consolidated. "Father guides son", "husband guides wife" and "king guides ministers" are compared and become the highest criterion in marriage and family life in feudal society. The feudal arranged forced marriage of "the order of the parents" and the "words of the matchmaker", the trinity of patriarchal right, patriarchal right and husband's right, family rituals with strict patriarchal hierarchy, patriarchal right, patriarchal right and paternal right The main method of authoritarian divorce is to "bring out a wife" constitutes the main content of China's feudal marriage and family system.

Chinese feudal society practiced a system of arranged and forced marriages in the form of bride-to-be.Under this system, the parties to the marriage must submit their marriage to their parents and parents. Parents and parents have the indisputable right to initiate and control the marriage of their children, and the establishment of marriage must be brokered by a matchmaker.All feudal laws such as Qin law, Han law, and Tang law all confirmed the legitimacy of this marriage system.According to the laws of the Tang Dynasty, those who marry without permission according to their parents will be fined a hundred sticks. At the same time, the officiant will be punished according to the law.This shows the degree of tyranny of arranged marriages.

Since engagement and marriage is a way of establishing a marriage based on the will of the parents, through a matchmaker to ask questions, and to match the two surnames, wealth has become an important condition for the conclusion of marriage.The law of the Tang Dynasty stipulates that the marriage must implement the dowry gift system of "receiving money as a letter", thus making marriage a form of business exchange.The law of the Tang Dynasty even stipulated that even if the marriage contract was not formally signed, as long as the dowry was accepted, the marriage relationship should be confirmed, which had the same nature as the signing of the marriage contract.

It is fair to say that arranged and forced marriages had not yet reached their peak during the rising period of feudal society from Qin, Han to Tang.Especially during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, because the dominance of Confucianism was overthrown, and because it was a period of great integration of the Han nationality and various ethnic minorities, marriage was more free than that of the Han Dynasty, and young men and women also had their own problems in choosing a spouse. A certain amount of autonomy.According to the "Book of Jin Wang Jun Biography", Wang Jun, a famous general of Pingwu, served in Hedong County when he was young.The daughter of Xu Miao, governor of the prefecture, was talented and "chosen a husband without marrying her." So he married his daughter to this little official.Sometimes, a man and a woman love each other and have an affair, and marriage is also allowed. "Book of Jin Jia Chong Biography" and "Shi Shuo Xin Yu Huo Ni" both recorded the story of Han Shou's "stealing incense" in the Western Jin Dynasty.Han Shou is beautiful and a minor official in Sikong's mansion.Jia Wu, the daughter of Sikong Jiachong, has fallen in love with Han Shou since seeing him.Han Shou learned of Miss Jia Wu's longing for her from Jia Wu's maid, so he made an appointment to "go over the wall" to meet Jia Wu privately.Jia Wulian secretly gave the strange fragrance given to his father by the emperor as a token to his lover.After Jia Chong found out, he didn't make a big deal of it, but officially married his daughter to Han Shou.This historical fact is quite close to the plot of the later generations. The difference is that the old Mrs. Zhong still refused to marry Yingying to Zhang Sheng after learning the truth, but Jia Chong fulfilled the marriage.

In ancient China, natural settlements were the main way of living for people, and people of the same ancestor were all of the same clan, and the same clan lived together in one place.This kind of living together is in line with the patriarchal system and is also encouraged by the ruling class and Confucian ethics.The descendants of Confucius, Yan Hui, and Meng Ke are typical examples of living together.From the Han Wei to the Tang Dynasty, the formation and development of various "right clans" were also closely related to their long-term residence. The feudal family organization in the Han and Tang Dynasties was mainly based on surname and family status, and the eldest son (patriarch) was selected strictly according to the system of succession.After the Han and Tang Dynasties, this point was not emphasized. Instead, more consideration was given to status, financial resources, and talents. It is generally initiated by bureaucratic landlords, and then formed through the process of repairing family trees, setting up family properties, and formulating family rules.

The functions of the family include worshiping ancestors, adjudicating right and wrong, public security and self-defense, education, production, mutual assistance in life, and management of family property.Each family can be self-contained and has complete functions. It is not only a stubborn fortress for the patriarch to manage the people, but also an intermediary for the feudal state to rule the subjects. At the heart of the family is the kinship network.The rituals and laws in ancient my country were all based on the patriarchal system, which favored sons over daughters and was centered on men, so relatives were mainly patrilineal clans.The so-called clan relatives refer to relatives of the same ancestor, including male relatives born of the same ancestor, married women and unmarried daughters.The scope of the clan is limited to the nine clans, from the fourth generation of great ancestors to the fourth generation of great-great-grandsons, plus one's own generation, to form the nine clans.Relatives also include cousins ​​and wives.Foreign relatives refer to relatives in the maternal line, and wife relatives refer to relatives in the wife line.Since the relatives and wives are in a secondary position, the range of relatives is also relatively small.

In feudal society families, blood relationship was an important indicator of the rank of family members, which was prominently reflected in the inheritance of privileges. Whether it was an official position or the privilege of commuting sentences, it was determined according to the blood relationship.The closer the blood relationship, the lower the status; the closer the blood relationship, the greater the rights, and correspondingly, the greater the obligations and responsibilities. The measure of the closeness of relatives is kinship.Inheritance, in my country's feudal society, is represented by the difference in mourning.Those who are relatives and those who are close have heavy mourning clothes, while those who are distant and far away have light mourning clothes.Heavy clothing is made of coarse cloth, while light clothing is made of fine cloth.There are five grades of mourning clothes. The first grade is called Zhan Shuai, which is worn for three years; the second grade is called Qi Shuai, which is worn from three years to March; It is called Xiaogong, which is the service of May; the fifth class is called silk (sisi) service, which is the service of March, collectively called "five services".In addition, there are relatives without uniforms. This kind of relatives do not wear mourning clothes and are the so-called distant relatives who wear five clothes.The system of mourning also runs through the feudal patriarchal concept of hierarchy, and the distinction between patriarchal patriarchal patriarchy and lowly is very obvious.

In order to maintain and consolidate the feudal family system, genealogy is essential.Genealogy is also called genealogy, which originated very early.In the Zhou Dynasty, genealogy was recorded by official historians, and only noble families had it.The lineage of the emperor of Zhou is called the imperial line, and the lineage that records the lineage of princes and high officials is called Shiben, which determines the rank of nobles and serves as the basis for intermarriage and mate selection.In the Han Dynasty, in addition to the imperial lineage and official genealogy, some people also began to compile genealogy.After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the study of genealogy flourished, and it became more and more a study used by the powerful and noble families to boast of their blood and family status.

The content of the family tree mainly includes: the origin of the clan; the branch of the ancestor; the lineage; son wait.From generation to generation, they are arranged according to lineage and tribe.General genealogies seldom record things about daughters, because daughters have no status in the family. A family is a complex of many families, condensed by a vague sense of clan, mainly a blood unit, and the family below the family is an independent economic unit, a group that lives together. In the history of our country, the feudal ruling class all advocated the big family system that eats together, and living together for generations will be praised.Famous ones include Fan Hong and Cai Yong III who lived together without dividing wealth in the Eastern Han Dynasty; Wei Li Ji VII who lived together and shared wealth in the Northern Dynasty, with 22 rooms and 198 people; Li Shengbo and Li Shengbo lived together in the fifth generation.Zhang Gongyi, a native of Shouzhang in the Tang Dynasty, lived together for the ninth generation. When Tang Gaozong asked about the mystery of the ninth generation's cohabitation, Zhang Gongyi wrote a hundred words of "forbearance", which shows that it is not easy to maintain this way of living.

The big family that has lived together for many generations depends on the existence of the large land ownership on the one hand, and on the other hand it also maintains the large land ownership.The separation of households and property analysis will inevitably lead to the scattered conversion of land and weaken the economic power of the family. Therefore, those who can live together for generations are mostly dignitaries.Among ordinary people, it is rare to live together for many generations. Starting from the Han Dynasty, Confucianism became the orthodox thought of the feudal dynasty.Dong Zhongshu, a great Confucian in the Western Han Dynasty, developed a whole set of feudalism based on Confucius's theory of "junjun, ministers, father and son", and Mencius' theory of "father and son have relatives, monarch and minister have righteousness, husband and wife are different, seniors and children are orderly, and friends have faith". Ethics and morality, this is the so-called "three cardinal principles and five constant principles".The three cardinal guides refer to the ruler as the guide for the subjects, the father as the guide for the sons, and the husband as the guide for the wife.Gang is the main rope for lifting the net; for gang, it means to be in the main or dominant position.The five constants refer to benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and faith, which are used to cooperate with the three cardinal principles. The thought of "Three Cardinal Guidelines and Five Constant Principles" puts the relationship between father and son, husband and wife together with the relationship of superiority and affiliation between monarch and minister, with the purpose of establishing a feudal order from the feudal court to each family, and effectively maintaining feudal rule.At the same time, the "Book of Filial Piety" written by Confucius' descendants also began to spread. "Filial piety" is the core content of "self-cultivation, family harmony, state governance, and world peace" in feudal ethics.In addition, the feudal laws that had begun to take shape in the Han Dynasty also tried their best to maintain feudal ethics. Every family was greatly constrained by the feudal ideology when regulating the relationship between husband and wife, father and son, brothers, mother-in-law and daughter-in-law.

father-son relationship "Book of Rites · Li Yun" said: "What is human righteousness? Father's kindness, son's filial piety, brother's kindness, and younger brother's filial piety." Father's kindness and son's filial piety is the criterion for dealing with the relationship between parents and children in the family, and it is also the principle of parent-child relationship. mutual moral obligations.However, in feudal society, fatherly kindness was rarely mentioned, and one-sided emphasis was on son's filial piety. The concept of filial piety has been around since the emergence of patriarchal individual families. There have been many records about filial piety in ancient times. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, such as Confucius and Mencius, there are many remarks on filial piety.In the Qin Dynasty, Qin Law inherited the pre-Qin tradition of "punishing unfilial piety" and exclusively punished unfilial piety.The unearthed bamboo slips recorded a case: a Lishi Wujia accused his son of being unfilial, and asked the government to amputate his own son and Lishi Wubing, and exile him to a remote county in Sichuan, where he was not allowed to leave the place of exile for life.According to A's report, the government cut off B's ​​feet and "moved to the border county of Shu, so that he would not be able to move for life" ("Bamboo Slips of Qin Tomb in Sleeping Tiger Land · Sealing Diagnosis").In another case, the father sued his relatives for giving birth to a son who was unfilial, and asked the son to be executed.The government immediately sent Shi Qian to arrest the son and bring him to justice (ibid.).In the Han Dynasty, under the influence of the Three Cardinal Guidelines and Five Constant Principles, the "Book of Filial Piety" was listed as one of the seven classics, and the rulers also advocated "governing the world with filial piety". Since then, filial piety has been placed in a very special position. Filial piety is valuable for coordinating the human relationship between family and society within a reasonable range. As a traditional virtue of our people, it still needs to be inherited and carried forward to this day.However, the ruling class pays special attention to filial piety, obviously to achieve the goal of "transferring filial piety to the emperor". Taking filial piety as a stepping stone for loyalty to the emperor is to cultivate people who are filial at home, loyal in official positions, obedient to everything, obedient and obedient, and have a strong slavish mentality. . What does filial piety include? "The Book of Filial Piety Ji Xiaoxing" said: "The filial son's affairs are relatives. He lives to show his respect, raises him to make him happy, gets sick to make him worry, mourns to make him sad, and sacrifices to make him strict. Five things are prepared. , and then be able to serve your parents.” A son of man should not only do his best to support his parents, respect his parents according to a whole set of etiquette, but also follow his father’s wishes in every word and deed. His conduct has not changed from his father's way for three years, which can be called filial piety" ("The Analects of Confucius Xueer").Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty had a sore and asked the prince to suck the pus. Although the prince sucked the pus, he looked embarrassed, and Emperor Wen thought he was unfilial. The "filial piety" advocated by the ruling class not only must not disobey the parents, but also must find ways to promote and make a fortune, so as to glorify the family and the reputation of the parents. "The Book of Filial Piety Kaizong Mingyi" said: "The body and skin are treated by parents, and they dare not damage them. This is the beginning of filial piety; it is the end of filial piety to stand up and practice the way, to show off parents, and to show off parents." , broke his finger, and burst into tears, and people asked him if it hurt too much?He said that he cried because his parents' body, hair and skin were hurt.As a result, Fan Xuan became a famous filial son, and later became a high-ranking official with filial piety and integrity.Acting filial piety as an official was very popular in the Han Dynasty. Acting filial piety could be recommended as "filial piety" by the local government. One way, filial sons will emerge in large numbers.Wang Mang's father died early and failed to be a marquis, so he tried his best to flatter his uncles Wang Feng and Wang Gen.When Wang Feng was seriously ill, Wang Mang stayed by the bed all day to serve the decoction. He tasted it himself before giving it to his uncle. In this way, he did not take off his clothes for a month and slept on the ground at night.As a result, Wang Mang won the favor of his uncle, was recommended as a marquis, and gained the reputation of filial piety. Filial piety also pays attention to revenge for parents and punishment for parents.In the Han Dynasty Taicang ordered Chunyuyi to commit a crime and was to be punished physically. His daughter Tiying was afraid of hurting her father's body, so she pleaded with the government and offered herself to be a servant of the official family to atone for her father. When Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty knew about it, he was very moved. So Chunyu Yi was pardoned.Of course, among all filial piety, "having offspring" is the greatest filial piety to parents. If you don't give birth to male offspring, it is tantamount to cutting off the incense. Make up for the responsibility of "unfilial piety". During the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, with the penetration of Confucianism into the criminal law, filial piety further became the criterion of family relations at that time.The law of Wei once stipulated that children and grandchildren should not be separated from the family to make money, so that the younger generation can be filial at home.The law of Jin emphasizes respect and inferiority, benevolence and righteousness, and stipulates that "both inferiority and superiority are thieves." ("Book of Jin·Criminal Law") Performing filial piety can lead to promotion and title, but on the contrary, if one bears the notoriety of "unfilial piety", the consequences will be extremely serious.During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Prince Shuang of Hengshan rebelled against Liu Ci, and Crown Prince Shuang reported it to the court.In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, "unfilial piety" was the eighth of the "Ten Serious Crimes". Anyone who cursed grandparents or parents, lacked support for grandparents or parents, refused to mourn when parents died, or married during mourning were all unfilial.Wei Lu also pushed his son's filial piety to his stepmother, and when his stepmother died, his adopted son had to mourn for her for three years just like his own mother.Jin attacked Wei Lu.At the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wang Shi of Zhongzheng in Huainan County was impeached as a "famous teacher of loss" because his stepmother died for only one year. ), and can no longer be an official.In the Tang Dynasty, "unfilial piety", together with "evil rebellion", "disharmony", "injustice" and "civil strife", were included in the "Ten Evils" of the Tang law as a violation of feudal ethics and were severely punished.It can be seen from the above that the fundamental purpose of the feudal ruling class advocating "filial piety" is to maintain the authority of feudal ethics and morals, especially the patriarchal relationship, so as to achieve its role in maintaining and stabilizing the rule of the feudal regime. Since the country has mentioned such a high level of filial piety, then the power of parents and fathers in family life can be imagined.According to the laws of the Tang Dynasty, parents have the power to educate and punish their children. Parents can use family law to punish their children if their children behave inappropriately. In serious cases, they can also be sent to the government for punishment.Tang law also emphasizes that "the son hides from the father" and "those who accuse grandparents and parents will be tortured" ("Tang Law Shuyi").As for the property in the family, it is stipulated that it should be controlled by the parents, "all grandparents and parents are present, but the children and grandchildren who have different origins and different wealth will only have three years" (ibid.).The above provisions are the concrete manifestation of "father guides son" in feudal law. Brotherhood Brother is good (benevolence) and brother is brother, it is the criterion for dealing with the relationship between brothers and sisters in the family.Xiongren means that the older brother is kind to the younger brother; younger brother Ti means that the younger brother respects the older brother.Just like father's benevolence and son's filial piety, the focus is on "filial piety", brother benevolence and brotherhood also focus on fraternity, so fraternity is extended to mean obedience to superiors.The combination of filial piety and brotherhood is regarded as the foundation of all goodness.Brotherhood is also mentioned in the "Book of Filial Piety", which is very important. "Teach the people to be polite, and there is nothing good at brotherhood." To make every member of the society polite, humble and obedient, it is necessary to talk about brotherhood.For a brother, if he wants his brothers to obey, he must be kind and magnanimous, and be friendly. For a younger brother, the most important thing is how to obey his elder brother's will, unconditionally accept his elder brother's assignment, and try his best to complete the things he entrusts.But in daily life, it is not uncommon for brothers to be at odds.Someone analyzed the causes of conflicts between brothers and believed that it was mainly caused by property issues, so feudal ethics required that "brothers should not compete for wealth".The behavior of mutual humility between brothers for family property was greatly advocated by the rulers, and the story of "Kong Rong gave up pears" in the Eastern Han Dynasty became one of the most typical examples of emphasizing the way of brotherhood. Under the emphasis of feudal rulers, fraternity, like "filial piety", has also been covered with a layer of fog, sometimes distorted to the point of unreasonable, and some people deliberately create false appearances to win "brothers" "brother" reputation.Xu Wu, a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty, became an official himself. In order to make his two younger brothers also become officials, he deliberately took most of the family property for himself, and the two younger brothers dared not speak.In this way, his two younger brothers won the name of filial piety because they did not compete for family property, so they were promoted as filial piety and honesty.At this time, Xu Wu published the documents of fair family division that he had kept privately back then, saying that he did so to make his younger brother famous.Because Xu Wu would rather bear the notoriety of monopolizing the family property for his younger brother, he was also praised, so the family of three is filial and honest. husband and wife relationship As early as in the novel, the importance of the relationship between husband and wife was made very clear: men and women are the two most basic categories of human beings.Because of men and women, there is a husband and wife, and a family is formed, and then there is a relationship between parent and child, and brotherhood.Numerous families, many parents and grandchildren constitute a society, there are rulers and ruled, there is a hierarchy, and the etiquette system emerges as the times require. Social relations are a natural extension of family relations. The family begins with the union of husband and wife. Therefore, the ruler uses etiquette to stabilize the relationship between husband and wife. The basis of this stability is to make the wife an appendage of the husband, so that the wife is absolutely obedient and tolerant to her husband. forbearance.Since the Han Dynasty clarified that "the husband is the guide for the wife", this tendency of men superior to women has become more obvious. As the core of the relationship between husband and wife, "men outside and women inside" have been repeatedly emphasized, lest they disturb the relationship between husband and wife. Men outside and women inside mainly refer to "women rule the inside and men rule the outside", which is the principle of division of labor between men and women.The man governing the outside means that the man makes contributions or is engaged in production; the woman governing the house means taking care of housework, including serving uncles and husbands, raising children, and being diligent in female celebrities.After Meng Guang, a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty, married Liang Hong, he put his hair up in a bun, wore common clothes, and took care of housework. When Liang Hong saw it, he was overjoyed and said: "This is the real Liang Hong's wife, and she can serve me." "Biography").This sentence represents the husbands' judgment on the wife's code of conduct. Another meaning of "man outside woman inside" means that men and women have different life scopes, which means that men and women are protected. "Qu Li" stipulates that in a family, men and women who live together cannot sit together casually, hang clothes on the same hanger, use the same towel, handkerchief and comb, and pass things hand over hand. If a girl or sister returns to her natal family after marriage, brothers are not allowed to sit at the same table or eat with the same utensil.In this way, a middle gate can imprison women in a narrow world. In the Han and Tang Dynasties, there were also many special readings for women, which gave full play to the relevant regulations of Zhou Rites, such as "The Commandments for Women" by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty, Ban Zhao in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and "The Analects of Women" by Song Ruoxin in the Tang Dynasty, etc. , have made a detailed explanation of the women's morals that wives should obey. The people of the Han Dynasty also made very clear comments on the meaning of the appellation "couple" or "husband and wife". "Husband" refers to a person who can be relied on for support, while "women" means to submit and obey. "Baihu Tongyi Interpretation of Names Chapter" clearly states: "The husband, support and support him with the way. The woman, obey him, and submit with courtesy." Wife is interpreted as another homonym "Qi", the so-called "wife Be with your husband, be with your husband."But this is not to say that wives are equal to their husbands in status, but that they should "be chaste and equal to their husbands" and "choose from one";The status of the wife in the family is actually "equal righteousness and inferiority", and the husband respects the wife and is inferior, and the same crime and different punishments in law: a husband who beats his wife is reduced to a second-class crime for mortals.And if a wife beats her husband, she will be sentenced to one year in prison. If the beating is serious, she will be punished with a third-class mortal crime.The status of concubines is lower than that of wives. Therefore, if a husband beats a concubine with more than one injury, he will be reduced by two degrees, and the crime of ordinary people will be reduced by four degrees. There are four levels of mortal crimes, and the difference is even greater. ("Tang Law Discussion") Through the above-mentioned superficial interpretation of sound, compared with the lenient punishment of the law for husbands and wives, we can clearly see the unequal status between husband and wife in the Han and Tang Dynasties and the tendency of men to be superior to women. The inequality in the relationship between husband and wife is most concentrated in the system of "giving a wife" which is mainly done by the husband arbitrarily.In the Han Dynasty, the "seven abandonments" in the ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty were fixed by law. "Seven abandonments" means "seven outs". If a wife commits any of the following items: unfilial, childless, fornication, jealousy, talkativeness, sickness, and theft, the husband has the right to divorce her.When a couple divorces, they generally have to go to the local government to perform certain procedures. In the Tang Dynasty, while following the "seven outs" system since the Han Dynasty, the Tang law also stipulated the principle of "three not to remove wives".That is to say, wives who have presided over the funeral of their parents-in-law with their husbands cannot go, wives who married when they were poor cannot go when they are rich, and wives who have no home cannot go.If the wife belongs to the situation of "three do not leave", the husband still insists on giving up his wife, and he must be convicted according to law. In the Tang Dynasty, there was also the system of "Yijue".Yijue refers to the behavior of a husband or wife killing or injuring the other party's immediate relatives or collateral relatives.Once this kind of behavior is judged by the government, divorce will be forced. There are also provisions on "harmony and separation" in Tang law.It is a legal system that allows couples to divorce voluntarily by agreement.The Tang Dynasty's "Household Marriage Law" said: "If the husband and wife are not in harmony with each other and are in harmony, they will not sit together."In the "Wife Release Book" discovered by Dunhuang, the necessity of "reconciliation and separation" is clearly stated: "Being a married couple will be unhappy for several years." "Let's write in hand, never leave." From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, although the concept of general principles and the concepts of male superiority and female inferiority had formed a system, it was still different from the society after the Song Dynasty when the feudal patriarchal thought permeated every corner.At that time, these feudal ideas did not fully penetrate into the society, and they also received strong challenges from the front. Some progressive thinkers in the Han and Tang dynasties publicly proposed simple democratic equality ideas such as "similar" and "Jun body" between women and men.Therefore, in the family, in the relationship between husband and wife, there is still a progressive, free, and open side.During the Han Dynasty, it was common for women to feast with men.At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, the great ancestor, returned to his hometown and set up Jiupei Palace. The men and women in Peidi "drink and drink happily" ("Han Shu·Gao Di Ji").During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Pi often invited a group of literary friends such as Wang Can, Liu Zhen, and Xu Qian to have a banquet in the mansion. When the wine was hot, Cao Pi specially asked his wife Zhen to come out to meet the literary friends.On the existing brick portraits of banquets, dances and feasts in the Eastern Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, scenes of men and women sitting together, feasting and dancing can often be seen. During the Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, there are still some good stories about the love between husband and wife.Zhang Chang was Jing Zhaoyin in the time of Emperor Xuan of the Western Han Dynasty. He had a good relationship with his wife. In order to make her look more beautiful, he often gave her thrush in the boudoir.This boudoir news was spread by the maid, and some people felt that Zhang Chang's actions were frivolous and reported it to the emperor.Emperor Xuan summoned Zhang Chang and asked him if there was such a thing.Zhang Chang answered very cleverly: "In the boudoir, the fun of husband and wife is better than thrush!" Emperor Xuan was also open-minded and did not blame him.Later Zhang Chang became the prime minister.There are similar stories in the Jin Dynasty.Situ Wangrong's wife loves her husband very much. She kisses him every day when he goes out and comes home.Wang Rong said: It is disrespectful for a woman to kiss her husband's face in etiquette, so don't do this in the future.The wife replied: "My dear dear loves you, so I am dear; if I am not dear, who will kiss you again." It means: I kiss you because I love you; if I don't kiss you, who will kiss you?The above two stories show that people at that time held two attitudes towards the conjugal love between husband and wife in the boudoir.However, judging from the fact that the story can be passed down as a good story for thousands of years, the opponents are probably very few people who are rigid in ethics. In-law relationships Once a woman gets married, she leaves her father's family and joins her husband's family. She is not only the husband's wife, but also the daughter-in-law of the husband's family. So even today, the northern folks still refer to someone's wife as "a certain family's daughter-in-law". .Among certain kinship relationships with the husband's relatives, the relationship with parents-in-law is the most important.Respectful service is a woman's duty, not serving uncles and aunts, and disrespect or filial piety is one of the conditions for "seven outs". The daughter-in-law must take the mood of "being like a parent" and transfer the family education and etiquette she learned when she was a daughter to her husband's home.In addition to serving her husband's food and daily life, the daughter-in-law also takes care of the daily life of her parents-in-law.Due to the differences between men and women inside and outside, the daughter-in-law is at home, and the elder who spends the most time in contact with and serving her is the mother-in-law.Under the supervision of her mother-in-law, the one who can serve her mother-in-law with infinite patience is a "virtuous woman". If she disobeys her mother-in-law a little, or her actions and words are not in line with her parents-in-law's wishes, she will be kicked out of the house by her parents-in-law, even if there is a harmonious relationship between husband and wife. They will also be forcibly separated by their in-laws.Divorce a wife who does not agree with the parents, and the husband will be called a "filial son". In fact, it is impossible for a son not to carry out the will of his parents. Liu Lanzhi in the long narrative poem "The Peacock Flies Southeast" in the Han Dynasty is affectionate and affectionate with her husband Jiao Zhongqing, and they are also diligent in doing housework. He also felt that she was slow in weaving, and she was displeased with left and right eyes, and said, "This woman has no etiquette, and she can act freely", and forced her son to divorce Liu Lanzhi back to her natal family, and finally became a loving couple. A human tragedy in which both of them committed suicide. Inheritance is an integral part of the marriage and family system.Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the feudal society has inherited the eldest son inheritance system of the slave society of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and women generally do not enjoy the right to inherit property.The Qin Dynasty implemented the eldest son inheritance system on the throne, and professional officials such as historians and divination witches were allowed to be inherited by their children. their descendants to inherit.In the Han Dynasty, the feudal inheritance relationship was fully protected.The law stipulates that the eldest son inherits the title, and those who are not inherited by the eldest son will be punished by law.In the third year of Yuanyan (10 BC), Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, Zhao Cen, the heir of the Marquis of Yingping Zhuang, "spoofed his father and falsely appointed the daughter of Chang'an, Wang Junxia, ​​as his heir". ").In the tenth year of Taishi (AD 274), Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty also issued an imperial edict: "The difference between the concubine and the concubine, so we can distinguish between superior and inferior. Since modern times, most of them are domestic favorites, and the post of concubine has disordered the order of superiority and inferiority. Since From now on, no concubine or concubine shall be allowed to be appointed as a legitimate son" ("Book of Jin · Emperor Wu Ji"). The law of the Tang Dynasty also stipulated the strict implementation of the eldest son inheritance system of the clan. The principle is: "Establishing the eldest son is intended to be inherited. The eldest son of the first wife is the son of the first wife. If it is not established according to this, it is 'illegal', and the union will last for one year." "Wives who are over 50 years old and have no children have to establish a direct wife to be an elder, and the same is true for those who are not elders."The Tang law expressly stipulates that the succession order of the ancestors is: "If there are no sons and guilty diseases, the grandsons are established; Without a mother or brother, establish a concubine grandson. The descendants of Zeng and Xuan are allowed to do this." "Without the latter, there will be no households."It can be seen that the inheritance of Zongzheng is only limited to the direct descendants of the male line.If there are no immediate descendants, an heir should be established.The principle of establishing an heir is to prohibit disorderly clans with different surnames, but to "listen to those who have the same clan as Zhao Mu".If a man from a different clan is adopted as an adopted son, it will take one year in prison, and the person who sends his son to a different surname for adoption will also be punished with "fifty cane".The law of the Tang Dynasty also forbids a good man to adopt an untouchable boy as an adopted son. If he violates the law, he will be punished for one and a half years or a hundred sticks, and "each of them will return the right one" (see "Tang Law Shuyi"). The inheritance of titles in the Tang Dynasty was the same as that of the eldest son of Zong Yu: "kings, dukes, hous, uncles, sons, and males are all inherited by descendants" (ibid.).The order of inheritance is also exactly the same. In terms of property inheritance, the principle of the Tang Law is generally that the sons should share equally: "Where the land, house and property should be divided, the brothers will share equally... If the brother dies, the son will inherit the father's share" (ibid.).It also stipulates that in the case of no descendants in the family, even if a woman is married, she has the right to inherit the property of her natal family.