Chapter 6 Chapter Six Han Dynasty Tombs

In 202 BC, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu and established the Western Han Dynasty with the capital Chang'an (now Xi'an).From Gaozu Liu Bang to Ping Emperor Liu Jin [kan], there were 11 emperors and 11 cemeteries were built.According to literature records: Liu Bang began to build the mausoleum in the second year after he became emperor, and all the emperors of the Western Han Dynasty built huge mausoleums for themselves before their death.Since the early 1960s, cultural relics and archaeologists have conducted many field surveys on the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty, and basically determined the orientation of the tombs and the organizational system and layout of the cemetery.

The 11 imperial mausoleums of the Western Han Dynasty (Figure 4) are divided into two major mausoleum areas, north and south, located in Xianyang Yuan in the north of Chang’an City in the Han Dynasty, and Bailu Yuan and Du Dong Yuan in the southeast of Chang’an City.There are nine distributed in Xianyang Plain, stretching for more than 50 kilometers from Nanwei Township, Xingping County in the west to Majiawan Township, Gaoling County in the east, and can be roughly divided into three areas.The easternmost area is centered on the Changling Tomb of Emperor Gaozu, the Anling Tomb of Emperor Hui to the west, and Yangling Tomb of Emperor Jing to the east.In the westernmost area, the Maoling Mausoleum of Emperor Wu is in the west, and the Pingling Mausoleum of Emperor Zhao is in the east.The central area is centered on Weiling Mausoleum of Emperor Yuan, Yanling Mausoleum of Emperor Cheng in the west, Yiling Mausoleum of Emperor Ai in the east, and Kangling Mausoleum of Emperor Ping in the northwest.The easternmost area is the earliest imperial mausoleums of the Western Han Dynasty. It is located in the north of Han Chang'an City, across the Wei River from the capital.The south of Changling Mausoleum corresponds to Anmen Street in the middle of the north of Chang'an City.The arrangement of the mausoleum reflects the ancient Zuo Zhao You Mu system, which has had a great influence on the arrangement of later imperial mausoleums.On the Bailuyuan is the Baling Mausoleum of Emperor Wen and the Nanling of his mother, Empress Dowager Bo, and on the Dudongyuan is the Duling Mausoleum of Emperor Xuan.

In the early Western Han Dynasty, the tombs of Emperor Gaozu and Empress Lu were in the same cemetery. Since then, the tombs of emperors and empresses have built square cemeteries, and the walls of the cemetery were built with rammed earth. Some of them are still clear on the ground.Mausoleums of imperial mausoleums generally have a side length of 410-430 meters, and a wall base width of 8-10 meters. According to the wall score, the wall height is about 10 meters.Houling cemeteries generally have a side length of 330 meters, and some larger ones have a side length of nearly 400 meters, and the wall base is about four meters wide.There is a gate in the center of each wall, with double ques in front of the gate and houses on both sides.The shape and size of the four gates are basically the same. According to analysis, the east gate is the main gate.The site of the east gate of the cemetery of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty and Queen Xiaoxuan was excavated. There is a gate tower in the middle and a passage in the center.There is a threshold in the middle of the passage, and there is a door pier on the left and right of the threshold, and the floor is paved with plain square bricks.There are pilasters on the four walls of the school.There is a partition wall in the middle of the corridor.There are eaves corridors in front of the school and the side corridors, and the ground outside the corridors is paved with river pebbles to receive rainwater and protect the ground.

The architectural layout of the mausoleums and mausoleums of the Western Han Dynasty was influenced by the capital system.Most of the mausoleums are in the south of the mausoleum area, the emperor's mausoleum is in the west, and the rear mausoleum is in the east. This layout is very similar to the Weiyang Palace where the emperor lived in the southwest and the Changle Palace where the empress dowager lived in the southeast.The mausoleum is located in the center of the cemetery, and there are one gate on each side of the cemetery, and the main entrance is on the east. Its form is very similar to that of the main building of Weiyang Palace - the front hall is in the center of the palace city, with a palace gate on each side, and the east gate is the main entrance. .

There are two types of mausoleum construction methods: one is "chiseling mountains for hiding" and does not afford mounds, such as Baling Mausoleum.The tombs of princes and kings of the Western Han Dynasty mostly adopt this shape, such as the tomb of Liu Sheng, King Jing of Zhongshan of the Western Han Dynasty in Mancheng, Hebei, and the tomb of King Lu of the Western Han Dynasty, Qufu, Shandong.Some mausoleums of later generations also adopted this system, such as the Zhaoling Mausoleum of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, and the Qianling Mausoleum where Emperor Gaozong and Wu Zetian were buried together.The other type is "piercing the soil to form a cave", in which tall mounds are rammed on the ground.The mounds are all in the shape of an overturned bucket, and the bottom and top planes are mostly square, and a few are rectangular.The length and width of the bottom are about 150-170 meters, and the height is about 20-30 meters, among which the Maoling tomb is the largest.When some mounds are close to the top, the four sides retract to form a two-story step.This kind of overturned bucket mound looks like a hall, and it was called "Fangshang" in the Han Dynasty, giving people a sense of grandeur and solidity. "Book of the Later Han Etiquette" notes the records of "Huang Lan": "The burial of the Han family has a hundred steps in the square, and it has been built into a square city. There are four gates and four links, and six horses are enough." After drilling There is a trapezoidal slope tomb passage in the center of each of the four sides. The size and shape are basically the same, and the filling soil has been rammed.

The Han Dynasty was the most popular period in Chinese history. "Book of Jin Suolin Biography" contains: "The emperor of Han ascended the throne for one year and made the mausoleum, and the world contributed one-third, one for the ancestral temple, one for the guests, and one for the mountain mausoleum." All Baling mausoleums are made of pottery, and gold, silver, copper, and tin are not allowed to be decorated, and the tombs are not cleaned up. If you want to save money, don’t bother the people.” In fact, because the mountain is a mausoleum, the project is very huge. People, the internal history has fifteen thousand soldiers" ("Historical Records·Xiaowen Ji"), more than 30,000 soldiers were mobilized alone.Emperor Zhaodi of the Han Dynasty died violently, and Dasi Nongtian Yannian was responsible for rushing to repair the mausoleum. Thirty thousand ox carts near Chang'an were requisitioned just for the sand of the canal.In order to build the mausoleum, Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty abolished the 16-year-old Yanling Mausoleum on the pretext of unfavorable terrain in the first year of Hongjia (20 BC), and decided to rebuild a new mausoleum in East Xinfeng County, Chang'an, named Changling Mausoleum.Due to the low terrain near Changling, the project of accumulating soil for the mausoleum is very huge. "Changling is high because of its lowliness, and the accumulated soil is a mountain. . . . There are tens of thousands of apprentices and mediocrities, and they burn their fat and fire at night to work. They take soil from Dongshan, and it is the same as the valley (price). With their hard work, the country will be ruined, the government will be empty, and the people will suffer.” ("Han Shu Chen Tang Biography") As a result, tens of thousands of apprentices worked day and night, and the business was still unfinished for five years. Stop and continue to build Yanling.

Regarding the joint burial of emperors and empresses, "Records of Guanzhong" quoted in "Historical Records A Family of Foreign Relatives" records: "Gao Zu's mausoleum is in the west, and Lu Hou's mausoleum is in the east. The tombs of Han emperors and empresses are buried together, not in mausoleums. This is the case for all princes." According to the survey , the 11th tomb of the Western Han Dynasty is indeed a joint burial of the emperor and empress, with the same tomb and different tombs.Changling emperor and empress share a cemetery.Since Emperor Jing's Yangling Mausoleum, emperors and empresses have built their own mausoleums.Most of the posthumous mausoleums are in the east of the imperial tombs, but there are a few exceptions, such as Mrs. Li in Maoling, Queen Weiling, and Queen Zhang in Anling, either because they did not establish a posthumous position when they died, or because they were demoted during their lifetime.The shape of the mounds of the Hou Mausoleum is generally the same as that of the Emperor Mausoleum, but the scale is smaller, especially in the late Western Han Dynasty, which is obviously related to the decline of the status of the concubines at that time.

There is no example of excavation of the "Xuan Gong" in the emperor's mausoleum.However, from the literature records combined with the excavation of the tombs of King Jing of Zhongshan Liu Sheng and his wife, and the tombs of King Qing of Guangyang Liu Jian and his wife, we can understand its general appearance.The tomb of Liu Sheng and his wife is located on the Southwest Mausoleum Mountain in Mancheng County, Hebei Province.Liu Sheng's tomb is 51.7 meters long, 37.5 meters wide at its widest point, and 7.9 meters high at its highest point. Its structure mimics the former palace.There were originally wooden houses with tiled roofs in the corridor, ear room and middle room, and six carts and 16 horses were placed in the corridor and the south ear room.The back room is built of stone slabs, with built-in coffins and a corridor around it.Both Liu Sheng and his wife wore gold carved jade clothes woven with jade pieces and gold threads, which belonged to the emperor's class (Fig. 5).The tomb of Liu Jian and his wife is located in Dabaotai, southwest of Beijing.The two tombs are juxtaposed from east to west, piercing the soil to form a kang, and the upper part is sealed with soil to form a tall mound.There are three funeral vehicles and 13 horses in the tomb passage of Liu Jian's tomb (Tomb No. 1).The tomb is 26.8 meters long from north to south, and 21.2 meters wide, with a "Huang Chang Ti Pu" inside.The inscription is built with long strips of cypress wood inwards, with a total of 30 floors. The interior is divided into front room, back room and inner corridor, also known as "Zhengzang".The outer corridor is composed of erected pine beams, with a width of 3.6 meters. The middle is divided into two layers by erected wooden boards.

Thick burials were very popular in the Han Dynasty, and there were a wide variety of burial objects, including all the items used during his lifetime.There are more than 4,200 burial objects in the tomb of Liu Sheng and his wife, many of which are of high scientific and artistic value.The burial objects in the emperor's mausoleum are naturally more rare and beautiful, and the number is huge. "Han Shu Gongyu Biography" records that when Emperor Wu died, "Emperor Zhao was young and weak, Huo Guang was specialized, and he didn't know the etiquette, so he arbitrarily hid money and property, birds, beasts, fish, turtles, cattle, horses, tigers, leopards, and birds. yiyi〕Tibet it", "Emperor Zhao Yanjiao, recovering and carrying it out".The other mausoleums should also be roughly similar.

There are burial pits near the mausoleum, and some are located inside the tomb passage.Some of the burial pits have brick walls, and some have "coffin boxes" made of square wood.A large number of funerary objects were placed in the pit, including gold and silver jewelry, pottery figurines, Ming utensils, as well as practical chariots and horses, coins, grain and so on.More than 2,000 pieces of painted terracotta warriors and horses, lacquerware, and pottery were unearthed from the burial pits of the Yangjiawan Han Tomb in the Changling Tomb.

Yangling's burial pits are located 300 meters south of the Mausoleum of Kings and Empresses, and 24 of them have been discovered, covering an area of ​​96,000 square meters.The pits are long strips and Chinese characters in the north-south direction, with different lengths.There are a total of 14 rows from east to west, with a row spacing of 20 meters. The number of pits in each row varies, at least one, and at most six.The pit is an underground tunnel type with a wooden frame structure.Lay planks across the bottom of the pit.There are longitudinal skids under the two side walls, and the upper cubic columns are inlaid with square boards, which are fitted with mortise and tenon joints.The top is first framed with square wood, and then covered with shed wood.There are ramp access at the north and south ends.There are wooden painted chariots and horses, wooden figurines, painted pottery figurines, painted pottery animal models, weapons, farm implements, tools, pottery, etc. buried in the pit.The arms of the terracotta figurines are made of wood.Observing from the remaining traces, the figurines were originally wearing silk battle robes and armor made of wood chips. There are many sleeping gardens next to the mausoleums of the Western Han Emperor Mausoleums.In the garden, the sleeping hall is the center, together with the hall of convenience, etc., to form a group of buildings.The sleeping hall displays the emperor's clothes, a few battles, and the utensils (sacred seats), which are served by the palace people as before. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty Sacrifice Records" records: "In ancient times, there were no tomb sacrifices. All the mausoleums of the Han Dynasty had garden dormitories, which was inherited from the Qin Dynasty." It is the development of the "hall" built on the pre-Qin tomb, which has the function of offering sacrifices.The side hall is a place where the emperor's clothes, funeral utensils, and officials involved in the activities and management of the mausoleum are stored, rest, and feast.Most of the mausoleums of the early emperors of the Western Han Dynasty were built in the cemetery.Around the time of Emperor Jing, the sleeping hall was moved outside the cemetery, usually in the southeast of the emperor's mausoleum, and became an independent garden.At present, the remaining architectural relics are Jingdi Yangling Mausoleum and Wudi Maoling Mausoleum, both of which are located in the southeast outside the cemetery.After drilling and excavation, the dormitories of Xuandi Duling and Queen Wang are all on the south side of the cemetery. Walls were built around Du's mausoleum, and the north wall used a section of the south wall of the cemetery.The plane is rectangular, with doors on the east, west and south sides, and two groups of buildings, the bedroom hall and the toilet hall.The sleeping hall is in the west, which is a large palace building with 13 rooms in width and 5 rooms in depth.The lower part of the pilaster is set with a foundation stone and is hooped with an octagonal gilt copper 〔zhi〕. The inside of the wall is plastered with chalk, and the outside is painted with chalk.Corridors are built around the hall, and outside the corridors are scattered water paved with pebbles.The whole building looks solemn, elegant and magnificent.The Biandian is to the east of the Sleeping Hall. It is a group of multi-functional buildings, consisting of halls, courtyards and a set of rooms. Each set of houses has different numbers of rooms, different areas, and different layout structures, indicating that they have different functions.The layout of the Hou Mausoleum Garden is similar to that of the Emperor Mausoleum, but smaller in scale.According to "Han Shu Gongyu Biography" records: there are as many as hundreds of people in Fengling Palace in the cemetery of Emperor Wu, Zhao and Xuan.Such a scale is definitely not something that a palace can accommodate.There is a large area of ​​building foundations in the south of the dormitory, which is probably the residence of the maids who guard the tomb or those who are engaged in the activities of the tomb. There is a mausoleum temple next to the emperor's mausoleum in the Han Dynasty, dedicated to the emperor's "divine master". "Hanshu·Weixian Biography" contains: "The capital from Gaozu down to Emperor Xuan, together with Emperor Taishang and Emperor Mourning Kao each built a temple next to the mausoleum." The temple is large in scale and surrounded by walls.There are buildings such as the main hall, the gate and the gate.The locations of mausoleums and temples are not consistent, generally not in the cemetery, and not necessarily built together with the cemetery.For example, the Longyuan Temple of Emperor Wu and the Lingling Temple of Emperor Zhao are in the east of the mausoleum, the temple of Emperor Yuan is in the northwest of the mausoleum, and the temple of Emperor Xuan is in the northeast of the mausoleum.The distance between the mausoleum temple and the mausoleum varies from a few miles to a few hundred meters.A "clothes road" is built between the temple and the bedroom.There is a rammed earth platform in the center of Xuandi Temple, which is 73 meters long from east to west, 70 meters wide from north to south, and 5 meters thick.There is a road leading to the mausoleum on the east and west sides.At that time, temple worship activities were very frequent. In addition to moon sacrifices, ceremonies were held in all major solar terms celebrations, and clothes and hats were welcomed from the sleeping hall into the temple to accept sacrifices.Ministers of civil and military affairs also visit the mausoleum temple when they encounter important events. There are many accompanying tombs in the mausoleums of the emperors in the Western Han Dynasty, which have become an important part of the mausoleum.These burial tombs are distributed on both sides of the Simamen outside the Shinto to the east of the imperial mausoleum, and a few are to the north of the imperial mausoleum, forming a large burial cemetery.This layout is quite similar to the arrangement of princes and ministers paying homage to the emperor.According to literature records, Xiao He, Cao Can, Zhou Bo, Wang Ling and others were buried with Changling, all of whom were founding fathers of the Han Dynasty and important civil and military officials. There are still more than 70 tall graves on the ground.The mounds are mostly arranged in a north-south direction and distributed in groups, and most of them are arranged side by side in pairs in each group.There are also gardens, ancestral halls and other buildings near the funeral tombs.Huo Qubing, Wei Qing, Jin Ridun, Huo Guang, Dong Zhongshu, Gong Sunhong and others were buried in Maoling, most of whom were relatives of the emperor and dignitaries.Most of the burials in the tombs after Emperor Xuan were relatives or eunuchs.107 burial tombs of Emperor Xuan's Du Mausoleum have been discovered, which are divided into two areas, the southeast and the northeast, and each area has groups of tombs. Wei Wei Jin Anshang and Zhongshan King of Ai Liu Jing counted. Huo Qubing, born in Pingyang, Hedong (now southwest of Linfen, Shanxi), led the army at the age of 18. He attacked the Xiongnu six times and opened the "Silk Road".Because of his repeated outstanding achievements, he was named Champion Marquis and Hussar General. He died of illness in the sixth year of Yuanshou (117 BC).To commemorate his military exploits, Emperor Wu built a large tomb in the northeast of Maoling, and piled huge stones on the seal, which resembled Qilian Mountain, in recognition of his great achievements in fighting the Xiongnu in the Qilian Mountain area.Large stone sculptures are displayed in front of the tomb.There are 16 existing ones, including horses stepping on the Huns, monsters eating sheep, people hugging beasts, leaping horses, crouching horses, crouching tigers, and crouching elephants.All of them are made of natural boulders with line carving, round carving and relief carving techniques, which are concise and natural.The stone carvings have different looks, the beasts are ferocious, and the bull elephants are docile.The Horse Stepping on the Huns with a Stone is the most representative work.The horse stands with its head held high, its long tail dragging the ground, and there is a person lying on its back under its belly, with high cheekbones and beard, holding a bow, arrow and dagger, in a state of dying struggle.From the inscriptions carved on the stone carvings, we know that these stone carvings were supervised by "Zuo Sikong".They are the earliest known examples of stone inscriptions in front of tombs in my country, and have a profound impact on the arrangement of stone inscriptions in front of tombs in subsequent dynasties. The establishment of the Mausoleum began with Qin Shihuang.The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, from the beginning of the Han Dynasty until the Han Yuan Emperor issued an edict to stop the establishment of mausoleums, during which all mausoleums were set up as mausoleums.The function of the mausoleum is first to enshrine the cemetery, and second to relocate the Kanto clan, high-ranking officials and rich people, so as to strengthen the root and suppress the end, and consolidate the centralized rule.Most of the mausoleums are located in the north and east of the emperor's mausoleum.At the beginning, they were very close, and the distance increased from Emperor Wen, ranging from one or two miles to five or six miles.According to literature records, the population of each mausoleum was about 30,000 to 50,000 households, many of which belonged to powerful families who kept a large number of slaves and maidservants, so it became the most densely populated area at that time.The composition of the population in Mausoleum is also relatively complex, with high-ranking officials and eunuchs, scholars and literati, haiku (pai Pai) excellent families, children from the market, and "five-party miscellaneous houses (cuo co)", forming a unique social life. The rulers of the Western Han Dynasty attached great importance to the construction and management of imperial mausoleums.The construction work is directly under the responsibility of specialized agencies - Jiangzuo Dajiang and Dasinong.The mausoleum area began to be directly under the jurisdiction of the "Taichang" of the central government. After the Yuan Emperor, it was subordinate to the "Sanfu", and various officials were set up to take charge of the management.The status of Yi Ling is higher than that of ordinary county magistrates, and subordinate officials include Cheng and Wei.The cemetery has a garden order or director, whose status is slightly lower than the magistrate of the mausoleum, and subordinate officials include Yuan Cheng and the principal. In 25 A.D., Liu Xiu established the Eastern Han Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital, and 12 emperors.According to literature records, except for the Zen mausoleum of Emperor Xian, which is far away in Shanyang, Hanoi County (now Xiuwu, Henan), the other 11 imperial mausoleums are all near Luoyang City (now the site of the ancient city of Luoyang in the Han and Wei Dynasties). The 11 imperial mausoleums can be divided into north and south districts. The north district is located on Mang Mang Mountain in the northwest of Luoyang City, with five mausoleums; the south district is located southeast of Luoyang City, south of Luoshui, with six mausoleums.In these two areas, there are many high mounds, and the specific location of the emperor's tomb and the owner of the tomb cannot be confirmed yet. The plane layout of the Eastern Han Dynasty cemetery, according to literature records, started from the Ming Emperor Xianjie Mausoleum, no walls were built around the cemetery, and wooden frames were used as boundaries instead, named "Xingma". Stone halls were built in front of the tombs in the cemetery, and the sleeping hall was built in the cemetery. outside.The mausoleums are all pierced through the earth, and tall circular mounds are rammed on the ground.The largest perimeter of the above-mentioned mounds on Mang Mountain today is 500 meters and 20 meters high, and the smallest is 220 meters in circumference and 10 meters high.The underground palace of the emperor's mausoleum uses "Fangshi to treat yellow intestines and make a toilet room".Some medium-sized tombs found in Mangshan Mountain and the tomb and underground palace of King Liu Yan of Zhongshan Jian in Beizhuang, Dingxian County, Hebei Province were built with bricks and yellow sausage stones.At this time, the jade clothing system was more complete in the tombs. After the emperor died, the emperor wore gold jade clothing, princes, princes, nobles, and princesses used silver jade clothing, and the nobles and eldest princesses used copper jade clothing.