Chapter 4 Chapter Four Two Weeks Royal Tomb

The Western Zhou Dynasty (approximately 11th century BC to 771 BC) had a total of 13 kings from King Wen to King You.In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 BC to 221 BC), there were a total of 25 kings from King Ping to King Nan [nan].Regarding the tombs of the emperors of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the historical records are brief and incomplete.Many scholars believe that the large tombs of the Warring States period found in Jincun and Wangcheng in Luoyang are the tombs of King Zhou and the Duke of Western Zhou. In 770 BC, after King Ping of Zhou moved to the east, the royal family of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty declined, and a situation of political and military hegemony formed among the princes.In the funeral system, there was also a situation of "ritual collapse and music decay". The princes of various countries followed the example of the emperor, surpassed the original rules of etiquette, built grand mausoleums, and buried many utensils with them.

The tombs of princes and monarchs that have been discovered so far include: the tomb of Marquis Yan in Fangshan District, Beijing, the tomb of King Yan in Yixian County, Hebei Province, the tomb of Marquis Jin in Quwo County, Shanxi Province, the tomb of Marquis Wei in Jun County, Henan Province, and the tomb of the nobles of Guo State in Sanmenxia City, Henan Province , Qi Gong Tomb and Tian Qi King Mausoleum in Linzi Gucheng, Zibo City, Shandong Province, Zheng Gong Tomb in Xinzheng County, Henan Province, Caihou Tomb in Shou County and Huainan City, Anhui Province, Qin Gong Mausoleum in Fengxiang County and Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, and Zenghou in Suizhou City, Hubei Province Tombs of King Wei in Hui County, Henan Province, King Zhao's Tomb in Handan City, Hebei Province, King Chu's Tomb in Huaiyang County, Henan Province and Changfeng County, Anhui Province, and Zhongshan King's Tomb in Pingshan County, Hebei Province.Most of these tombs belong to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and some of them have been excavated through archaeology. The age and owner of the tomb are relatively clear, and they also fully reflect the funeral system at that time.

The princes and monarchs in the two-week period inherited the system of the Shang Dynasty and all had independent mausoleums.The location of the mausoleum is either outside the capital city or inside the capital city.Outside the capital city are the tombs of the Marquis of Wei, the Tomb of the Duke of Qin, the Tomb of the King of Wei, the Tomb of the King of Zhao, the Tomb of the King of Tian Qi, the Tomb of the King of Chu, and the Tomb of the Marquis of Cai. inside.Most of the people in the capital belong to weak countries. For the safety of the mausoleum, they are often located in a corner of the capital.For example, in the Spring and Autumn Period, the tomb of Zheng Gong was in the southeast corner, the tomb of Qi Gong was in the northeast corner, and the tomb of the king of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty may be in the northeast of Cheng Zhou (to the east of today's Luoyang City).

Among the tombs of the monarchs, the tombs of Qin Gong, Qin Dong and Zhao Wang have been found.The plane of the cemetery is nearly square, and some of the surroundings use natural ditch cliffs, some dig trenches, and some ram walls.Most of the monarchs of one generation are buried in each cemetery, and there are also burial tombs and burial pits.According to the records of "Zhou Li Chun Guan", there were two kinds of burial cemeteries in the Zhou Dynasty.The "cemetery" where the nobles are buried is in charge of the "tomb people", and the location of the tomb and the height of the mound are arranged according to the rank of the noble.The "Bang Tomb" where civilians are buried is in charge of the tomb doctor, and different families have their own areas in the cemetery.The discovered and excavated noble cemeteries during the two-week period are basically cemeteries arranged in an orderly manner, such as the tomb of the Marquis of Jin, the Tomb of Qin, the Tomb of King Zhao, and the Tomb of the Marquis of Yan.

Around the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, mounds began to be built on tombs. It is known that tall mounds were built on the tombs of princes and monarchs during the Warring States Period.The mounds are rammed with soil, and the shapes are bucket-shaped and round mounds. The length and width of the bottom can reach about 40 meters, and the highest can reach more than 10 meters.Zhao Wang Mausoleum and Tian Qi Wang Mausoleum are both built on hills, showing the supremacy of imperial power. During the two-week period, it inherited the legacy of building the "Xiangtang" on the tomb of the Yin Dynasty. It belongs to the tomb of Marquis Wei in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty.Architectural relics were found on the Qin Gong Mausoleum during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period's Wei Wang Mausoleum and Zhao Wang Mausoleum.The Xiangtang-like foundation site on the tomb of Wang  [cuocuo] in Zhongshan can be restored as a three-story pavilion-style building with a winding corridor and a tiled roof.

During the two-week period, there have been joint burials of husband and wife in different caves among the princes and monarchs, and this system was more popular during the Warring States Period.Most of them are two tombs side by side, one big and one small, and a few are one husband and two wives side by side. The tombs are all in the form of earth pits, most of which have two tomb passages, and the plane is in the shape of a Chinese character.Some have only one tomb passage, such as the tomb of Marquis Cai in Anhui and the Qi Cemetery in Linzi.A few have no tomb passages, such as the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, or have four tomb passages, such as Tomb No. 2 in the No. 1 Mausoleum of Qin Dongling.There are chariot and horse pits near the mausoleum, where real chariots and horses are buried.In the No. 2 Chariot and Horse Pit of the Tomb of the King of Chu in Huaiyang, 23 chariots were buried. There are two types of chariots: single shaft and double shaft.

The inner and outer coffins in the tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty have a clear hierarchy.According to literature records: "The emperor's coffin has seven layers, the princes have five layers, the doctor has three layers, and the scholars have another layer." This system was broken in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.For example, the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng is divided into four parts, with double wooden coffins built in, the tomb of King Zhongshan has four coffins, and the two doctor-level tombs unearthed in Xiangxiang, Hunan Province have as many as five layers of coffins.The coffin chambers are all built with square wood, and the joints are connected by mortise [sun damage] tenon.In order to prevent theft and moisture, stones, carbon or sand are often deposited in the tomb in the northern region.For example, the tombs of Qin Gong, Wei Wang, Qi Gong, and Zhongshan King have been excavated.In the southern region, it is popular to fill the tomb with green plaster mud.The burial objects in the mausoleum are mainly various bronze wares such as complete sets of ritual musical instruments. Among the ritual wares, tripods and gui are the most important. Their number and combination indicate the status of the tomb owner.Nine tripods of various sizes were unearthed from the tomb of King Zhongshan and Marquis Yi of Zeng. The tomb of King Wei and Tomb No. 16 of Yanxiadu contained nine imitation copper pottery tripods, which conformed to the etiquette of using nine tripods by emperors and princes of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.Among the unearthed chime bells, the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng is the most complete.The system of killing and burying people has always existed during the two-week period, but the number has gradually decreased. For example, there are 166 people who died in the No. 1 tomb of Duke Qin, and 21 people who died in the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng.

After King Ping of Zhou moved to the east, he lived in Luoyi Wangcheng (now the confluence of Jian and Luo Rivers in Luoyang City).In the fourth year of King Jing (516 BC), he moved to Chengzhou to avoid the chaos of the Prince Dynasty, and moved from Chengzhou back to Wangcheng during the reign of King Nan.During the 200 years before and after, there were nine Zhou kings living in Chengzhou.During the reign of King Kao (reigned 440-426 BC), he named his younger brother Duke Huan of the Western Zhou Dynasty in Wangcheng.In the third generation of Duke Hui of the Western Zhou Dynasty, his youngest son Yugong (to the west of Gongxian County, Henan Province) was granted the honor of the King of Zhou, named Duke Hui of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. After that, the Zhou Wangji area was divided and ruled by the East and West Dukes until the fifty-ninth year of King Nan ( 256 BC), Qin destroyed Zhou.

According to the "Historical Records·Zhou Benji" collection commentary "Huanglan" records: "Lingwang (reigned 571-545 BC) was tombed on the West Zhou Mountain of Baiting in the southwest of Henan City...the people in the tomb worshiped endlessly." "Scenery The tomb of the king (reigned 544-520 B.C.) was in Taicang, Luoyang. The Qin Dynasty entrusted Lu Buwei with 100,000 households in Luoyang, so Daqicheng was surrounded by Jing Wang's tomb." Jijie also quoted Song Zhong as saying: "King Weilie ( reigned from 425 to 402 BC) and was buried in the northeast corner of Luoyang City." The locations recorded are all near the ancient city of Luoyang in the Han and Wei Dynasties in the east of today's Luoyang City.

In 1928, eight large tombs were robbed in Jincun, northeast of the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties in Luoyang, Henan Province.According to the Canadian Huai Lvguang's "Ancient Tombs in the Old City of Luoyang", the eight tombs are arranged in an orderly manner, divided into two rows, north and south, with six in the north and two in the south.The shape is a tomb passage, and the plane is A-shaped.Among them, the opening of Tomb No. 5 is square, about 12 meters in length and width.The tomb passage is about 80 meters long and three meters wide.The wooden coffin chamber is surrounded by rocks and charcoal, and the bottom of the tomb is paved with stone slabs.The inner wall of the inner coffin is painted dark brown, and the top is painted with patterns and inlaid with round copper ornaments inlaid with glaze.There are two coffins in the coffin chamber, and the funerary objects are placed on the left side of the coffin and between the tomb passage and the coffin chamber.There are "horse pits" on both sides of the tomb passage, and there are gold and silver chariots and horses in the pit.

A large number of bronze wares, jade wares, lacquer wares, and silver wares were unearthed from this cemetery.Among them, bronze wares such as tripods, pots, pots and mirrors with mixed gold and silver, jade wares such as bi, pei and belt hooks inlaid with openwork carvings, and bronze and silver figures are extremely exquisitely made, and they are undoubtedly royal wares.Inscriptions were cast and engraved on many bronze vessels, all of which were made by the clan or ministers of the Zhou Dynasty.Among them, the most famous are two sets of 14 pieces (厂下骉) [biao]'s chime bells and a pair of Linghu Junsizi pots.The former inscription has a total of 65 characters, and its content records the events of the Three Jins conquering Qi and entering the Great Wall in the 22nd year of King Wei of Zhou (404 BC), which can be corroborated with the chronology of the ancient bamboo book.The latter was made by a descendant of the Linghu family, dating to around 400 BC.The age of some other artifacts belongs to the late Warring States period.The ancient city of the Han and Wei Dynasties was the seat of Cheng Zhou in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.This cemetery is likely to be the tomb of several generations of Zhou kings after King Zhou Jing moved to Zhou Dynasty. Four large tombs of the Warring States period were found in the northeast corner of Wangcheng, Luoyang City, arranged east-west and adjacent to each other.The shape and structure are all tombs with a tomb passage facing south and a Chinese-A-shaped plane.Two of them have been excavated.The mouth of the No. 1 tomb is small, with a length of 10 meters and a width of 9.1 meters, nearly square.The tomb passage is slope type, about 40 meters long.The earth filling in the tomb has been rammed.Patterns composed of red, black, yellow and white are painted on the walls of the tomb chamber and tomb passage.The wooden outer coffin is rectangular, and there are 15 wooden pads at the bottom of the inner coffin. There are stones and carbon deposits outside the inner coffin, and a lacquer coffin inside the outer coffin.A piece of stone jade unearthed from the tomb has the word "Tianzi" written on it in ink.To the south of these four tombs, a rectangular chariot and horse pit was found, in which a chariot, four horses, and a dog were buried.In addition, many A-shaped tombs were found in the east wall of Wangcheng.The four walls of one of the tombs have been renovated, and the outer coffin is built of logs, with stones and charcoal on the outside, and two lacquered coffins inside.Among the burial objects is a bronze sword inscribed with "Gold of Prosperous Sun", and the characters are inlaid with red copper.The several A-shaped tombs excavated in Wangcheng date back to the Warring States period, but unfortunately, they were all severely looted and there were not many burial objects left.These tombs are located in the royal city, arranged in an orderly manner, and are huge in scale. The identity of the owner of the tomb is by no means an ordinary nobleman.According to literature records, the supreme ruler who lived in the royal city during the Warring States Period was the Duke of Western Zhou.The owners of these tombs should be the Duke of Western Zhou and his relatives. Yan was a vassal enfeoffed by King Wu in the early Zhou Dynasty. "Historical Records Yan Zhaogong's Family": "When King Wu of Zhou destroyed Zhou, he granted Zhaogong to Beiyan." There are different opinions in historical documents about where Yan's first fiefdom was.It was not until the 1970s that the discovery and excavation of the Liulihe site and the cemetery of Marquis Yan in Fangshan District, Beijing, solved this problem. The cemetery of Marquis Yan is located in the east of the Liulihe site, and the northwest is the site of the capital city of Yan State in the Western Zhou Dynasty.Many large tombs with one tomb passage, two tomb passages or four tomb passages have been excavated here.These large tombs are distributed in an area of ​​about 50,000 square meters, and the arrangement is irregular.Large tombs and some medium-sized tombs have "carriage and horse pits", mostly in the north of the main tomb.Some vehicles are laid flat, and the killed horses are placed on both sides of the shaft; in some cases, the killed horses are discharged to the bottom of the pit first, and then the disassembled vehicle parts are placed on it, with the wheels leaning against the pit wall. Tomb No. 1193, excavated in 1986, is the largest one.The mouth of the tomb is large and small, with a length of 7.68 meters and a width of 5.35 meters, and the walls are neat.There is a tomb passage on each of the four corners of the tomb, all of which are slope-shaped, 4.05-5.55 meters long and about one meter wide.This kind of tomb passage opening at the four corners has not been found in other places.The outer coffin is constructed of square wood, the four walls are stacked with 516 pieces, the top of the coffin is covered with 13 pieces, and the bottom of the coffin is tiled with nine pieces.Some funerary objects were placed on the outer coffin, and straw mats were generally covered before filling and ramming.The tomb was stolen, the coffin system is unknown, and there are few funerary objects unearthed. The important ones are lacquer shields, copper 罍 [lei base] and copper 盉 [he wo] with inscriptions.The inscription clearly records the historical fact that in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the king of Zhou canonized the Marquis of Yan to grant the land to the people and put nine countries (clans) under the jurisdiction of Marquis Yan.Although the interpretation and interpretation of certain words and sentences in these inscriptions are not consistent among scholars, it definitely shows that this is a tomb of Yan Hou in the early Western Zhou Dynasty.Many bronzes with the inscription "Yan (Yan) Hou" were also unearthed from the cemetery. Some inscriptions record that Yan Hou rewarded slaves and goods to his subordinates.A bronze tripod records that Jin went to Zongzhou to donate food to Taibao Zhaogong and was rewarded at the order of Yanhou, which can be confirmed by the historical fact that Zhaogong was named the eldest son to Yan in the document, and he was still in Zongzhou to assist the royal family.The discovery of the cemetery and city site of Yan State in Liulihe proves that the capital of Yan Hou Shi was here. "Shui Jing Zhu" records that King Yan Zhao ((312-279 BC) built Wuyang (now southeast of Yi County, Hebei Province) as his capital, and according to archaeological findings, the construction time may be earlier. By 226 BC, the Qin Army After occupying Xiadu, the king of Yan fled to Liaodong, during which all generations of Yan kings may have been buried in Xiadu. The tomb of King Yan is located in the northwest corner of the east city of Yanxia Capital. It is divided into two tomb areas, the north and the south, separated by an ancient river and a partition wall in the middle.There are 13 mounds in the north area, which are divided into four rows from north to south, and they are arranged in an orderly manner.There are four in the northernmost row, which are divided into two groups from east to west; three in the southernmost row, and the middle one is smaller and southerly; there are two rows in the middle, three in each row, juxtaposed from east to west.The six larger ones are about 40-55 meters long and 55 meters wide, and 7-15 meters high.There are 10 mounds in the southern area, and the enclosure is smaller than that in the northern area.The north and south are divided into three rows.There are five in a row in the north, three in the west and two in the east; four in the middle, which are divided into two groups; and one in the southwest corner alone.The sealing soil is all rammed, and the size is different.As far as their combination and arrangement are concerned, there are at least nine groups.Each group has a larger one.Each row of these tombs, especially the tombs in the northern area, may be the tombs of a generation of King Yan and his wife. The one in the middle of the north row in the south area has been excavated.The tomb is rectangular, 10.4 meters long from north to south, and the four walls are rammed and then reinforced with fire.There are tunnels slightly higher than the tomb entrance at the north and south ends, which seem to be tomb passages.The tomb was stolen, and the burial ritual vessels and chime bells remained, but there were no weapons, chariots and horses.The ritual vessels are all made of pottery, and their shape is completely imitated by bronze vessels. There are nine tripods in one set, seven tripods in two sets, and eight guis in a set. During the reign of King Cheng of Zhou (about 1054 BC), there was chaos in the Tang Dynasty, Duke Zhou punished Tang, and King Cheng granted his younger brother Shu Yu the land of Tang.Shuyu Zixie [xiexie] changed the name of the country to Jin and called it Marquis of Jin.From then on until 403 BC, the three families were divided into Jin Dynasty, and the country was established for more than 600 years. "Historical Records Jin Shijia": "Tang is located a hundred miles east of Hefen", "Kuo Dizhi" believes that it is 20 miles west of Yicheng County, Shanxi Province.Shi Zaijin has moved the capital many times, and there are different opinions.Between Tianma Village and Qu Village at the junction of Quwo and Yicheng today, there is a large-scale site, which is mainly from the Western Zhou Dynasty.Through many archaeological excavations, some scholars believe that the age of the site is from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, before the capital was moved to Jiang in the eighth year of Jin Xiangong (668 BC), the early capital of the Jin State was here. From 1992 to 1994, the cemetery of the Marquis of Jin was discovered in the east of Tianma Yiqu Village site and five excavations were carried out (Figure 2).The cemetery is about 180 meters long from east to west and 140 meters long from north to south. A total of 17 tombs of the Marquis of Jin and his wife were found.Among them, 16 tombs are divided into two rows, north and south, with eight tombs in each row, and two tombs form a group, and the direction is basically north-south.These eight groups of tombs are arranged in order from early to late according to the age, closely connected, and there are no vacancies. They should be the eight generations of Jinhous inherited by lineage.Judging from the unearthed relics, the earliest tomb corresponds to the early middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, that is, before and after King Mu; the latest tomb has entered the Spring and Autumn Period.The names of six Marquis of Jin have been found in the inscriptions on the unearthed bronze vessels, among which the name of Marquis Su of Jin Xian is consistent with the record in "Historical Records".According to the order of each group of tombs, combined with the genealogy of the Marquis of Jin recorded in "Historical Records The Family of Jin", it can be determined that the tomb owners of the eight groups of tombs are the eight generations of Marquis of Jin inherited from father to son, namely: Marquis Wu, Marquis Cheng, Marquis Li, and Marquis Jing. Hou, Li [xixi] Hou (reigned 840-823 BC), Xianhou (reigned 822-812 BC), Muhou (reigned 811-785 BC), Wenhou (reigned BC reigned from 780 to 746). The size of each group of tombs is one large and the other small.Among the funerary utensils of the older ones, there are more copper ritual vessels, and the number of tripods and gui is one level higher than that of the smaller ones, and there are weapons and musical instruments.Among the funerary utensils of the younger ones, there are few sacrificial utensils, no weapons and musical instruments, and generally a large number of jade utensils.Only one person is buried in each tomb, all with their bodies upright.After the identification of identifiable human bones, the larger tomb is an adult male, and the smaller tomb is an adult female.This kind of relationship should belong to the joint burial of husband and wife at different points. The burial chambers are all rectangular vertical pits that are long from north to south, and all have tomb passages.There are two kinds of tomb passages, one and two, and the overall plane is in the shape of A and Zhong.There are three kinds of burials: one coffin and one coffin, one coffin and two coffins, and one coffin and three coffins.The coffin chamber is assembled under the tomb, generally four meters long, three meters wide, and two meters high.There are copper fish, stone fish, copper bells, seashells and other ornaments hanging on the inner wall of the outer coffin.Under the coffin, there are wooden skids, some with two and some with three.The coffins are all lacquered [xiuxiu] and painted.Most of the tombs are filled with charcoal at the bottom, top and periphery of the outer coffin, and some tombs also use accumulated stones.There are funeral cars in some tombs, seven of which are more and one of which is less.Some of the funeral vehicles were placed on the top of the coffin or filled with soil on the coffin, and some were placed at the bottom of the tomb passage near the tomb. Funeral objects are placed between the coffin and the tomb owner.Ritual vessels, musical instruments, weapons, chariots and horses were placed between the coffins.Bronze sacrificial vessels are mostly placed on the head, musical instruments are generally placed on the feet, and weapons and chariots and horses have no fixed positions.The owner of the tomb is mainly buried with jade "masks", necklaces, earrings (jue) and so on.The types of bronze ritual vessels include tripod, gui, pot, 鬲, jue, 觯 (zhizhi), pan, 匜, zun, 卣, 甗 (yanyan), Fang Yi and so on.The musical instrument has a set of eight chime bells and a stone chime.The tripods from each tomb are all row tripods, with the same shape and similar size.The shape, size and decoration of the gui are the same.The combination of the number of tripods and gui was the main symbol of noble rank in funerals at that time.The combination of tripods and gui for the Marquis of Jin and his wife mainly includes five tripods and four gui, three tripods and two gui, and only one of seven tripods and five gui. To the east of each group of tombs is a pit for chariots and horses. The largest one covers an area of ​​nearly 300 square meters and is the largest pit for chariots and horses known to date in the Western Zhou Dynasty.There are also burial tombs and sacrificial pits in the two groups on the west side of the south row.In the accompanying tomb, there is one person buried in each tomb, all of whom are female.Some sacrificial pits buried a horse, some buried a person, and a few were empty pits.In the pits where horses and people were buried, there are jade and stone artifacts and bridle ornaments. After Zhou Chengwang and Zhou Gongdan quelled the Wu Geng Rebellion, they divided up the feudal vassals in a large scale, and named Uncle Kang in Chaoge (now Qi County, Henan Province), the capital of Wei, and ruled near the capital of Shang. It was an important vassal state in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Weihou's cemetery is located in the east of Xincun Village, Hebi City, Henan Province, on the bank of Qi River, about 20 kilometers away from Chaoge.The excavated area is 500 meters long from east to west and 300 meters wide from north to south.More than ten large tombs have been discovered, and eight of them have been excavated, most of which belong to the tombs of princes or wives.The age of the cemetery is from the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Eastern Zhou Dynasty.The tombs were arranged from north to south and from west to east in the morning and evening, and no overlap or breakage was found.The head of the tomb faces north, the sacrificial pit is on the right, and the pit for chariots and horses is on the left. This arrangement should be intentional. The tomb chambers are all rectangular vertical pits that are long from north to south. There is a slope-shaped tomb passage on the north and south sides of the tomb chamber, and the overall plane is in the shape of a Chinese character.The bottom of the coffin is paved vertically with logs, and the four walls are made of slightly processed logs to form a well-shaped shape.Outside the coffin, there is a rammed earth second-story platform for placing utensils.Most of the funerary objects are placed in a certain position: ritual vessels are on the head, chariots and horses are on the feet, weapons are on the side, and clothes, armor, shellfish, and jade are in the coffin and coffin.Practical carts and horses or chariots are often placed in the filling soil on the top of the coffin. Two groups of large tombs were found in the cemetery, two in each group, juxtaposed from east to west, six meters apart.The one on the right is larger in scale and rich in funerary artifacts.According to the unearthed burial objects, it is inferred that the owner of the tomb is a man, and the owner of the left tomb is a woman. This relationship should belong to the joint burial of husband and wife in different caves. Guo State was established in the early Western Zhou Dynasty.According to the records of "Hanshu Geographical Records", there are three places of Guo: one is in the area of ​​Xingyang, Henan today, which is called Dongguo; the other is in the area of ​​Pinglu, Shanxi and Shanxian County, Henan, which is called Beiguo; Guo. From 1956 to 1957, the cemetery of the nobles of the Guo State was discovered and excavated in Shangcunling, Sanmenxia City (formerly Shan County). In 1990, the second excavation was carried out in the northern area of ​​the cemetery, and a total of more than 240 tombs and many carriages and horses were excavated. pit.The cemetery is located on a high platform on the south bank of the Yellow River, and the north is eroded by the river, forming a deep ditch and cliffs nearly 100 meters high.4.5 kilometers south of the cemetery is Shangyang, the capital of Beiguo, and the ruins still exist.The earliest age of the cemetery can be traced back to the era of King Xuan and King You in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. No tombs and funerary objects later than the early Eastern Zhou Dynasty were found, which is consistent with the date of the annihilation of Guoguo in 655 BC. Two tombs of monarchs have been excavated, one for "Guo Ji" and one for "Guo Zhong"; two tombs for princes, one for "Yuan Tu" and one for "Che".These tombs are concentrated in the northern part of the cemetery, and the burials are scattered and not arranged very neatly. There is no phenomenon of two juxtaposed tombs like the Jinhou tomb.In the entire cemetery, no breaks were found in the morning and evening, which shows that there was a plan for the burial at that time. The tombs are all rectangular vertical pits, 5.3-5.8 meters long, 3.7-4.4 meters wide, and 11-13 meters deep, without tomb passages.The four walls of the tomb are flat and smooth, and the surface is evenly coated with a layer of light green paint.The earth filling in the tomb has been rammed.There are three kinds of burial utensils, one coffin and two coffins, and two coffins and one coffin.Round perforated clam ornaments are placed at the four corners of the coffin cover, and there is a coffin cover on the upper part of the outer coffin, which is covered with fabric decorated with copper bells, copper fish, pottery beads, stone shells, etc.A layer of mat is laid on the bottom between the inner coffin and the outer coffin.The deceased is buried with his body upright and his head facing north. The burial objects in the tomb are extremely rich and varied.Bronze ritual vessels were placed on the west and north sides of the coffin, weapons, chariots and horses were mainly placed on the east and south sides of the coffin, and decorations such as jade were placed inside the coffin and on the coffin lid.Bronze sacrificial vessels include tripod, gui, 鬲, 盨 (xuxu), square pot, round pot, 簠 (fufu), beans, pans, statues, jue, gong, etc.; etc.; weapons include daggers, spears, and arrowheads.Inscriptions were cast on several bronze sacrificial vessels, providing reliable evidence for identifying the tomb owner.There are seven tripods and nine tripods in the funerary tripods, and the specifications are comparable to the emperors and princes recorded in the Zhou Rites. It can be seen that the phenomenon of usurpation has already appeared in the Guo State during the two weeks.There are many types of animal image jade articles buried with vivid shapes, including almost all animal species in the northern temperate zone of my country.The jade mask covering the face of the deceased was composed of jade products to form a facial image, including eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, jaw, left and right cheeks, and Yintang.This kind of mask should be the "幎〔mimi〕目" recorded in the Zhou Rites, which reflected the funeral customs at that time, and had an influence on later generations.An iron sword with a jade stem and copper handle unearthed from the Guoji tomb is made of artificially smelted iron. It is the earliest artificially smelted iron object discovered in my country. Qin was originally a small country in the west, and after King Ping of Zhou moved to Luoyang, he was named a vassal.In 677 BC, Qin Degong moved the capital to Yuyong (now southwest of Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), and to Liyang (now northeast of Wutun Town, Lintong County, Shaanxi Province) in the second year of Xiangong (383 BC).In the 12th year of Qin Xiaogong (350 BC), the capital was moved to Xianyang (now northeast of Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province). Qin established its capital in Yong for nearly 300 years, during which there were 19 monarchs.During this period, the cemetery of the Duke of Qin was located on the Sanfeng (zhi) plain in the south of the Weihe River in Fengxiang County, 10 kilometers away from Yongcheng in the north.The area of ​​the mausoleum is about 21 square kilometers, surrounded by a ditch (Huang).The mausoleum area is divided into 13 cemeteries, each of which is surrounded by a moat.The god is generally three to four meters wide and 2.7-3.5 meters deep.The total length of each god is more than 35 kilometers.The plane of the cemetery is rectangular or trapezoidal. The smallest area is about 27,000 square meters, and the largest is more than 350,000 square meters.Each cemetery has one, two or three main tombs. The main tomb is located in the south of the cemetery, and some of the two sides are surrounded by horseshoe-shaped inner gods, forming a double moat.A total of 21 large tombs were found here, while Qin had only 19 kings during the period when the capital was established in Yongcheng, and some tombs may be the tombs of Mrs. Jun.Among them, there are three groups of two Chinese-shaped large tombs sharing one God. One of the two tombs is larger and the other is smaller. Some scholars speculate that they should be the tombs of the monarch and his wife in different caves.There is no soil on the ground of these large tombs. On both sides of the tomb entrance of Tomb No. 37, there is scattered water paved with river pebbles, and the rammed earth foundation remains directly above the tomb chamber. A row of post holes remains in the upper part of the tomb chamber of No. 1, and various tiles are scattered around the tomb.It is speculated that there should be tile-covered buildings on the original tomb, and its shape and function should be similar to the hall-like buildings on Fuhao's tomb in the Yin Ruins. The tombs are all oriented east-west, and the plane is divided into two tomb passages in the shape of a Chinese character and a tomb passage in the shape of a letter A.There are 18 Chinese-shaped tombs in total. The plane of the tomb is rectangular.Some tombs have one or two ear chambers in the east tomb passage.Among them, Tomb No. 1 is the largest, with a total length of 300 meters and a total area of ​​5,334 square meters.There are three A-shaped tombs, the plane of the tomb is rectangular, and there is a tomb passage in the east.The tombs are arranged in a certain order.On the right front of each tomb, there is a pit for chariots and horses in a convex or mesh-shaped plane.Many small tombs were also found in No. 1 and No. 2 cemeteries, which are presumed to be the accompanying tombs or sacrificial pits of the tomb owners. It took 10 years from 1976 to 1986 to excavate the largest tomb No. 1.There are three steps around the tomb, the width is 2-6 meters, and the distance between the upper and lower floors is 5.3-7.6 meters.The middle part of the third floor is the coffin chamber, which is in the shape of a curved ruler and divided into two parts, the main and the auxiliary.The main coffin chamber is located in the middle, long from east to west and narrow from north to south.The four walls of the outer coffin chamber are made of double-layered square wood, and the head and tail are connected by mortise and tenon structure.Tenons protrude from both ends of the north-south square wood, forming a rectangular frame structure, which looks like a cuboid wooden house.This frame structure should be the predecessor of the later "Huangchang Ticou" style coffin chamber.The auxiliary coffin chamber is located in the southwest of the coffin chamber. It is long from north to south and narrow from east to west. The four walls and the bottom cover are made of single-layer square wood, and there are no tenons at both ends.There is a small door between the two coffins.The entire outer coffin chamber belongs to the triple outer coffin structure.Each coffin wood is 5.6-7.3 meters long and weighs hundreds of catties. It has been identified as all cypress wood.This kind of specifications and materials are recorded as the emperor's level according to historical records, which is an arrogance of Zhou rituals.The outer coffin chamber is filled with moisture-proof charcoal 3.3-3.8 meters thick. Tomb No. 1 has been robbed many times in history, and most of the burial objects are gone. More than 2,000 pieces of various burial objects such as gold, jade, copper, iron, stone, pottery, and lacquered wood were still unearthed.A remnant of a stone chime is engraved with the eight-character script of "Gong (Zhao Zi Yi for Gen) [yuan Yuan] is the heir of Gao Yang with spirit". A total of 166 people were buried on the three-story platform and in the tomb passage of Tomb No. 1, all with coffins, lying sideways and kneeling.The 72 people who were buried around the coffin chamber had a frame inside and stacked square wood outside; the coffins of 94 people near the four walls of the tomb were box-shaped with extremely thin coffin boards.From the different burial locations and burial utensils, it can be analyzed that their identities are different. There are concubines, close ministers, and domestic slaves.Twenty human bones were found in the filling, some of which were buried during the filling, and some were buried after the construction of the tomb was completed.The status of these people should be even lower. "Historical Records Qin Benji" records: "Wu Gong (reigned from 697 BC to 678 BC) died and was buried in Yongpingyang. At the beginning, there were sixty-six people from the dead." He reigned in 362) only "stop following death" and abolished the backward system of human sacrifice.According to Shi Qing's seal script, tomb No. 1 should be the tomb of Qin Jinggong (reigned from 576 to 537 BC).This period coincided with the development of slavery in the Qin State, and the number of burials reflected this historical reality. As the Qin capital moved eastward, the tombs of the Qin monarchs also moved eastward. "Historical Records·Qin Benji" annotated "Huanglan": "The tomb of King Wu of Qin (reigned from 337 BC to 309 BC) was in the northwest of Anling County, Fufeng, and so was the large tomb in Bimozhong." Zhengyi cited "Kuodi "Records": "The mausoleum of Qin Yuwu King (reigned 310-307 BC) is located fifteen miles northwest of Xianyang County, Yongzhou." According to archaeological investigations, these two tombs are located on the northern plateau of Zhouling Township, Xianyang City. .The existing overlying bucket-shaped sealing soil is more than 10 meters high and the distance between the north and the south is more than 200 meters.They have long been mistaken for the tombs of King Wen of Zhou and King Wu of Zhou. In front of the tombs there are still tombstones erected by Bi Yuan, governor of Shaanxi in the Qing Dynasty. According to "Historical Records" and other documents, King Zhaoxiang of Qin Dynasty (reigned from 306 BC to 249 BC, whose mausoleum was named Zhiling) and the Queen Mother of Tang Dynasty, King Xiaowen (reigned from 250 BC, whose mausoleum was named Shouling) and Hua Empress Dowager Yang, King Zhuangxiang (reigned from 249 BC to 248 BC, the mausoleum is named Yangling), Empress Dowager Emperor, Empress Dowager Xuan, and Crown Prince Mourning were all buried in Zhiyang, and both emperors and queens were buried together or together.Because it is east of the tombs in Yongcheng, it is collectively called Dongling. "Hanshu·Xiao He Zhuan" contains: At the end of Qin Dynasty, Zhaoping was once the Marquis of Dongling, responsible for the management of Dongling Mausoleum. According to "Han Shu", "Shui Jing Zhu" and other records, Qin Zhiyang County is said to be in the east of Bahe River, and in other words it is in the west of Bahe River.According to archaeological surveys, the ruins of Qin Zhiyang City are located in Hanyu Township, Lintong County, east of the Bahe River. Since 1986, four cemeteries have been discovered in this area, judging from the unearthed cultural relics and the cemetery system, it should be the Qin Dong Mausoleum. The four cemeteries that have been discovered are distributed on the alluvial fan in front of the mountain at the west foot of Lishan Mountain in the east of Qinzhiyang City, with a total area of ​​about 24 square kilometers.All are laid out according to the natural topography.Each cemetery is surrounded by Huang’s moat facilities. The No. 1 cemetery is 4,000 meters long from east to west and 1,800 meters wide from north to south. The No. 2 cemetery is 500 meters long from east to west and 300 meters wide from north to south.Some of Huang’s moats use natural ravines, while others are artificially excavated. The walls are built with natural stones, which is not only conducive to flood control and drainage, but also plays the role of enclosing the cemetery.The mausoleum is built on a high hill with no soil on the ground.The planar shape of the main tomb is sub-shaped, medium-shaped, and A-shaped.The main tomb of the No. 1 cemetery is two sub-shaped tombs side by side, and the No. 2 cemetery has a Chinese-shaped tomb and three A-shaped tombs, arranged in the shape of a character.The tombs are basically square, such as the sub-shaped main tombs of the No. 1 Cemetery and the No. 4 Cemetery. The size of the tombs is basically the same, with a length and width of 55-58 meters and a depth of 26 meters.There is a tomb passage on each side of the sub-shaped tomb, and the east tomb passage is the longest.There is a tomb passage in the east and west of the Chinese-shaped tomb, and the east tomb passage is also the longest.The east tomb passage is the main tomb passage of the mausoleum, and the direction of the tomb should be west to east.The tomb passage is slope-shaped, and the plane is trapezoidal with the inner side wide.Ear chambers were dug on one side of most of the tomb passages, with basically the same shape and size. There are ritual buildings in the cemetery. There are four places beside the mausoleum in No. 1 cemetery, one in No. 2 and No. 4 cemetery, and two in No. 3 cemetery.According to the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty Sacrifice Records": "Qin Shihuang went out of bed and started from the side of the tomb, and the Han Dynasty was changed accordingly. Therefore, the mausoleum is called the sleeping hall, and the clothes for daily life are like the tools of strangers, which means ancient sleeping." Mausoleum buildings. There are burial tombs and burial pits in the cemetery.Cemetery No. 1 has two burial areas.The accompanying tombs include A-shaped tombs and small earth pit tombs.Two accompanying burial pits are located in front of the tomb, and there are horse bones and traces of lacquered wood in the pits.Bronze car components and horse ornaments were unearthed in the burial pit of the No. 2 cemetery.It is speculated that this kind of burial pit may be for burying chariots and horses. The system of Dongling Mausoleum, the structure of the tomb, and the setting of the burial pit for chariots and horses are basically the same as Fengxiang Qin Cemetery, and the scale is even more magnificent.Researchers have different opinions on the tomb owner of each cemetery. Some people think that No. 4 cemetery is the tomb of King Zhaoxiang, while others think that No. 1 cemetery is the tomb of King Zhaoxiang.The solution to this problem remains to be seen in future archaeological excavations. When King Wu of Zhou granted Jiang Taigong Yuqi, it was a relatively large vassal state at that time, and its capital was Yingqiu. "Historical Records: Qi Taigong's Family" records that in the late Western Zhou Dynasty in the middle of the 9th century BC, Qi Xiangong moved his capital from Bogu to Linzi (now Linzi District, Zibo City, Shandong Province).After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, until Qin destroyed Qi in 221 BC, it lived in Linzi for more than 600 years. According to the survey and exploration of the ancient city of Linzi and its surrounding areas, the tombs of the monarchs of Qi State from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period are in the northeast of the ancient city, and more than 20 large and medium-sized tombs have been discovered.One of them has been excavated, and there is a tomb passage with a plane in the shape of A.The coffin chamber is built around the tomb with large stones, 1.5-2.5 meters thick.The east, west, and north sides of the tomb are connected with pits for martyred horses. Some 228 martyred horses have been excavated, and it is estimated that there are about 600 martyred horses in total.All the burial objects in the tomb have been stolen. Judging from the pottery unearthed in Makeng, it is dated to the late Spring and Autumn Period.According to the literature records, combined with its scale speculation, the owner of the tomb may be Qi Jinggong. In 386 BC, the Tian family replaced the Jiang family as the Marquis of Qi, and it was destroyed by Qin in 221 BC. There were eight kings in total. The Mausoleum of King Tian Qi is located at the northeast foot of the Taiyi Mountains, about 11.5 kilometers southeast of the old city of Linzi, Shandong Province, with the vast Lubei Plain to the north.The area of ​​the mausoleum is about six square kilometers, with more than 20 mounds distributed.Two of them are particularly tall, facing each other from north to south, with the same shape.The group consists of four parallel tombs, commonly known as the Siwang Tombs; the group consists of two parallel tombs, commonly known as the Erwang Tombs.The "Shui Jing Zhu" in the Northern Wei Dynasty is considered to be the tomb of the king of Qi State in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and according to textual research, it should belong to the tomb of King Tian Qi in the Warring States Period. The mausoleum is built on a hill with rammed earth.The lower part of the mausoleum is connected as a whole, with a rectangular plane, which seems to be in the form of three steps, shrinking layer by layer.Tombs are built on the mausoleum platform, with a square bottom and a round top, more than 10 meters high.In addition, there are five mounds in the northwest and north of the "Erwang Tomb" and "Siwang Tomb", and eight mounds in the valley and hillside in the southwest. They are similar in shape, but different in size.Quite a few of these mounds are juxtaposed into a group of two, one of which is larger and the other is smaller, which should belong to the joint burial of husband and wife in different caves in the same tomb. The State of Zhao is one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. In 386 BC, Zhao Jinghou moved his capital from Jinyang (now Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province) to Handan (now Handan City, Hebei Province). Fangling (now Fangxian County, Hubei Province), during which there were eight kings.There is no clear record in the historical records of the tomb of King Zhao. Zhao Wangling is located in the hilly area more than 20 kilometers northwest of Handan City, Hebei Province, belonging to Handan City and Yongnian County.There are currently seven mounds, which are divided into five groups, and each of the two groups includes two side-by-side mounds, which are respectively built on five hills to form five cemeteries. The tombs and mounds are built on the top of the mountain, with the mountain as the base, and a "mausoleum platform" is built on it, with a large scale.The platform is flat, in the form of two-story steps long from north to south, with the bottom side 181-340 meters long and 85-216 meters wide, and the surroundings have been rammed and reinforced.The upper part is sealed in Taichung, the bottom is 43-66 meters long, 30-47 meters wide, and 3-15 meters high.There are east-west roads on the east side of each "tomb platform", which should be the Shinto way.The road is slope-shaped, with a width of 61-78 meters and a residual length of 85-286 meters. The edges are rammed and very strong.Some small and medium-sized tombs were also found in the mausoleum area, some of which had sealed soil, and some of which did not reveal the sealed soil, which should belong to accompanying tombs. There are two accompanying tombs behind Mausoleum No. 3.Arrange the finished characters, and there are still some small tombs between the three tombs that do not show the seal.There are original walls around, and there are still rammed earth wall foundations underground. The plane is nearly square, and each side is about 500 meters long.Among them, a tomb in the northwest has a smaller seal with many tiles scattered on it, and it seems to have wooden buildings in the early years. Excavated in 1978.There are tomb passages on the east and west sides of the tomb, and the plane is in the shape of a Chinese character.内有二重椁，外椁为石砌，内椁为木构。棺已不存，仅有红、黑两色的漆皮。西墓道有殉葬坑，内埋两个殉葬人，东墓道有车马坑，内殉两匹马。墓内几经盗掘，随葬品一无所存。从规模、殉人等分析，墓主人身份较高。 陵区中的五个陵园，恰好与史书上没有记载葬地的五王(敬侯、成侯、惠文王、孝成王和悼襄王)相符，可能是他们的陵墓。其中两座陵园中有两个并列的坟丘，有可能是夫妻异穴合葬，也有可能是后世个别文献记载葬于常山和灵邱的肃侯与武灵王的陵墓。 魏国是战国时期七雄之一。魏惠王九年(公元前362年)迁都大梁(今河南省开封市)，历六王，至公元前225年被秦所灭。根据考古发现，魏王墓分布在黄河以北的河南辉县、汲县一带。1950—1951年在河南辉县城东三公里的固围村，发掘了三座魏王及夫人墓。三座墓东西并列坐落在一片高地上，高地利用天然丘岗整修而成，东、北、南三面为断崖，东西长150米，南北宽135米，高两米多，四边经版筑。另外高地南面0.5公里处有一座大墓，规模与此相当，西南一公里也有一座大墓。整个墓地的范围或应更广。 三座大墓居中者较大，两侧较小，形制相同，应属魏国王室的异穴合葬墓。墓葬建造虽有先后，但布局规整，当是事前经过规划的。 墓室南北两端有墓道，平面呈中字形，通长达150米以上，深15米以上。墓室平面长方形，底部平铺多层巨石，上面用枋木垒砌椁室。椁室底部用单层枋木铺排，四壁用枋木叠垒，厚达一米，顶部盖两层木板。周围用巨石砌墙，墙内填充细砂。椁室以上填土夯实，椁室内置棺、椁，空间填木炭。木椁也用枋木构成，四壁和上下的枋木搭接处以榫卯相连。椁外涂黑漆、里面涂红漆。1号墓南墓道前端发现放置两辆马车的木室。 墓室上原建有瓦顶享堂类建筑，基址略大于墓圹。中间一座为七开间，基址方形，包括散水在内每边长27.5米。两侧的享堂较小，大概都是五开间。 这些墓早年都已被盗，仍出土了较多的随葬品。有仿铜陶列鼎九件，还有错金银马头形车辕饰，由五块白玉和两个鎏金兽头构成的大玉璜，包金镶银带钩和多件用固体还原法冶炼成的多种铁器。此外被盗卖到国外去的漆棺残片、夹纻〔zhu注〕大鉴、黄金饰物等据说即是2号墓出土的。 中山属白狄别种，春秋时称鲜虞。公元前5世纪初始称中山。公元前407年被晋所灭，至公元前388年复国并迁都灵寿，前296年又被赵国所灭。其间80余年共历五王，后二王一个死在齐国，一个被赵灭后送回老家肤施(今陕西延安)，前三王的陵墓大概都在灵寿。 墓葬位于河北省平山县城北约10公里、古灵寿城址的内外。墓地分为两处，一处在城西二公里的西灵山下。两座大墓东西并列，西侧1号墓已发掘，为中山王墓，年代约当公元前310年左右。另一处在城内西北部，地处东灵山下，由南向北排列三座大墓。南端6号墓已发掘，也是一座王墓。两座王陵上部都有夯筑的高大坟丘。附近有车马坑和陪葬墓等。 已发掘的1号和6号墓结构基本相同，坟丘上原有享堂类建筑。1号墓坟丘平面为长方形，南北长110米，东西宽92米，高约7.5米，呈三层台阶状。上部建筑基址可复原为周绕回廊、上覆瓦顶的三层台榭式建筑。墓南北有墓道，平面呈中字形，全长110米。墓室为长方形，南北长14.9米。椁壁石砌，葬具为四层套棺。椁室两侧有放置随葬品的东、西库。大墓以北两侧有陪葬墓，南面两侧各有一座车马坑，西侧有一座船坑。 1号墓出土的陵园兆域铜版上用金银镶嵌出中山王陵园的规划图。图上详注陵园各部位的尺度。图中长方形丘坪上整齐地排列五个享堂。居中为王堂，两侧为王后堂、哀后堂，两端为夫人堂，大小分为两个等级。丘坪之外绕以内宫墙和中宫墙。前侧正中有门直达王堂，后部两墙之间有四座方形的宫。图上王堂标注的尺度与1号墓上建筑址的尺度大体相符。这种以一个国君为中心的墓地布局与魏王墓、赵王陵基本一致。图上标注各墓所用的葬具大体分为三个等级。 两墓虽经盗扰，仍出土随葬品19000余件，主要发现于椁室两侧的库中，包括九鼎、四簋、编钟、编磬等成套铜、陶礼器、乐器和大量用具、装饰品。其中1号墓出土有长篇铭文的鼎、壶，记载了燕王哙禅位后引起内乱，中山乘机出兵伐燕夺得土地的事实，也反映了中山国的政治、文化状况。金银镶嵌龙凤形铜方案、十五连盏铜灯、银首人俑铜灯和几件错金银动物形器座(神兽、牛、犀、虎、鹿等)制作精巧，造型逼真，艺术价值极高。 据文献记载，东周时期的曾国在今山东峄县和河南睢县两地，随国在江汉地区。但江汉地区多次出土曾国铜器而未见随国铜器。1978年和1981年在湖北随州市西郊发现并发掘了两座战国时期曾侯国君的墓葬，其中1号墓主人为曾侯乙，引起人们对曾、随问题的关注。大部分学者认为曾即史籍上的随，是东周时期的一个小国，位于汉水下游以东一带。该墓保存完好，出土遗物丰富，年代稍晚于公元前433年，是研究东周时期江南地区葬制的重要实物资料。 墓地原是一个圆形大土坡，名叫“东团坡”，据推测原先应有较大的坟丘。墓室开凿在丘陵的岩石中，形状不规整，面积220平方米，深约13米，无墓道。底部置木椁，周围填木炭，总计约12万斤，木炭上铺青膏泥，再上为经过夯打的填土。 椁室和墓室形状相同，分为东、西、北、中四室，由171根方木垒成，高三米以上，共用木料约380立方米。各室均为长方形，隔板下部有方形小洞相通。这种将椁室用隔板间隔出多室的结构是当时楚地大中型墓的普遍形式。二重木棺放置在东室，制作相当考究。外棺用青铜柱构成框架，其间嵌木板，四周有铜纽。棺内外髹漆，外绘彩色花纹及神兽、武士。随葬品置于北室和中室。东室和西室放置陪葬棺，21个陪葬人均为青少年女子。 此墓共出土随葬品10000多件。在各种青铜礼器中有“升鼎”九件，簋八件。还有全套编钟、编磬，钟64件(加上楚王所赠的一件镈〔bo驳〕钟共65件)、磬32件，较好地保持着原来的悬挂状况，显示了诸侯行礼作乐的场面。编钟的音阶结构与现在国际通用的C大调七声音阶同一音列，中心部分12个半音齐备，可以旋宫转调。其他各种乐器品类众多，有些是失传多年的古乐器。所出的尊盘造型精巧、结构复杂，其透空附件部分是用失蜡法铸造的，反映出早在先秦时期我国青铜铸造已达到相当高超的水平。曾侯乙仅是当时一个地位不高、疆域甚小的侯国君主，其随葬品竟如此华贵、齐备，充分反映了当时上层贵族生活奢靡、礼制僭越的历史事实。 2号墓在1号墓西约100米处，规模较小，年代约为战国中期，随葬品2700余件，也使用九鼎八簋，并有成套编钟、编磬。