Chapter 22 Section 2 Acoustic Operas of the Qing Dynasty

The opera stage in the Qing Dynasty was extremely lively and prosperous, with a variety of tunes in Huabu, mainly including five major systems, including Pihuang, Bangzi, Xiansuo, folk song and dance opera, and multi-voice opera. "×× Tune", or "×× Tune", or "×× Opera".According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 360 operas active in the Yellow River, north and south.In addition to the five major systems mentioned above, it also includes minority dramas.The octaves are complex and colorful, forming a unique drama landscape in the world. The five major systems are:

Pi Huang refers to Xipi and Erhuang, mainly including Peking Opera, Han Opera, Hui Opera, Han Diao Erhuang in southern Shaanxi and northern Hubei, North Road (Xipi) and South Road (Erhuang) in Hunan Changde Han Opera, South and North Road in Hunan Opera, Qi South-North Road in operas, South-North Road in Guiju Opera, Guangdong Han Opera in Huzhou, Guangdong, Fujian West Han Opera, Banghuang (i.e. Xipi, Erhuang) sung in Guangdong Cantonese Opera, Xiangyang Tune (i.e. Xipi, Erhuang) sung in Yunnan Dian Opera That is Xipi) and Huqin, Guangxi Xiqin Opera, Shanxi Shangdang Bangzi and Shandong Laiwu Bangzi Pihuang tune, etc.

Bangzi is a powerhouse of Huabu, which was formed very early. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, it had developed into a huge family with several generations under the same roof and many branches. It spread far to Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other places, becoming a mature vocal cavity system.The Tongzhou Bangzi and Puzhou Bangzi in the Bangzi system are the oldest, and also include Zhonglu Bangzi, Beilu Bangzi, Hebei Bangzi, Henan Bangzi, Shangdang Bangzi, Laiwu Bangzi, Shandong Gaotiao Bangzi, Pingdiao Bangzi, Zhangqiu Bangzi, Zao Bang and so on.Tanxi in Sichuan opera and Sixian in Dian opera also exist as a bangzi tune.

Xiansuo tune was developed in Shandong and Henan in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties [Shanpo sheep], [playing children], [Liuzhi tune], [Luoluo tune], [Bangzhuangtai], [Suonanzhi], [Zhu Yunfei] and other folk songs were based on and evolved under the influence of other local operas. It was named after the accompaniment of stringed instruments.By the end of the Qing Dynasty, a. Liuzi Opera (also known as Xianzi Opera, Baitiaozi, Beitiaozi, and Blowing Tune) had been formed, which was popular in Shandong, Henan, northern Jiangsu, southern Hebei, and northern Anhui. b. Daxianzi Opera, popular in the border area between southern Shandong and northeastern Henan, has the same origin as Liuzi Opera, Luo Opera, and Juan Opera, and developed from folk songs. c. Sixian, also known as Xianqiang and Xianzi Opera, is popular in Jingxing, Shijiazhuang, and Baoding in Hebei Province. It was developed from Xiaoling and folk songs in Yuan Dynasty. d. Yue tune, mainly popular in the southwestern part of Henan, Xiangyang, Hubei and parts of Anhui, was developed under the influence of Bangzi and Pihuang from the popular local folk tunes.

Refers to the singing and dancing dramas based on the art of folk singing and dancing and rap, influenced by operas such as Pihuang, Bangzi, Gaoqiang, etc., roughly including: a. Flower drum operas in Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, and southern Shaanxi, such as Changsha flower drum, Shaoyang flower drum, Lingling flower drum, Yueyang flower drum, Changde flower drum, Jingzhou flower drum, Donglu flower drum, Huangxiao flower drum (predecessor of Chu Opera), Suixian flower drum , Xiangyang Flower Drum, Fengyang Flower Drum, Wannan Flower Drum, Shangluo Flower Drum, etc. b. Tea-picking operas, such as Jiangxi Gandong tea-picking opera, Jiangxi tea-picking opera, Fuzhou tea-picking opera, Pingxiang tea-picking opera, Ji'an tea-picking opera, Hubei Huangmei tea-picking opera, Guangdong and northern Guangdong tea-picking opera, Shaanxi Ziyang tea-picking opera, etc.

c. Lantern opera, such as Sichuan lantern opera, Guizhou lantern opera, Yunnan lantern opera, etc. d. Yangge operas, such as Yuxian Yangge, Dingxian Yangge, Yanbei Yangge, Qitai Yangge, Taiyuan Yangge, Zezhou Yangge, Huguan Yangge, Qinyuan Yangge, Xiangwu Yangge, Northern Shaanxi Yangge, Hancheng Yangge, etc. e. Daoqing dramas, such as Jinbei Daoqing, Linxian Daoqing, Hongdong Daoqing, Yongji Daoqing, Northern Shaanxi Daoqing, Henan Daoqing, Ningxia Daoqing, etc. Refers to a multi-voice comprehensive large-scale drama, which often appears in the form of two-part, three-part, or even four-part and five-part classes, such as:

a. Sichuan Opera consists of five tunes: Gaoqiang, Kunqu Opera, Huqin (ie Pihuang), Tanxi (ie Bangzi) and Lantern Opera. b. Hunan opera includes three tunes: high tune, low brand tune, and bomb tune (also known as Nanbeilu). c. Shangdang Bangzi includes Kunqu Opera, Bangzi, Luoluo Tune, Juan Opera, and Huang (Pi Huang) tunes. d. Wu [wuwu] drama (commonly known as Jinhua Opera) includes Gaoqiang (including Xi'an Gaoqiang, Xiwu Gaoqiang, Houyang Gaoqiang), Kunqiang (Caokun), Luantan (the tunes are based on [357], [Erfan], [Luhua Diao] mainly), Hui Opera, Tanhuang, Shidiao, etc. e. Qi Opera and Gui Opera can also be sung in Gaoqiang, Kunqu and Tanqiang.

f. Chenhe opera also sings high tune, low brand tune, Kun tune and Tan tune. g. Ou opera also sings Gaoqiang, Kunqu, Luantan, Xipi, Erhuang and Tanhuang. h. Jujube (〔亻(Up Mountain Down West)〕) bang and sing Bangzi tune, Kun tune, Luo Luo tune, and Pihuang. i. The Raohe class mainly sings Luantan tune, and also sings high tune. Minority operas formed in the Qing Dynasty include: a. Tibetan opera originated from the ancient Tibetan rituals of worshiping gods and folk song, dance, and rap literature. It was separated from the religious rituals of monasteries in the 17th century and developed into a comprehensive combination of singing, reciting, dancing, expressing, singing, and acrobatics. Drama is often performed in the Shoton Festival, forming a large-scale Tibetan opera festival, which is spread in Tibet, Yushu in Qinghai, Gansu, Ganzi in Sichuan and other places, as well as areas inhabited by Tibetans such as India, Bhutan and Sikkim.Tibetan opera has formed different artistic schools in the process of becoming popular, and has accumulated the repertoire of the "Thirteen Great Books".Most of its repertoires are based on Buddhist stories and historical legends, with a strong religious and mythological color, and are mostly performed in temples and squares.

b. Zhuang opera is mainly distributed in Guangxi, where the Zhuang people live together.Due to differences in pronunciation and artistic styles in popular areas, it is divided into North Road and South Road.The North Road originated in the Longlin and Tianlin areas during the Tongzhi and Guangxu years of the Qing Dynasty. It was formed on the basis of local folk songs, poetry and "bench opera".The South Road originated in the Ma'ai and Hanlong areas of Debao in the late Qing Dynasty. It was formed on the basis of local folk songs and dances and was influenced by puppet shows and Yong opera.In terms of performance, it is greatly influenced by Han opera, and has formed a complete business system and performance program of Sheng, Dan, Jing and Ugly.In addition, the Funing Zhuang Opera popular in Funing County, an area inhabited by the Tu Nationality in the eastern part of Yunnan Province, and the Guangdong Zhuang Opera (also known as "Sha Opera") popular in Guangnan County in the southeastern part of Yunnan Province, inhabited by the Sha Nationality in a branch of the Zhuang Nationality. It is also a Zhuang drama system.

The Zhuang nationality also has a kind of Shigong opera (wooden face opera), which is a mask opera formed on the basis of the god dancing ceremony-Shigong dance. It uses local folk songs as the main tune, absorbs the performance methods of Cantonese opera and other Han operas, and has formed a certain program. c. Baiju opera, also known as blowing tune, originated from Yiyang tune. It was widely popular during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty and reached its peak during the Guangxu period.Most of its repertoires are transplanted from Han operas, and there are also some repertoires that reflect the life of the nation and are adapted from the folk stories of the nation.Due to the participation of literati, the script has a strong literary quality and rich tunes.Performances, trades, costumes, makeup, facial makeup are close to Pihuang and Bangzi.

d.Dong opera was formed in Liping, Rongjiang and Congjiang in Guizhou around the Daoguang period, and later spread to Sanjiang in Guangxi and Tongdao in Hunan and other Dong-inhabited areas.Dong opera originated from the big narrative song "Gajin" and the rap story "Paigu" of the Dong nationality, and was also greatly influenced by Han opera.Its repertoire is divided into two categories: self-compiled and transplanted. The singing is based on various Dong songs and absorbs the tunes of some Han operas.Dong opera is mainly about singing, and the movements are relatively simple, only the performance of clowns is quite distinctive. e. Dai opera originated in the Zhanxi and Ganya areas of Yingjiang County, Yunnan Province in the late Qing Dynasty, and later spread to the Dai-inhabited areas in Luxi, Ruili, Longchuan, Baoshan, Tengchong, Longling and other counties.The Dai nationality has a long history of culture, with its own language, characters, and rich and colorful poetry (including folk songs, folk songs, and antiphonal songs), music (including music and Buddhist songs), and dance. Dai opera is based on this integration and improvement. of.The early Dai operas were mostly small dramas with singing and dancing, and later, large-scale plays and serial plays were compiled and performed based on Dai folklore and narrative poems. f. The predecessor of Bouyei Opera is the folk art "Eight-tone Meditation" of the commoner people. Under the influence of Zhuang Opera and Lantern Opera, it evolved into opera, which is divided into two categories: main opera and miscellaneous opera.The main opera is read in Chinese, sung in Bouyei language, and mostly Han stories are replayed.Both the reading and singing of the miscellaneous opera are in Bouyei language.In addition, the Buyi people also have ground opera, commonly known as "tiaojiao opera", which is a mask opera. Huabe local opera is a huge art treasure house, with tens of thousands of plays, some advocating traditional national morality, some praising pure and sincere love, some reflecting family ethics, and some expressing grievances and troubled times. sound.There are also a large number of historical story dramas, such as the legends of Yang Jiajiang, Hu Jiajiang, Yue Jiajiang and other heroes, which promote the spirit of patriotism. "Three thousand in the Tang Dynasty, eight hundred in the Song Dynasty, countless three countries", spread historical knowledge and summed up historical experience.In addition, there are magnificent and fantastic fairytale dramas, exquisitely carved, relaxed and lively folk customs dramas, which are really diverse and beautiful! Huabu local opera has also cultivated a large number of outstanding artists, such as Wei Changsheng, an artist of Qinqiang Opera, Cheng Changgeng, Gao Langting, Tan Xinpei, an artist of skin yellow, Hou Junshan, Guo Baochen, Tian Jiyun, etc.Most of the "Thirteen Wonders of Tongguang" painted by Shen Rongpu are Peking Opera artists.