Chapter 6 Section 1 Song Zaju and Jinyuan Version

Simple and rough songs and dances in the pre-Qin period, witty comedians' burlesque performances, bustling and colorful Sanyue operas, and colorful Tang Dynasty songs and dances and army dramas prepared the conditions for the final formation of operas.Ji Li [kui puppet] strides thousands of miles, and the Naxi River is a huge current. In the Song and Jin Dynasties, relatively stable forms of drama appeared-Song Zaju and Jin Yuanben. The emergence of Song Zaju is not accidental, and has a close relationship with the politics, economy, culture, and folk customs of the Song Dynasty.In the Song Dynasty, the commodity economy developed rapidly.In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the imperial court adopted measures such as "attracting exile and rewarding farming" and reducing taxes, which restored agricultural production and laid the foundation for the prosperity of handicrafts and commerce.Later, with the progress of land annexation, many farmers went bankrupt and flowed into cities, providing cheap labor for various consumer industries and commerce.The city prospered rapidly, as can be seen from Zhang Zeduan's famous long scroll "Surfing the River During the Qingming Festival" in the Northern Song Dynasty: In Bianliang, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, there are hundreds of shops and shops, scholars, farmers, merchants, doctors, divination, monks, Taoists, subordinate officials, prostitutes, pole masters, trackers, beggars, Qingke, bamboo strips...the three teachings, nine streams, five elements and eight works, everything that one expects to find.The market is very lively.

In the cities of the Song Dynasty, there was a fixed large-scale entertainment venue, Washe Gou Lan.Washes are also called "Wasi" or "Wazi", and there are large and small hooks inside.Goulan refers to the railings that are connected with each other with patterns. There are stage, theater room, shrine, waist shed (watching seats), which is equivalent to the theater or theater of later generations. Various folk arts, such as vulgar speaking, speaking (including History lectures, novels, etc.), Zhugong Diao, Guzi Ci, Changzhuan, puppets (including staff puppets, silk puppets, water puppets, medicine puppets, meat puppets, etc.), shadow puppets... can all be performed in it.At that time, the four cities of Bianliang were full of Goulan tile houses, and Dongjiaolou Street alone had more than 50 Goulan houses of different sizes, such as lotus sheds, peony sheds, Liwazi, Yasha sheds, elephant sheds, etc., the largest of which could accommodate thousands of people.There are performances all year round, regardless of wind, rain, cold or heat.Washe Goulan not only attracts a large number of stable audiences, but also brings together various folk arts and crafts, and also attracts a group of folk literati who have not been able to enter the officialdom——"shuhuicairen" (shuhui, literati guild organization).Based on the collection, exchange and integration of various skills, through the joint creation of artists and literati, Song Zaju stood out and gradually became the main body of the music club. Therefore, Wu Zimu's "Menglianglu" "Prostitute Music" in the Southern Song Dynasty said: " There are thirteen volumes in the Sanyue Chuanxue Workshop, and Zaju is the only one."

The style of Song Zaju is: it generally consists of three parts, namely Yan Duan, Zheng Zaju (two paragraphs), Miscellaneous Dresses, which are actually four paragraphs.The colorful section is the opening, the purpose is to attract the audience and stabilize the theater.Zhengzaju is the main body, which is the body of Zaju that has been carefully arranged and contains warnings and admonitions as well as funny performances.Miscellaneous is used as a joke after the zaju to see off guests.There are generally five roles in Song Zaju, namely: Mo Ni, Yin Xi, Fu Jing, Fu Mo, and Zhuang Gu.Wu Zimu's "Meng Liang Lu" says: "In Zaju, Mo Ni is the leader, and there are four or five people in each scene... Mo Ni color advocates, the role of the play is distributed, the vice-pure color makes Qiao, the vice-mo-se jokes, or adds One person, known as pretending to be alone." Mo Ni is equivalent to the class leader of the descendants, and Yinxi is responsible for implementing Mo Ni's ideas and conducting command and dispatch.Deputy Jing Duo plays the role of pretending to be stupid, and Deputy Mo plays gags to amuse himself, pretends to be lonely and pretends to be an official on the spot, and each has a different division of labor.

There are 280 kinds of miscellaneous dramas listed in Zhou Mi's "Old Stories of the Wulin" in the Southern Song Dynasty. Many of them are funny skits with the theme of funny jokes and satire [xue blood], and often skillfully use homonyms, hidden words, anti-foreshadowing, and symbolic forms. And other means, laughing and cursing, all become articles.Or criticizing the feudal rulers' perverse actions, or criticizing and mocking the ugly world and human conditions, it is more wanton, unrestrained, and bolder than joining the army. For example, in the famous "Two Sacred Rings", Qin Hui disregarded the emblem, and the second emperor of Qin was covered in dust, and half of the rivers and mountains were lost. A celebration feast was held and actors from the inner court were invited to perform.Jialing comes on stage to praise Qin Hui, while Yiling moves up the chair and makes jokes.Jia Ling clasped her hands and was about to sit down when her head scarf fell to the ground, revealing two "double victories" hair rings.Yi Ling asked, "What kind of ring is this?" Jia Ling replied, "It's called the Second Holy Ring." Forget the 'Second Holy Ring'!" Suddenly, the crowd turned pale.Qin Hui was furious and threw Er Ling into prison.

"Thirty-six Buns [Jiji]" is also a well-known drama, which satirizes Tong Guan's escape from battle.At the beginning of the performance, the actors came on stage as three or four maidservants with different hairstyles.A maid combed her hair on her forehead, claiming to belong to Cai Taishi's (referring to the prime minister Cai Jing) family, because the Taishi went to the palace to meet the emperor every day, so she combed it in a "upward bun".Another maid turned her bun to one side, claiming to belong to the family of Zheng Dazai (referring to Dazai Zheng Juzhong). Because Dazai went back to his hometown to keep his filial piety and ignored government affairs, she wore a "lazy bun".The third one claimed to be from the family of Tong Dawang (referring to General Tong Guan). She had a strange hair style, with small buns all over her head. Someone asked her what hairstyle it was?She said: "This is called thirty-six buns. Our king is using soldiers, and this is what he is good at." Homophonic, it satirizes that Tong Guan leads soldiers to fight and only escapes.The actors were not afraid of the powerful, ridiculed the current affairs, and said what the common people thought.

Many plays in Song Zaju are based on singing and dancing as the main narrative.The tunes used include Daqu, Faqu, Qupo, Zhugong Tune, Ci Tune and so on.In addition, there are "cuan" [cuan channel] in the name, such as "Tianxia Taiping Cuan", "Talking about Hundred Flowers Cuan", "Study Four Treasures Cuan", etc. "Cuan" refers to short song and dance jokes, also known as "Ta Cuan", and the appearance of five characters together is called "Wu Hua Cuan Nong".Most of the dramas are relatively short, but there are also series with scripts, such as "Mulian Saves Mother".

The story of "Mulian Rescue Mother" has been circulated among the people of our country for a long time. In the Tang Dynasty, there was "Bianwen of Rescuing Mother in the Underworld" (referred to as "Mulian Bian").Mulian is a dutiful son. His mother was thrown into the 18th floor of Avici Hell for violating Buddhist regulations.In order to save his mother, Mulian became a monk and became a monk. He tried his best to find his mother, but she was punished as a hungry ghost.Mu Lian asked the Buddha for help, and the Buddha asked him to set up a yuyu orchid basin meeting on July 15th every year, set up a flame mouth, and throw food at all the hungry ghosts begging for food, as long as this would save his mother.Later, the mother and son ascended to heaven together.This is a play with strong religious overtones.Generally, the performance starts on Qixi Festival, lasts for eight consecutive days, and ends on the Ghost Festival (July 15th).In the process of performing Mulian's rescue of his mother, a variety of folk skills and short songs and dances are interspersed.Song Mengyuan's "Tokyo Menghualu" "Hungry Ghost Festival" said: "The people who are making music, since the Qixi Festival, have performed the drama "Mulian Saves the Mother" until the 15th, and the number of viewers has doubled." It can be seen that it is very popular. welcome.In the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the Song Zaju "Mulian Rescue Mother" developed into a special Mulian opera.Ming Zheng Zhizhen's "Mulian Rescue Mother" has a length of 100 legends.In the court drama of the Qing Dynasty, there is "Encouraging Kindness" (that is, "Mulian Saves His Mother"), and many local dramas have the story of Mulian saving his mother, and it is still performed in a single form up to now.

At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin soldiers invaded Bianjing, and Huizong Zhao Ji and his son Qinzong Zhao Huan became prisoners.Zhao Ji's eighth son Kang Wang Zhao Gou ascended the throne in Lin'an (now Hangzhou), established the Southern Song Dynasty, made peace with the Jin people with the Huaihe River as the boundary, and began the confrontation between the Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin State.In the northern state of Jin, Song Zaju was directly developed into a version for "Xingyuan" (referring to brothels or folk performance organizations) to perform. There are a total of 690 kinds of titles recorded in Tao Zongyi's "Stop Genglu" in the Yuan Dynasty. There are many categories, some named after people, such as "Xiangru Wenjun", "Cai Bojie", "Wang Anshi"; some are named after stories For example, "Yanlan Bridge", "Yaochi Meeting", "Eight Immortals Meeting", "Mandarin Duck Jane", "Zhang Sheng Boils the Sea", "Wang Zirui Rolling Curtain", "Li Mian's Heart", "Wang Kui's Three Townships" ", "Guanghan Palace"; some are named after tunes, such as "Prince Gao Liuyao", "Pei Shaojun Yizhou", "Yingying Liuyao", "Four Monks Liangzhou", "Cui Hu's Happy Music", " Fengzhizhong Heyue, Drunk House Junying Mansion, etc.; some are named after characters, such as "Drum Gu Gu", "Lao Gu Send Da" (Gu means "Gu" and Da means "Dan"), etc.Yuanben is also a kind of short play mainly based on humor and jokes, supplemented by short songs and dances. Its system, form, role and repertoire basically retain the appearance of Song Zaju. The influence of music has also undergone some evolution and development.