Chapter 14 Section 5 Tombs with Distinct Hierarchy

The tombs of the kings of Zhou in the Western Zhou Dynasty have not yet been discovered. The tombs of the first-class princes have been discovered, including the tombs of Marquis Wei and his wife in Xincun, Junxian County, Henan, the tombs of Marquis Yan in Liulihe, Fangshan, Beijing, and the tombs of Marquis Jin of Zhao in Quwo, Shanxi.Xin Village is located about 35 kilometers west of Junxian County. The south of the village is the Qi River and Fushan Mountain. The tomb of Marquis Wei is in the east of the village. Small and medium-sized tombs and 14 pits for chariots and horses.The large tombs are on the east and west sides, and the small and medium-sized tombs are in the middle. They are arranged in an orderly manner. It can be seen that the cemeteries of the princes in the Western Zhou Dynasty were still buried together. cemetery".The chamber of the Xincun tomb is roughly square, 6.3 to 10.6 meters long, 5 to 9 meters wide, and the largest is 95 square meters.There are two tomb passages, south and north.In the center of the tomb is the coffin chamber, with cinnabar on the bottom, and the coffin is placed in the coffin chamber.The tombs of Xincun have all been stolen, and most of the bronze ritual vessels buried with them have disappeared.For example, in a large tomb in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, there are only six pieces of Ding, Gui, Qi, Jue, Zun and You left, in addition to a number of chariots and horses and weapons.Some of the unearthed bronze halberds had inscriptions with the character "Hou", so these large tombs should be the tombs of Marquis Wei or his wife.A large pit for chariots and horses in the cemetery is 10 meters long, 9.1 meters wide, and three meters deep. A total of 12 chariots, 72 horses and eight dogs were buried.

The cemetery of Marquis Yan of the Western Zhou Dynasty is located in the northwest of Huangtupo Village, Liulihe, Fangshan, Beijing, southeast of the Ruins of the capital of Yan State (Dongjialin Village) in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and east of the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway. Exploration and excavation has been carried out since 1974, and large, medium and small tombs and chariot and horse pits have been discovered, among which there are more than ten large tombs.Judging from the several large tombs that have been excavated, there are generally one or two tomb passages.Among them, a large Yanhou tomb (M1193) was excavated in 1986. The tomb is rectangular, 7.68 meters long from north to south, 5.25 to 5.45 meters wide from east to west, and 10.25 meters deep. There are four tomb passages at the four corners of the tomb.In the center of the tomb is the coffin chamber, which is three meters long from north to south, 1.8 meters wide from east to west, and 1.58 meters high, and is made of square wood.The tomb has been stolen, and some bronze sacrificial vessels, weapons, and horse implements remain, among which are the Keyu and Keyu introduced earlier, indicating that this is the tomb of Yanhouke.According to research, Ke was the eldest son of Zhao Gongshi, the Taibao of the early Western Zhou Dynasty, and the acting Zhao Gong was granted the title of Yan, and he was the first generation of Yanhou.

The cemetery of Marquis Jin of the Western Zhou Dynasty is one kilometer southwest of Beizhao Village, Quwo, Shanxi Province. It is an important part of the Tianma-Qucun Jin State Site.It is about 150 meters long from east to west and 130 meters wide from north to south. A large-scale archaeological excavation was carried out from 1992 to 1994, and a total of 17 large tombs in 8 groups were discovered, roughly arranged in two rows from north to south.Most of them are two tombs, that is, the Marquis of Jin and his wife were buried together.Its era is from King Zhao and King Mu of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period.Most of the tombs are rectangular, and most of them have a slope tomb passage in the south. In addition, there are two tombs with south and north tomb passages.On the east side of the tombs of Marquis of Jin and their wives in each group, there is mostly a chariot and horse pit for burial.Some tombs also have accompanying tombs and sacrificial pits.A large number of bronze ritual vessels and jade vessels were unearthed from the tomb. Some of the bronze ritual vessels were cast with inscriptions such as Jinhou Bo [bobar] Ma, Jinhou Xifu, Jinhou Dui, Jinhou Su, Jinhou Bangfu, etc. It is confirmed that this is the cemetery of the Marquis of Jin in the Western Zhou Dynasty.For example, tomb No. 8 has a rectangular chamber, 6.65 meters long, 5.6 meters wide, and 6.65 meters deep.Together with the tomb passage in the south, it is 25.1 meters long.A wooden coffin is placed in the middle of the tomb, and the surroundings are filled with charcoal.There is a wooden coffin inside the outer coffin, which is 2.08 meters long and 1.12 meters wide.This tomb was stolen in 1992. The chime bells of Marquis Su of Jin in the tomb were stolen and sold to Hong Kong, where they were bought back by the Shanghai Museum. In October 1992, the Department of Archeology of Peking University and the Institute of Archeology of Shanxi Province carried out rescue excavations.Three bronze rabbit statues, a tripod, a gui, a jar, a square pot, a 盉, and a plate were unearthed in the outer coffin.Among them, Su Ding, Marquis of Jin Dynasty, is 19 centimeters high and 24.8 centimeters in diameter.Round, with ears, hoofed feet, and a heavy ring pattern on the neck.There are 13 characters of inscription cast inside the vessel: "The Marquis of Jin (Wooden Fish) (Su) made a treasure tripod, which will be used forever for ten thousand years." Stand up." Suo Yin: "Both the Department (Shi) version and the Zhou Dynasty are Su." It shows that this tomb is the tomb of Jin Xianhou (about the time of King Xuan of the Western Zhou Dynasty).A set of gold belt decorations and a large number of sets of jade tools were also unearthed from the coffin of this tomb.Including jade cladding, and necklaces, pectorals, and jade ornaments on clothes composed of groups of jade yuan, rings, jue, huang, jade tubes, jade beads, turquoise beads, agate beads, etc., can be regarded as Han Dynasty Yu Yi's forerunner.Another example is that in tomb No. 91, seven bronze tripods and five gui were unearthed, which is consistent with the system of using tripods at the first level of princes recorded in ancient documents.On the bottom of a broken bronze vessel unearthed from the tomb, there is an inscription of 27 characters: "Only Ji Gengyin at the beginning of May, Jin Hou Xifu wrote the text of Zhenwen (Li) Hou Bao (钅 (upper this lower dish)), son Children and grandchildren will use it forever.” According to this, the excavators believe that the tomb is the tomb of Jin Jinghou (Xifu), the son of Jin Lihou.

The burial of Dr. Qing can be represented by the tomb of Uncle Jing excavated in Zhangjiapo, Chang'an, Shaanxi in 1984.Uncle Jing was an important minister of the King of Zhou. The layout of the entire cemetery is centered on the tombs of several generations of Uncle Jing, with other smaller tombs next to them. They are arranged in an orderly manner with a clear priority, which shows that the clan burial system was also practiced in the Western Zhou Dynasty.One of the tombs of Uncle Jing has a rectangular chamber with a length of 5.5 meters, a width of 4 meters and a depth of 8.24 meters.There are two tomb passages in the north and south. The tomb passages have built-in wooden carts and bronze carts.The middle part of the tomb is the coffin chamber, which is 3.95 meters long, 2.6 meters wide and 1.84 meters high. It is made of square wood, and there are bronze chariots and horses on the top of the coffin.There is a heavy coffin in the coffin chamber.The tomb has been stolen, most of the funerary objects no longer exist, and there are still stone chimes and so on.Although his wife's tomb to the east of Uncle Jing's tomb was also stolen, there are two pieces of Uncle Jing's bell and bronze sacrificial vessels such as sacrificial Zun, Zun, Jue and Yougai.

The mid-Western Zhou (bow fish) tomb was excavated in Rujiazhuang, Baoji, Shaanxi Province from 1974 to 1975. The bronze ritual vessels buried with it included tripod, gui, li, dou, qi, jue, zhi, zun, you, ji, and chime bells. Set of three and weapons and chariots and so on.Among them, there are three square tripods and five round tripods, which can be used as representatives of the grades of burial bronze ritual vessels in the tombs of small princes and monarchs in the Western Zhou Dynasty.It is worth noting that, in addition to his wife, Jing Ji, who was buried in the same cave, his concubine was also buried in the same cave.In addition, the tomb also has a pit for chariots and horses.

In the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty Changcheng tomb excavated in Pudu Village, Chang'an, Shaanxi Province in 1954, four bronze sacrificial vessels were buried with it, including four tripods, two guis, and one 鬲, 甗, jue, 駚, 卣, 罍, pot, 盉, plate and chime bell. Group of three etc.Three of the four bronze tripods are similar in shape and may be a row tripod for holding meat; the other is not only slightly different in shape and shape, but also larger, it may be a wok (huohuo) tripod for cooking meat.No chariot and horse pits have been found in this tomb, and the identity of the owner of the tomb may be a slave owner noble at the rank of scholar.

A tripod tomb in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty was excavated in Hejia Village, Qishan, Shaanxi. A bronze tripod, a gui, bronze weapons, spears, chariots and horses, and titles were buried with them. This is obviously the tomb of the lowest class of scholars. Therefore, no chariot pit was found in this tomb. To sum up, it can be explained that the burials of slave-owner nobles in the Western Zhou Dynasty had formed a distinct hierarchical system, and the system of using tripods (row tripods) had formed on the burial bronze ritual vessels.In line with the system of using tripods, the tombs of princes and high officials were also buried with bronze musical instruments and pits for chariots and horses, while the tombs of the first class of scholars were generally not buried with bronze musical instruments and pits for chariots and horses.This is a concrete reflection of the development and strengthening of the ritual system in the Western Zhou Dynasty.This also shows that the record in ancient documents that the Duke of Zhou "made rites and made music" in the early Western Zhou Dynasty is credible.