Chapter 28 Singing of Song Ci in the third section

Song Ci, which is as famous as Tang Poetry and well-known in the literary world, developed rapidly to its heyday after the middle and late Tang Ci and Five Dynasties Ci.Literati in the Song Dynasty wrote lyrics and sang songs, and it became popular, even to the extent that Ye Mengde said in "Summer Records": "Where there is well water, you can sing Liu Ci".The so-called "Liu Ci" is the Ci written by Liu Yong, the representative poet of the "Graceful School" in the Southern Song Dynasty.People in the Song Dynasty wrote lyrics and sang songs in two ways. One is that the poet uses the original melody to sing along with new words, which is called "filling in lyrics"; , A new song on the structural spectrum, which is called "Zidu Qu" or "Self-made Qu".Among the poets of the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiang Kui is such a famous poet who can write lyrics and compose songs by himself.

Jiang Kui (1155-1221 A.D.), courtesy name Yaozhang, nicknamed Baishi, was nicknamed "Baishi Taoist".Born in Poyang (now Boyang), Jiangxi, he is one of the representative figures of the "Graceful School" poets in the Southern Song Dynasty.He has never been an official in his life. He has traveled and traveled in official families for many years, relying on relatives and friends to support his life.Jiang Kui lived in the era when the Jin soldiers occupied the north and the Southern Song Dynasty established the capital of Lin'an and lived in the south of the Yangtze River. As a member of the feudal patriotic intellectuals, he "lived in the rivers and lakes, never forgetting the monarchy, all of which were written in long and short sentences by means of Tobixing. "(Song Xiangfeng's "Yuefu Yulun"), often writing lyrics and composing music to express his patriotic thoughts and emotions and understanding and sympathy for the people (Figure 28).

Jiang Kui is proficient in music. He can not only write good lyrics, but also compose lyrics for music according to the sound, and he can also create lyrics and music by himself.When he wrote lyrics for old tunes, he often had to record music scores next to the lyrics so that he could sing according to the tone.In his life, he created 17 lyrics and music with musical scores, together with 10 "Nine Songs of Yue", and one qin music, which was compiled into six volumes of "Songs of Taoist Baishi" and passed down to the world (Figure 29).This is the only collection of songs created by literati in the Song Dynasty that has been seen so far. It has valuable music historical data and music historical research value.Modern musicologist Yang Yinliu (AD 1899-1984), after researching "Baishi Taoist Songs" in the 1950s, translated it into modern music scores, so that people today can sing through the sight scores of these works, You can appreciate the general characteristics and style of the lyrics and music of the "Graceful School" of the Song Dynasty literati more than 700 years ago.

Lyricists in the Song Dynasty paid great attention to the relationship between libretto and tone when they wrote lyrics and sang music. They made a theoretical summary of the relationship between libretto and tone, leaving behind many valuable experience in combining lyrics and music and singing experience for later generations.To talk about these experiences, we must mention Zhang Yan, a poet who had made achievements in this area at that time. Zhang Yan (1248-1314 A.D.), courtesy name Shuxia, nicknamed Yutian and Lexiaoweng.A poet and scholar of the Metric School in the Southern Song Dynasty.Grandfather Zhang Ru and father Zhang Shu are both good at writing lyrics and familiar with music.After the death of Song Dynasty, Zhang Ru was killed by Yuan people, while Zhang Yan wandered around and finally died of poverty.Inheriting his family education, Zhang Yan is good at rhythm, and has a deep research on the relationship between melody and lyrics. Most of the more than 300 poems he has written today have the characteristics of harmonious rhythm, refined sentences and refined words, elegant and clear.In addition, there are two volumes of "Etymology". "Siku Quanshu Zongmu" said that he "studied the rhythm, especially his divine understanding, and used it to catch up with Jiang Kui, and he was so strong", and he was called together with Jiang Kui.There is a saying in later generations that "Jia Baishi (Jiang Kui) and Hu Yutian (Zhang Yan)" said.

"Etymology" is a very influential work on Ci, in which the discussions on how to compose music and the relationship between Ci and music (music scores) have received more attention from later generations.He summarized the music-making process of "writing lyrics by relying on sound" into four links: "selecting music", "proposition", "cloth rhyme", and "telling music", that is, "choose the title of the music first, and then specify the meaning; How does the beginning start and how does the end end, then the rhyme is selected, and then the song is described" ("Etymology·Zhiqu").He especially emphasized that the sound and rhyme of the libretto should be "coordinated" with the melody, saying that "the ancestors knew the rhythm...every time a word is composed, the singer must press it, and if there is any inconsistency, he will correct it immediately" ("Etymology·Sound" Spectrum) to demonstrate; it is believed that the first thing to consider when composing lyrics is whether it conforms to the ups and downs of the pitch of the tune, and puts forward the argument that "the word is based on the consonant sound. What is the sound? The spectrum is also".These expositions still have positive significance and scientific value for today's song creation.

Due to the emergence of a large number of poets in the Song Dynasty and various styles of lyrics, the singing style of Song Ci is also different from the "graceful" singing style and the "bold and unrestrained" singing style due to the difference in style and genre.Song Yu Wenbao's "Blowing the Sword Continued Records" records an anecdote about Su Shi (AD 1036-1101), a famous poet in the Song Dynasty: When Su Shi was in the Imperial Academy, one of his fellow scholars could sing very well. How about Liu Ci?" Shiyou replied: "For Liu Lang's Ci, we have to have 17 or 18 girls hold the red teeth to clap the board and sing "Wild Wind and Moon on the Bank of Yangliu"; Go to Jiangdong!'" "Liu Langzhong" means Liu Yong.It can be seen that the lyrics and music written by Liu Yong and others of the graceful school at that time were sung in a graceful and delicate style; while the lyrics and music written by Su Shi and others of the bold and unconstrained school were sung in a vigorous and unrestrained style.The above-mentioned "Great River Going East" sung by the Han in Kansai refers to the famous piece "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia" written by Su Shi. The great rivers and mountains of the motherland reminisce about historical events to express the classical songs of personal pride and aspirations, and the emotions are passionate and unrestrained.The simplified musical notation translated by him is appended as follows (spectrum example 1).

Nian Nujiao (Chibi Nostalgia) 1=D Su Shi Ci "Nine Palaces Dacheng Nanbei Ci Gongpu" song Yang Yinliu translated score Scatter board