Chapter 19 Chapter 4 Music and dance of various ethnic groups

Yanle is also written as "Yanle" and "Yanle".Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Yanle was originally a kind of court music specially used for entertaining guests. Later, the title contained more and more music content and varieties. The general term for folk music performed on occasions such as appreciation and etiquette, Sui and Tang Dynasties and later Song Dynasty Yan music is this kind of Yan music in a broad sense. In the first year of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty (581 A.D.), Yan music was divided into seven types according to the source of music and the organization of the orchestra, called "Qi Bu Yue".These seven pieces of music are: Guoqi (Xiliang), Qingshang, Gaoli, Tianzhu, Anguo, Qiuci, and Wenkang.In addition, many frontier folk music and dances and a variety of operas also belong to Yan Yue.In the middle period of Daye (605-618 A.D.), Qibuyue was readjusted and divided into nine types, which was called "Jiubue" in the Sui Dynasty.These nine pieces of music are: Qingyue, Xiliangyue, Qiuciyue, Tianzhuyue, Kangguoyue, Shuleyue, Anguoyue, Gaoliyue, and Libi (Wenkangyue).

At the beginning of Tang Wude (618 A.D.), Jiubuyue was still set up, which is slightly different from the Jiubuyue of Sui Dynasty.In the 16th year of Tang Zhenguan (642 A.D.), Gao Changyue was added on the basis of Jiubuyue, making a total of 10 pieces.These 10 pieces of music are: Yanyue, Qingshangyue, Xiliangyue, Tianzhuyue, Gaoliyue, Qiuciyue, Anguoyue, Shuleyue, Kangguoyue, and Gaochangyue.Among the Nine Music and Ten Music of the Tang Dynasty, except for Yan Yue, Qing Shang Music and Li Bi, which are traditional music of the Central Plains ("Huaxia Zhengsheng"), the rest are Western Region and South Asian folk music with the characteristics of foreign music.

Xiliang music - the music that flourished in the Liangzhou area to the west of the Yellow River in Gansu during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It is a fusion of Han music in the Central Plains and foreign music in the Western Regions (mainly Kucha music), and was later introduced to the Central Plains.This music department was called "Guoju" in the seven musics of the Sui Dynasty, and was renamed "Xiliang Music" in the nine musics of the Sui Dynasty. This title was followed in the Tang Dynasty. Tianzhu music - the music introduced to China from the ancient country Tianzhu (now India) with Buddhism, which has the characteristics of Buddhist music.It was listed as a music club in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Kucha music - music from the hometown of Kucha (now in Kuqa, Xinjiang) since the Southern and Northern Dynasties.It was listed as a music club in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and played an important role in Yan Yue, and many other music clubs were influenced by it. Anguo music - music from the ancient Anguo in Central Asia (now in Bukhara, Uzbekistan).Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty enjoyed it when he traveled to the Western Regions, and later spread it to the Central Plains.It was listed as a music club in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Shule Music——Music from the Shule Kingdom in the Western Regions (now Shule and Sujisha, Xinjiang).Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty enjoyed it when he traveled to the Western Regions, and later spread it to the Central Plains.The Qibu Music of the Sui Dynasty was not listed as a music department.

Kangguo music - music from the ancient state of Kang in Central Asia (now Samarkand, Uzbekistan).During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Ayangna family (Turkic people) of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty brought it to the mainland.It was listed as a music club in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Gaochang music - music from the ancient Gaochang state (now in Turpan, Xinjiang).During the time of Emperor Taizu of the Sui Dynasty, the Central Plains had acquired Gaochang Yueji, and it was not listed as a music department in the ten music until the time of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty.

The above-mentioned clubs all use the names of the ancient countries at that time as the names of the clubs, which shows that their music maintains a relatively obvious exotic style and sentiment.The musicians and musicians of these clubs are also mainly played by musicians from the country. The initial division of "Zobu Ji" and "Li Bu Ji" began after Tang Gaozong.The line-carved band image on the stone coffin of Tang Lishou (577-630 AD) in Sanyuan County, Shaanxi Province shows this division (Fig. 22).By the time of Tang Xuanzong (712-756 AD), this division was formally confirmed and replaced the original division of Jiubuyue and Qibuyue. "Zuobu Ji" refers to the music and music performed while sitting in the hall; "Libu Ji" refers to the music and music played standing in the hall.The poet Bai Juyi (772-846 A.D.) wrote a poem "Li Bu Ji" on this division and sang: "Taichang Bu Ji has grades, those in the hall sit in the hall and stand in the lower hall; The drums and flutes are ringing." This reflects that Zabuji music has lyrical and elegant artistic characteristics; Libuji music has a rough and enthusiastic artistic style.

The highest development of Tang Yanyue's formal structure is "Yanyue Daqu".The structural characteristics of Daqu are composed of three parts: "scattered sequence", "song" and "po". "Sanxu" is a prelude or introduction with free rhythm, and it is generally pure instrumental music played by musical instruments. "Song", also known as "middle sequence", "patition sequence" or "paibian", refers to singing with standard rhythm, at a relatively slow speed, accompanied by musical instruments and sometimes dance, which is the main body of Daqu. "Po", also known as "Wubian", is the ending part of Fanyinjipai, mainly dance, accompanied by musical instruments, and sometimes singing is also added. Then it quickly ends with the Adagio to end the whole song.There is a kind of Daqu, also known as "Faqu", which is a kind of Daqu that has a relationship with religious music.The famous Daqu "Neon Clothes and Feather Clothes Song" is said to be one of the most proud Faqu works created by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty.

Tang Daqu works are very rich. In addition to "Neon Clothes and Feather Clothes Song", the famous ones include "Broken Array Music", "Green Waist", "Liangzhou", "Yizhou", "Yushu Backyard Flowers", "Dragon Boat Ride". " and more than 60 volumes.