Chapter 5 Section 1 Types of Seals

Since its appearance, the seal has always been a symbol of power and an object of trust.With the continuous development of seal cutting art, seals have gradually become an indispensable part of people's cultural life.The types of seals have also developed from the original official seals and name seals to several types combined with literature, calligraphy and painting.In summary, it can be divided into the following categories: After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he established a centralized feudal empire.He proclaimed himself the First Emperor and called his seal "Xi".The system of "Xi" used by the emperor continued until the Tang Dynasty.In the first year of Tang Yanzai (AD 694), Wu Zetian changed the "Emperor's Seal" to "Emperor's Treasure", and the use of "Treasure" continued until the fall of the Qing Dynasty (AD 1911).The emperor's "seal" and "treasure" belong to the official seal of the emperor in charge of the regime. The emperor used it when issuing imperial edicts and proclamations.According to historical records, Qin Shihuang's seal was engraved with high-quality Lantian jade, with chi and tiger buttons carved on it.The printed text is in Xiaozhuan script of Li Sishu, and the printed text is "Ordered by the sky, longevity is eternal", and there are also sayings that "by the order of the sky, the emperor's longevity is prosperous", which has not been verified.When Liu Bang captured Xianyang, winning the "Seal" of Qin Shihuang was a symbol of gaining power.After the first emperor's seal returned to the Han Dynasty, it was sealed by Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Han Dynasty, as the Chuan Guoxie. When a new emperor succeeds to the throne, he must first accept this seal, and the throne is considered legal and recognized by his subjects.Therefore, the Chuanguo Yuxi has become the symbol of the true man and the symbol of the supreme power of the country.It was also the target of ambitions in various dynasties after the Western Han Dynasty.When Wang Mang usurped the Han, he obtained the jade seal by "forcing the palace to seize the seal", and the plan to usurp the throne was considered complete.Until Wang Mang was defeated and died in the fourth year of Emperor Xindi (23 A.D.), this Royal Seal of Chuanguo was still hanging on him.Later, it was lost when it was passed to Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty.However, the rulers of many dynasties after the Han Dynasty still advertised themselves as the orthodox emperors by possessing the royal seal of Qin Shihuang, and fabricated many absurd stories.

In the Han Dynasty, the Chuan Guoxi was only used as the treasure of the town in the inner government, and it was never actually used.The emperor often used another six-party seal, namely "Emperor's Seal", "Emperor's Seal", "Emperor's Letter", "Tianzi's Seal", "Tianzi's Seal", "Tianzi's Seal", etc., commonly known as "Six Seals".There are strict regulations on the functions and scope of use of the Six Seals. "Emperor's Seal" is used for rewards; "Emperor's Seal" is used for edicts and proclamations; "Emperor's Seal" is used for mobilizing troops and sending envoys; "Emperor's Seal" is used for sending documents to the outside world.The shape and system of the six seals are all imitated from Chuan Guoxi, selected high-quality white jade, and carved with flat chi buttons.

The scope and shape of the "Six Seals" in the Wei, Jin and Liu Song Dynasties completely followed the Han system, and there were some changes in the seal system in the Northern Dynasties and Sui. In the Sui Dynasty, two imperial seals were engraved and named "Shen Xi" and "Designed Seal". The seals of the emperors of the Tang Dynasty were renamed "Bao", and six seals were still used.Made of white jade, carved with dragon buttons. The Northern Song Dynasty made its own "Shoumingbao", and the early Song Dynasty customized it as eight treasures, that is, imitating the Six Seals of Han Dynasty plus "Zhen Guobao" and "Shoumingbao".In the seventh year of Huizong Zhenghe in Song Dynasty (1117 A.D.), another 16-character treasure was added. The printed text read: "Scope of Heaven and Earth, Youzan God, Baohe Taihe, and Longevity without Boundary", named "Dingming Bao", which is the same as the original eight treasures. The combination is Nine Treasures.In the Southern Song Dynasty, the number of treasures used by the emperor increased to 14, and the three-party gold seal of "the treasure of the emperor's personal admiration for the country", "the treasure of the world contract", and the "treasure of the edict" was added, and the "treasure of the revival of the Great Song Dynasty", " There are a total of 14 treasure seals, including the blessings of the heavens and the extension of trillions of eternal infinity" (the treasure of protecting the country), "the treasure of life and longevity" (the treasure of fate), and the imitation of the Six Treasures of Han Dynasty.According to the "History of the Song Dynasty Yufu System", the new format of the emperor's seal changed from the unchanged one-inch square seal to a width of four inches and nine cents, and a thickness of one inch and two cents, filled with gold pan dragon buttons.Change the seal script from Xiaozhuan to Ninefold Seal.

The Yuan Dynasty imitated the Sui and Tang Dynasties and used the seal system, only the six treasure seals such as the national treasure and the "emperor's treasure", and the printed characters were in Basiba script. In the early Ming Dynasty, the emperor's imperial seals were set at 17 squares, and seven seals were added for a total of 24 squares during Emperor Sejong Jiajing.The Qing Dynasty inherited the Ming system. In the 11th year of Qianlong (AD 1746), Emperor Gaozong Hongli of the Qing Dynasty took the auspicious number of "Twenty-Five of Heavenly Teachings" in "Book of Changes Dayan", and appointed it as 25 seals, of which 20 were inherited from the Ming Dynasty. It also added five directions: "The Treasure of the Great Qing Resignation", "The Treasure of the Heir of the Qing Dynasty", "The Emperor's Treasure" (Manchu), "The Treasure of Controlling the Six Masters", and "The Treasure of Edicting All Nations".Both Manchu and Han seal script are used to engrave the text.In the thirteenth year of Qianlong (AD 1748), in order to harmonize the printed text, Hongli stipulated that "the treasure of the Qing Dynasty", "the treasure of the emperor Fengtian", "the treasure of the emperor's descendant of the Qing Dynasty" and the original "treasure of the emperor" in Manchu The system remains the same as "inherited from generation to generation and passed down to the world", and the remaining 21 treasures will all be engraved in Chinese seal script.And personally revised the "Jiaotai Temple Precious Book" to clearly stipulate the scope of use of each seal. "The Treasure of the Great Qing's Destiny" is based on the order of the emperor; "The Emperor's Treasure of the Heaven" is told in the chapter; "Emperor's Treasure" to assist the law; "Emperor's Treasure" to worship gods; "Emperor's Treasure" to recommend emblems; "Emperor's Treasure" to show clan alliance; "Emperor's Treasure" , to award gifts [lai lai]; "Emperor Xinbao", to conscript troops; "The treasure of making edicts" is to enjoin officials; ", to reward Zhongliang; "The Treasure of Qinwen", to emphasize culture and education; "Commend the treasure of classics and history", to respect ancient teachings; Conquer with Zhang; "control the treasure of the six divisions" to organize the army; "rectify the treasure of all nations" to edict foreign countries; Sincerely title.

The twenty-five treasures of the Qing Dynasty were usually stored in Baolu [lulu] (an exquisitely made square leather box), placed on both sides and behind the throne of Jiaotai Hall. Also engraved in the emperor's personal name are hall seals or leisure seals, which are noble and fine in texture, and seal characters are mostly used in seal script.This kind of seal is mostly used on the books and classics collected by the Inner Palace, the ancient calligraphy and paintings appreciated by the emperor, stele rubbings, or the works written and painted by the emperor's "Yubi".Emperor Qianlong had the most stamps among the emperors of all dynasties, and the one with the most seals on ancient calligraphy and painting works collected in the inner palace.The works he appreciates or writes generally add three seals, and the excellent ones add five seals or more.Qianlong's most proud seal is the "Ancient Treasure of the Son of Heaven" engraved in 1780. He is glad that he lived to be 70 years old, which is very rare among the emperors of all dynasties.Later, he ordered the Imperial Book Office to engrave many "treasures of ancient rare emperors" and "treasures of ancient rare emperors" and "treasures of eight old men" in different sizes and shapes.

Emperor Xianfeng in the late Qing Dynasty wore two badges with him, one saying "Yu Shang" and the other "Tongdaotang".Before Xianfeng died of illness, he bestowed the seal of "Imperial Reward" on Empress Niu Colu's family Ci'an, and the seal of "Tongdaotang" on his only son Zaichun, Emperor Tongzhi.The little emperor was young, and this seal fell into the hands of his biological mother Yehenara Cixi.After the Xinyou coup, Ci'an and Cixi listened to the government behind the curtain, and issued the power to issue imperial edicts on their behalf.All issued edicts must be stamped with two seals of "Yu Shang" and "Tongdaotang" before they can take effect, which is extremely rare in history.

The book treasure is the book and seal issued by the emperor when he canonize the queen, concubine, concubine or Shang emblem.The book is similar to today's letter of appointment, with words hammered into thin pages of gold, and the treasure is the status token of the queen and concubine.The "Queen's Treasure" in the Qing Dynasty was cast in gold and weighed 1,800 grams. The printed characters were in Manchu and Chinese. The official seal refers to the ancient sampan or seal with the name of the official on the seal.Official seals are evidence of the power of those in power.

In the Warring States Period, the Zhou royal family declined, the patriarchal system collapsed, and the heroes competed for hegemony and merged with each other.A group of emerging ruling classes established their own political power one after another.In the frequent government affairs and diplomatic exchanges and the dispatching of troops and generals, the seal has become an indispensable credential token in the political, economic and military activities within the country and between the vassal states. The official seal is the certificate of power granted by the monarch to his ministers, and the basis for exercising power. Like the "tiger charm" in military operations, it has the function of a letter of agreement.When the monarch appoints officials, he grants official seals.When recalling or transferring positions, the official seal should be withdrawn.Officials lost their official seals and lost their qualifications and reputation as officials.The government issued decrees, and official documents from the central government to the local government must be stamped with official seals to take effect.Therefore, during the Warring States Period, officials and even ordinary civilians had the custom of wearing seals and ribbons with them.

The official seals of the past dynasties have strict regulations, and official seals of different grades have institutional regulations on the texture of the seal, the shape of the seal button, the color of the ribbon, the size and weight of the seal, and the style of the seal. The official seals of the Warring States period are mainly made of copper, with occasional small bowls made of silver or jade.The casting of the copper bowl is exquisite, and most of the Indian buttons are nose buttons.Official bowls are slightly larger than private bowls.Most of the printed texts are in the pre-Qin ancient seal (籀书) style.Most of the white text seals have borders or cross or field-shaped boundary grid lines, and most of the Zhu text prints are wide-edged and fine text.Common printed content includes titles of officials such as "Sima", "Situ", "Sigong", and "Silu".

The official seals of the Qin Dynasty are generally square, with nose buttons, and white characters and Tian characters; there are also vertical rectangles and Japanese-shaped borders, which are half the size of the square official seals.The official seal of the Qin Dynasty is Xiaozhuan, which is written in a natural way, similar to the style of Quanquan characters.The printing material is mainly copper, and most of the chiseled fine texts, the fonts are stretched and natural, like careless traces of grass. The official seal system of the Han Dynasty is detailed: princes seal gold seals, green seal ribbons, and camel buttons; princes seal gold seals, purple ribbons, and turtle buttons; two thousand stones, one thousand stones, six hundred stones to more than two hundred stones use silver, copper medals, and blue , black, and yellow ribbons are all turtle nubs.After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he believed in the saying of "five virtues always", "the Han is based on the soil virtues, and the number of soil is five", so the five-character printed text ("Han Shu Wu Di Ji") was used.The official seals of the Western Han Dynasty are mostly four characters, and the official seals of the Eastern Han Dynasty are mostly five characters, and those that are not five characters are filled with the word "Zhi".The Han seal is the "Miao Zhuan" evolved from Xiaozhuan. The structure is flat, square and straight, with the brushwork of official script, which is suitable for forming a full layout on the square printing surface.There are Jiatian characters between Chinese and Indian.See more chapters soon.A large number of seals from the Qin and Han dynasties have been unearthed, among which the seals of military officials are the most.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the official seal system was inherited from the Han system. Although most of the seals were larger than the Han seals, they were not as refined as the Han seals, and the chiseling process seemed sloppy and rough.The seals range from four to eight characters, such as "Qibu Qujiang", "Fucheng Guardian Sima", "Xingying Zuoguard General Seal" and so on.The seal issued to minority officials has the words Wei and Jin Guohao.After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, paper and silk became the main writing materials, and the use of sealing clay gradually became abolished with the disappearance of bamboo slips.Seals are mostly stamped on official documents and deeds by dipping in ink.Therefore, the seal area gradually increased, and for the convenience of reading, more large seals of Zhu Wen were cast. The official seals of the Sui and Tang dynasties were more than three times larger than the official seals of the Qin and Han Dynasties, and some were even four inches square.The custom of wearing a seal with you has changed accordingly, so the seal button has also been enlarged accordingly, and changed to a square flat handle for easy handling. The seal shape is square or rectangular.In addition to seal script, the printed script also includes official script.After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the seal script gradually evolved into nine-fold seal script, mostly in Zhu script.The official seals of the Sui Dynasty were chiseled with the year number on the back, and most of the official seals of the Tang Dynasty had no year date on the back, so the age can be inferred from the names of the officials and places. The official seals of the Song Dynasty continued to use the Tang system. In addition to the nine-fold seal script, there were also examples of regular script being used for printing.The seals range from four to more than ten characters. For example, an official seal of the Song Dynasty unearthed in Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia in 1952. The seal reads 15 characters "Zhu Ji, the Second Commander of the Second Commander of the First Left Army of Shenwei", and engraved on both sides of the seal. Date of issuance: "Cast in the first month of the third year of Taiping Xingguo" (AD 987) two lines of small characters.The seal is a handle with a straight handle, located in the middle of the back of the print, and the length varies from one inch to one grip, commonly known as "seal handle" or "authority".Most of the year and insignia are chiseled on the handle.After the Song Dynasty, the official seals of all dynasties imitated this style, and the year number was engraved on the stamp. In the Yuan Dynasty, the official seals of senior officials were printed in Basiba script, and the seals of civil officials were mostly printed in Chinese seal script. The official seal of the Ming Dynasty, also known as "Guan Fang" or "Notes". "Guan Fang" takes the meaning of close defense.In the early Ming Dynasty, in order to prevent officials from cheating, Zhu Yuanzhang divided the square seal into two parts on the left and right. It took two seals to complete the combination, avoiding forgery and abuse.The official seal of the Ming Dynasty is in thick Zhu script with a wide border, nine-fold seal script, and most of the seal buttons are oblate and long-handled.Date and year engraved on back. The official seal of the Qing Dynasty is square or rectangular, with a high oval handle on the back of the seal, and the year date engraved on the back or edge of the seal.The print border is wider.The printed text is juxtaposed with Manchu and Han Zhuan.Before Qianlong, Manchu script was in regular script, and it was changed to Manchu script during Qianlong period. Later, a line of Manchu script was added between Manchu and Chinese.The official seal issued by officials temporarily dispatched in the Qing Dynasty is the rectangular "Guan Fang" seal popular in the Ming Dynasty. People in the pre-Qin period had the custom of carrying bowls with them.The bowl (seal) is used as a proof of letter and is used to seal documents and seal clay on bamboo slips.Easy to wear and use, and not easy to lose.At the same time, there was a concept of admiring jade in the pre-Qin period, and it was believed that Peiyu could symbolize noble morals and avoid evil and seek good fortune.Gold and jade are both important, and metal objects are called auspicious gold. Wearing a copper or jade seal is also a decoration that shows a mature personality.Therefore, the Yinu of the bowl seal is cast and carved into auspicious creatures, birds and beasts, which can be worn and worn. It is a keepsake that integrates use and decoration functions. The private seals of the Warring States period are generally smaller than the official sampans, and are known as "Small sampans of the Warring States (or Qin)".It is not restricted by the official seal shape regulations, and has various forms and flexible decoration.There are square, round, chicken heart-shaped, rectangular, rectangular, bayonet-shaped, three circles connected, three petals connected, a combination of four squares, a combination of one circle and one sharp shape, etc., and the forms are rich and colorful.White text printing sometimes has double sides, a combination of square and circle frames, or a combination of pattern decorations.Most of Zhu's writings are broad and detailed.Both the copper sampan and the jade sampan are tight and regular in texture, with exquisite chiseled lines, and most of the printed surface layouts have rigorous and exquisite ideas and designs.The printed text is written in scriptures, with occasional insect and bird seal characters.Due to local separatism, each vassal state decided its own printing, and most of the calligraphy styles with regional characteristics were printed.Private sampans of the Warring States period were mostly chiseled in white inscriptions on copper, with a border of white inscriptions, and Tian characters or cross grids appeared in the later period.The jade seal is also engraved with white characters, with sharp starting and ending strokes.Most of the seals in Zhuwen are broad and thin lines, and there are many excellent works that successfully use the complex and simplified strokes of the seal to handle the layout skillfully. Private seals in the Qin Dynasty were more diverse than official seals, such as round, square, and waist-shaped.There are nose button, bucket-shaped button, turtle button or evil animal button.Most of the printed surfaces have frames, and the printed script absorbs the inscription style of the edict and changes it. It is called imitation and printed script, and it is one of the "Qin Eight Styles" books.The private seal of Qin Dynasty, which was printed in imitation style, is more standardized and strict than the private seal of the Warring States period.Chiseled Seiko.It has become a highly acclaimed "Qin Xiaoyin" seal cutting masterpiece. The private printing of the Han Dynasty continued the style of the private printing of the Qin Dynasty in the early Han Dynasty.In addition to the surname, the printed text is often added with words such as "Zhiyin", "Private Seal", "Zhi Private Seal".Most of the private seals of the Han Dynasty were cast seals, which were smaller than the official seals of the same period.The beginning and ending strokes of Chongniaoshu have pictograms of insects, birds and fish. On the one hand, it is to beautify the font, and at the same time, it also contains expressive meanings such as exorcising evil spirits, praying for good luck, and lovesickness.Some attach four spirit patterns around the printed text, wishing for good luck and peace.The private seals of the Han Dynasty paid attention to the changes in the layout of the printed surface. There were full white characters in the white seal, and the overall effect was vigorous and sparse; Half white, or three reds and one white, one red and three whites, etc. are full of confusing visual illusion effects and jumping dynamics, which are masterpieces of art in the seals of all dynasties. In the private seals of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Zhu Wen still used Han Miao seal script. The printed fonts were of equal size, the layout was flat, and the printed surface was substantial.Most of the white text seals are printed with "hanging needle seal", and the printed text is arranged horizontally, forming a layout effect of tight top and loose bottom, with a strong contrast between density and density. Most of the private seals in the Sui and Tang Dynasties imitated the Chinese seals, and the last word of the seals mostly used "ji". After the Tang Dynasty, culture and art gradually prospered, and the application function of private seals also developed from simple name seals to include seals such as Zhai Guan seal, nickname seal, appreciation seal, etc., far surpassing the original function as a token and becoming a As an independent art category, seal cutting has also become an art category related to calligraphy art. The activity of storing excellent Dharma calligraphy and paintings in 庋 [gui track] collection began in the Han Dynasty. According to literature records, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up a special institution for the collection of works of art such as famous calligraphy and paintings.Zhang Yanyuan of the Tang Dynasty said in "Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties" that since the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Liu Song, Zhou, and Sui Dynasties, there have been examples of public and private collections of calligraphy and painting works.In the collection activities of the Tang Dynasty, it gradually emerged to add the name and alias of the connoisseur to the collection, or the name of the collection location and pavilion.To indicate the ownership of the collection or the responsibility of appreciation and evaluation.Collectively referred to as collection seals.Collection seals have important research value for examining the creation age of calligraphy and painting works, the author and the process of spreading the works, and verifying the authenticity.From the collection seals on the famous paintings of ancient Dharma books that have been handed down in an orderly manner, we can know the symbols of the collections of the inner government in the past dynasties since the Tang Dynasty. The collections used by the court collection institutions of the Tang Dynasty are printed with: "Zhenguan", "Kaiyuan", "Yuanhe Zhiyin" and other year seals, as well as the name of the collection place "Hanlin Zhiyin", "Hongwen Zhiyin" and so on. During the Five Dynasties, the seals collected by the Southern Tang Neifu were "Jixianyuan Imperial Book Seal", "Jianye Study Room Seal", "Nei Contract" and other words. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Huizong's court had a rich collection and a complete institutional system.The works of art in the collection are all stamped with collection seals, and recorded into collections, named "Xuanhe Shupu" and "Xuanhe Huapu".In the collection of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, the words "Royal Book" were printed in the gourd-shaped seal in Zhu Wen, the round (square) seal with double dragon pattern, "Xuanhe", "Zhenghe", "Neifu Books", "Chonghe", and "Grand View" , "Xuanhe Zhongmi" and other seals.The number of seals is divided according to the grade of the work, and the position of the seal is also standardized. The seals collected by Gaozong's inner government in the Southern Song Dynasty are "Qian Gua", "Xi Shi Zang", "Shaoxing", "Ruisi Dongge", "Nei Fu Book Seal", "Nei Fu Books", "Ji Lei Qing Appreciation" ", "The Seal of Playing in Free Time and Playing by Machine" and so on. The collection of Zhang Zong's inner palace in the Jin Dynasty is printed with: "Secret Mansion", "Mingchang", "Mingchang Palace Play", "Yufu Baohua", "Inner Palace Treasures", "Jade Treasures", "Mingchang Yulan" and other seals . In the Yuan Dynasty, Princess Renzong's elder sister, Princess Lu, relied on the royal power to search for a large number of ancient calligraphy and paintings. Her collection was printed with "Emperor Sister's Books", "Emperor Sister's Treasures" and so on. "Calendar", "Kuizhang", "Kuizhangge Bao", "Seal of Dusheng Books" and so on. In the Hongwu period of the early Ming Dynasty, the collection and archives of the inner government were combined with the "ceremony inspector seal", so only half of the seal remained on the painting and calligraphy, and it was called the half seal of the inspector. The emperors of the Qing Dynasty all had collection seals, and the collection of ancient paintings and calligraphy in the Inner Palace was stamped with the emperor's royal seal or the place where the calligraphy and painting works were stored in the palace.Emperor Qianlong had the largest collection of seals, and the calligraphy and painting inscriptions that he had seen and read added three seals, five seals, seven seals, and eleven seals respectively.The collection catalog is compiled into "Shiqu Baoji", "Secret Palace Zhulin" and its sequel, and the third volume. The calligraphy and paintings published in the catalog are also correspondingly added with seals such as "Shiqu Baoji" and "Shiqu Baoji Continuation". There are also multiple collection seals for private collections of paintings and calligraphy in the past dynasties. The seal of collection is to add collection, textual research, collection, appreciation, collection of books, collection of paintings, collection of steles, treasures, cheats, secret play, treasures, books, search books, collection of books, reading, under the name or Zhaiguan, and the nickname Read pictures, read posts, etc. Appreciation seal is to add appreciation, clear appreciation, appreciation, heart appreciation, appreciation, read, once read, read, once read, past eyes, passing eyes, Jingyan, eye blessing, etc. under the name or Zhaiguan, and alias. The proofreading seal also belongs to the collection and appreciation seal category.This kind of seal is to add the words of revision, examination and revision, approval, trial and interpretation, appraisal, etc. under the name. Xiao Xingyin is a kind of pattern seal.There are two types of ancient portrait seals: one is pure image prints, such as figures, chariots and horses, fish and insects, flowers and birds, animals, etc., with vivid images and ever-changing compositions; Dragons, tigers or four elephants (green dragon, white tiger, rosefinch, basalt) etc. are engraved on all sides.Another type of Xiao Xingyin is to engrave one's zodiac sign or name on the bottom of the seal, and add a surname to the top, such as a tiger-shaped top with the word Wang, the name is "Wang Hu", or the surname is Wang, and I belong to the tiger.Another example is a person named "Feng Xiong", who uses the homonym of the word "Xiong" to engrave the image of a white bear on the bottom of the seal, and add a word "Feng" on it, which is very interesting. Most of the seals of Xiao Xingyin are made of animals that are consistent with the surface of the seal, and are made into three-dimensional shapes.The animal images of Xiao Xingyin are silhouetted, exaggerated in shape, and vividly summarized. One side of Xiao Xingyin is like a miniature animal painting full of life and interest.Therefore, Xiao Xingyin is also known as painting seal, wax seal, and graphic seal.It is a kind of artistic seal and does not have the function of a letter certificate.It was popular during the Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties. Among the seals from the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, there are also seals with auspicious words, admonitions, and blessings as seals.For example, the ancient sampans in the Warring States Period included "Xingji" and "Zhengxing".In the Qin Dynasty, there were "respect for things", "long luck", "one-hearted prudence" and so on.After the Eastern Han Dynasty, there appeared seals that developed from auspicious blessings to avoid evil and drive away disasters, such as "Yellow God Yuezhang Heaven and Earth God's Seal", "Heavenly Emperor Messenger", "Yellow God Seal", etc., which are called evil seals for long-distance Wear it while trekking.During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there was a trend of using poems, idioms, and mottos as printed texts, which were mostly used for book collection, or attached to calligraphy and painting inscriptions and postscripts, collectively referred to as Xianwen Yin.According to the position of the seal, it is also called the Yingshou seal, the corner (fixed corner) seal, and the seam seal.This type of seal is lively and random, and its shape is also varied. Some of them follow the natural shape of the printing material, or use pumpkin stalks, bamboo roots, etc. as printing materials, so this type of printing is also called "following the shape". Since ancient times, there have been various types of seals, with ever-changing content and forms. In addition to the above-mentioned seals, there are also ancient proverb seals, place name seals, birthday seals, native place seals, year seals, identity seals, and concubine seals.There are also names, place names, table characters, and aliases that are combined into one seal, which is called the "general seal".