Chapter 17 Chapter 4 Outstanding Contributions in Science and Technology

At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Jamaluddin, a Muslim and astronomy and calendar scientist, had served Kublai Khan.It's just that no special official office has been set up yet.At that time, there was a "Han Ersi Tiantai".In the eighth year of Zhiyuan (AD 1271), another "Huihui Sitiantai" was set up, ranking from the fifth rank, with Jamaluddin as the point of reference.In the first year of Huangqing (1312 A.D.), he was promoted to prison, ranking fourth.Huihui Sitianjian is the same as Haner Sitianjian, in charge of observing astronomy and meteorology and compiling calendars.But the scale of returning to Sitianjian is slightly smaller.

In the fourth year of Zhiyuan (1267 A.D.), Jamaluddin wrote the "Perpetual Calendar", which was promulgated by Shizu.In the thirteenth year of Zhiyuan (AD 1276), Guo Shoujing and others were ordered to compile a new calendar.In the seventeenth year of Zhiyuan (AD 1280), the new calendar was compiled and named "Shoushi Calendar".Issued the following year. "Perpetual Calendar" will not be reproduced.However, according to the people of the Qing Dynasty, "this law of ten thousand years was still in place during the Jiajing period (1522-1566 A.D.)".Regarding the "Shoushi Calendar", one says it is based on the "Wannian Calendar"; "Perpetual Calendar" belongs to the "Huihui" calendar system, which divides the zodiac into twelve houses and the week into 360 degrees, instead of the traditional Chinese twenty-eight mansions.This almanac is under official control, and private engraving and private sale are prohibited.In the 16th year of Zhiyuan (1279 A.D.), the young supervisor of Sitian, Kemarading, compiled the "Hygur Calendar".But the fate of the Maladin almanac is unknown.

In the first year of Hongwu in the early Ming Dynasty (1368 A.D.), Huihui Sitianjian was established, and later changed to Qintianjian Huihui Like.In the same year, Liu Jijin, an envoy of the Taishi Academy, presented the "Da Tong Li".In this year and the second year, several people including Hei'er and Abdula, the prime minister Dieli Yueshi and Taiwan official Zheng Ali, who returned to Sitianjian from the Yuan Dynasty, were ordered to go to Nanjing to participate in the work of "observing the phenomenon and calendar". .In December of the first year of Hongwu (AD 1368), the Academy of Taishi was changed to Sitianjian, and the "Huihui Sitianjian" was set up, ranking fourth.In the third year of Hongwu (1370 A.D.), Sitianjian was changed to Qintianjian.In the eighteenth year of Hongwu (AD 1385), a star observatory was set up in Jiming Mountain and Yuhuatai respectively.The Yuhuatai Observatory belongs to Huihuiqin Tianjian.In the 31st year of Hongwu (1398 A.D.), the Huiqin Tianjian institution was abolished, and its functions were all assigned to the Qin Tianjian Huili Calendar Division.The professionals of Qin Tianjian are divided into four subjects, namely, astronomy, leak carving, Datong calendar and Islamic calendar.Most of the officials in Hijri are Chinese Muslims, and they are actually hereditary.

In the first year of Hongwu, a group of "Huihui Astronomical Documents" were obtained in Yuan Dadu (Beijing).In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (AD 1382), Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Li Chong and Wu Bozong of the Imperial Academy to translate these books together with Hui masters Ma Sha Yihei and Ma Hama.In the 16th year of Hongwu (AD 1383), the translation was completed and it was written as "Hijri".In addition, Masha Yihei also completed "Masha Yihei Muslim Calendar" (three volumes).In the seventeenth year of Hongwu (AD 1384), the "Hijli" was promulgated as the auxiliary almanac of "Datongli".In the thirteenth year of Chenghua (AD 1477), this almanac was revised and added to seven volumes by Bei Lin, the deputy of Nanjing Qintian Supervisor, and it was called "Seven Politics Pushing Steps".In the Ming Dynasty, the "Hi-Hui Calendar" and "Da Tong Li" were used for more than 270 years.At that time, many non-Muslim astro-calendarists were also studying the Muslim calendar, absorbing its principles and methods, and enriching and improving the Chinese calendar.This was the so-called "communication of the Muslim calendar to enter the time".It is said that there are as many as six or seven families who "learn their skills and form a family of their own".It can be seen how far-reaching the influence of the Muslim calendar is.

In November of the thirty-eighth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1610 A.D.), Qin Tianjian made a mistake in predicting the celestial phenomena.The imperial court decided to call people who understand the Western calendar to participate in the work of revising the calendar.In the forty-first year of Wanli (AD 1613), there was a memorial to explain the outline of the Western calendar, advocating the use of Western missionaries to reform the calendar and compile a new calendar.In May of the second year of Chongzhen (AD 1629), the prediction of the astronomical phenomenon was inaccurate according to the Datong Calendar and the Hijri Calendar; only the prediction according to the Western Calendar was in line with the reality.Therefore, in September of this year, the "Western Calendar Bureau", commonly known as "Western Calendar Bureau", was opened.In the seventh year of Chongzhen (1634 A.D.), the Western Bureau presented the 29 volumes of "Western Almanac" and a star screen to the emperor.In the ninth year of Chongzhen (AD 1636) and the 10th year of Chongzhen, the predictions about lunar eclipse and celestial phenomena, the Datong Calendar and the Hijri Calendar made mistakes again, but the calculation of the Western Bureau was correct.According to the Western calendar, the Western Bureau compiled a new calendar for the 15th year of Chongzhen (1642 AD) in December of the 14th year of Chongzhen (1641 AD).

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Qing Dynasty adopted the Western calendar.In the second year of Shunzhi (1645 A.D.), the Qing court used Western missionaries to compile the Shixian Calendar.In the 14th year of Shunzhi (1657 A.D.), Wu Mingxuan (who claimed to be his ancestor Masha Yihei), the former official of the Islamic calendar department, attempted to restore the Islamic calendar.In the third year of Kangxi (AD 1664), Yang Guangxian, an official of the Qing Dynasty, attacked the new calendar again.In the following year (AD 1665), Western missionaries were expelled from Qintianjian, and the "Da Tong Li" was reused.Taking Yang Guangxian as the deputy right supervisor of Qintian Supervisor, he was soon promoted to supervisor.In the ninth year of Kangxi (AD 1670), Yang Guangxian and Wu Mingxuan (then deputy supervisors) were dismissed due to repeated mistakes in the old law.Nan Huairen, a Western missionary, served as the deputy of the Qintian Supervisor, acting as the supervisor's official duties.Since then, the Hijri calendar is no longer used in China.

Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, came to the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1267 A.D.), while writing the "Perpetual Calendar", Jamaludin created seven "Items of the Western Regions".They are: "Zatu Haraji", that is, the armillary sphere (multi-ring instrument); "Zatushuo Batai", that is, the test Zhoutian astrology device (azimuth instrument); Divide the Sundial Shadow Hall (Clinodolite); "Luhama Yimusita Yu", that is, the Sundial Shadow Hall (Planitarium) during the winter and summer solstice; "Ku Lai Yi Ah Son" refers to geographical records (globe);In the 10th year of Zhiyuan (AD 1273), he returned to Sitiantai to declare, and there were three kinds of astronomical instruments in his public collection and the collection of Jamaluddin's family; in addition, there were 242 books in 23 categories in foreign languages, covering mathematics, astronomy, calendar, astrology, Medicine, chemistry, history, law, philosophy, literature and many other aspects.

Mathematics Guo Shoujing of the Yuan Dynasty adopted the mathematical knowledge introduced from the Islamic world, especially spherical trigonometry, when compiling the "Shoushi Calendar".The use of Arabic numerals in mathematics by the Chinese also began in the Yuan Dynasty. Geography The globe ("Son of Ku Lai Yi Ah") made by Jamaluddin in the Yuan Dynasty has revolutionary significance.This kind of globe is a wooden sphere, seven points are water, green; three parts are land, white; rivers, lakes and seas are painted on the surface of the sphere, and run through horizontal and vertical latitude and longitude lines.From the perspective of basic shape, it is relatively close to the current globe.Some people think that the idea embodied by this globe is a negation of the traditional Chinese concept of "round sky and earth".

In the 28th year of Zhiyuan (AD 1291), Jamaludin also completed the compilation of "Dayi Tongzhi" (755 volumes).