Chapter 8 Section 2 Main Representatives of Chinese Islamic Thought

What we usually refer to as the ideological system of Chinese Islamic dogma is the ideological system of Chinese Islamic religious philosophy. Its basic conceptual categories and basic theoretical framework were established by Wang Daiyu, Liu Zhi, Ma Zhu, and Ma Fuchu. Wang Daiyu (approximately 1570-1660 AD), also known as "Old Man of True Hui", Hui nationality, native of Nanjing, is a famous scholar of Chinese Islam.Together with Ma Zhu, Liu Zhi, and Ma Fuchu, they are called the four major writers of the Hui nationality in the Qing Dynasty.Wang Daiyu was originally from Arabia. His ancestors came to China with tribute envoys during the Hongwu period, but they stayed there and never returned. They participated in the formulation of the Ming Dynasty calendar.Wang Daiyu was born in Nanjing.He was taught by Ma Junshi when he was young.Ma Junshi is a fourth disciple of Hu Dengzhou, an advocate of scripture education.Under the guidance of Ma Junshi, Wang Daiyu systematically studied Islamic classics.When he became an adult, he began to study ancient Chinese books. He studied history books, books of various schools of thought, and works of Buddhism and Taoism, and finally became a university student who learned all kinds of schools and mastered the four religions (Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Islam). Home.

Wang Daiyu's works include "Zhenzhen Zhengjiao", "Halal University", and "Xizhen Questions and Answers" compiled by his disciples. There are 40 chapters in "Zhengjiao Zhenxian", which are divided into two volumes, each with 20 chapters. "Zhengjiao Zhenxian" was first engraved in the fifteenth year of Ming Chongzhen (AD 1642).The 20th chapter in the first volume is about religious philosophy, which is about the study of acknowledging the uniqueness of the Lord and understanding the mind.The 20 articles in the second volume are about the teaching method, involving many aspects such as etiquette, customs and practice. "Halal University" consists of five chapters, which are dedicated to the Islamic religious philosophy. It puts forward religious philosophy concepts such as "truth one", "number one" and "body one", and systematically discusses the ontology, cosmology and epistemology of Islam. "Xizhen Answer" is a question-and-answer book, and most of the discussion questions are about recognizing the Lord and practicing.

Wang Daiyu lived in Beijing in his later years and set up a hall outside Zhengyangmen to give lectures.After his death, he was buried in the tomb of the Li family in Sanlihe. Wang Daiyu devoted his whole life to researching Islamic teachings, writing in Chinese, expounding religious teachings with traditional Chinese thought, and pioneering "interpreting scriptures with Confucianism" and "interpreting Hui with Confucianism".Wang Daiyu and others demonstrated that "the two religions of Hui Confucianism and Taoism have the same origin, and there is no two principles at the beginning", thus achieving the goal of "understanding all schools of thought and compromising with the learning of heaven and earth".In fact, they transformed the "Tianfang Zhixue" so that it had new content and a new look, and established the Chinese Islamic dogmatic system.

The Chinese Islamic system is extremely rich, including cosmology, epistemology, practical philosophy and many other aspects.Here we only talk about its "dual loyalty" thought. After Islam was introduced into China, there was always a problem of development direction.Any foreign religion that spreads in an environment like China can only have vitality if it is coordinated with Chinese society, that is, sinicized.For Chinese Islam, the first task is to transform "unary loyalty" into "dual loyalty".This is a difficult and significant theoretical revolution.Wang Daiyu believes that in life, one must be loyal to both Allah and the king. This is the "true loyalty and righteous way".Loyalty to the King is not inconsistent with loyalty to Allah.If you are only loyal to the king but not to Allah, then you are "heresy" and "heresy", not a Muslim.However, to be loyal only to Allah and not to the King is to fail to fully fulfill one's duties as a human being, and thus also to fail to fulfill one's deeds to God.In this way, it cannot be regarded as true loyalty to the Lord.Neither is desirable.Loyalty to the Lord and loyalty to the king are the same, and they are "the business of life".Wang Daiyu pointed out the direction for Chinese Muslims, and made them theoretical in thought and conscious in action.

Liu Zhi (approximately 1660-1730 A.D.), courtesy name Jielian, native of Nanjing, Hui nationality, was a famous Chinese Islamic scholar in the Qing Dynasty.Liu Zhi was born in a family of Islam. His father Liu Sanjie and his teacher Yuan Ruqi were all famous teachers in the religion at that time.When Liu Zhi was young, he mainly studied Confucian works, reading classics, history, Zi, Ji and miscellaneous books.He began to study Islamic classics when he was young.Later, I read some Buddhist and Taoist books and 137 so-called "Western books".In order to discuss the principles of Islam, he traveled all over the country and visited scholars and celebrities.It is said that there are hundreds of volumes of books written by Liu Zhi, but only one tenth of them are printed.Liu Zhi has made outstanding contributions to the development of research on Islam in China.

"Tianfang Xingli", "Tianfang Ceremony", "Tianfang Zhisheng Shilu Chronicle" are Liu Zhi's representative works. The five volumes of "Tian Fang Xing Li" is a book of Ming Dao, which is dedicated to the fate of heaven and man.Xu Yuan, a cabinet bachelor and minister of rites, said in the preface to "Tian Fang Xing Li": Words, nature and reason are just in line with my Confucianism.His words of innate nature and acquired nature, and the order of the origin and flow of the big world and the small world are all unexplained by anyone before, and the subtle words and subtle meanings regard our Confucianism as detailed... The sages of Tianfang created it before, and the sages and scholars passed it on later. Men Liu Zihan translated it to teach China, and China will see the Tao of Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Zhou and Confucius in this book.

Xu Yuanzheng may have overemphasized the Confucian elements of "Tianfang Xingli", but he still grasped the characteristics of "Tianfang Xingli". "Tianfang Ceremony" (also known as "Tianfang Ceremony Selected Essentials") has 20 volumes. It is a book of Mingjiao, specializing in teaching methods and etiquette.In the mid-Qianlong period, the Four Treasurys were opened to collect ancient and modern posthumous writings. "Tianfang Ritual" was submitted in the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (AD 1782), and it was included in the archives.This is the only one of four inventory purposes for China's Islamic books. The "Summary of Siku Quanshu" commented on this book: "Everything is explained in detail, and self-respect for its teachings. Wisdom is quite learned from Confucianism,... its writing is also quite elegant." The first four volumes of "Tianfang Rites" discuss the history of Islam and orthodoxy.It is often used as an optional reading in Chinese teaching materials in Islamic scripture education in China. Chronicles of the Most Holy Records of Tianfang (also known as "Records of the Most Holy Records of Tianfang") is a chronological biography of Muhammad.

Ma Zhu (AD 1640-about 1711), courtesy name Wenbing, was born in Baoshan, Yunnan, and Hui nationality. He claimed to be the 45th descendant of Muhammad, the 15th grandson of Saidian Chishan Siding. He was a famous scholar of Islam in China in the early Qing Dynasty.Ma Zhu lost his father when he was young, and his family was in a difficult situation.In the fourteenth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (the eleventh year of Yongli in the Southern Ming Dynasty, 1657 AD), the Emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty was exiled in central Yunnan, and Ma Zhu was recommended as "Servant in Jinyi".After the death of Nanming, Ma Zhu lived in seclusion and taught, writing and writing for himself.Ma Zhu studied Confucian works, Buddhist and Taoist classics before the age of 30. After the age of 30, he began to delve into Islamic classics and history books, and devoted himself to the writing of "Halal Guide".This work exhausted Ma Zhu's life-long painstaking efforts.Horse notes traveled all over Beijing, Shandong, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian and other places.After entering Beijing in the eighth year of Kangxi (1669 A.D.), Ma Zhu submitted the "Request for Praise Table"; later, he tried to present the "Halal Guide", but failed after several efforts.On the one hand, Ma Zhu was looking for Islamic scholars from all over the world, and on the other hand, he set up schools and gave lectures in various places.It not only explores the principles of Islam, but also trains a group of religious talents.

"Halal Guide" has 10 volumes and more than 100,000 words.The so-called "guide" is intended to promote orthodox religion, refute heresy, and inspire people's hearts.The content of the book includes religious history, religious law, scriptures, philosophy, astronomy, legends, etc.Before the book was published, it had been circulated among the majority of Muslims.Later, it was selected for scripture education. "Halal Guide" is rich in materials, in-depth research, and unique insights. It is a must-read for exploring Islamic teachings.The works of Ma Zhu have great influence both in Yunnan and in the whole country.Liu Zhi, known as the master of Islamic teaching in China in the Qing Dynasty, gained a lot of lessons from Ma Zhu.

Ma Fuchu (approximately 1794-1874 AD), named Dexin, was born in Dali, Yunnan Province, and Hui nationality. He was a famous Chinese Islamic scholar and scripture teacher in the Qing Dynasty.Ma Fuchu studied Arabic and Persian with his father when he was young.As an adult, he went to Shaanxi to learn classics from the famous teacher "Master Zhou".Zhou is the fourth disciple of Hu Dengzhou, the founder of Jingtang Education in Ming Dynasty.Ma Fuchu studied painstakingly, and even got the true biography of the Shaanxi School of Jingtang Education.From the 21st year of Daoguang (AD 1841) to the 28th year of Daoguang (AD 1848), Ma Fuchu studied and lived in Arabia and other places for seven years.During this period, he made two pilgrimage to Mecca.He studied under the famous local scholars and studied Islamic classics, religious history, religious law, philosophy, literature, astronomy and other knowledge.In the Islamic world, Ma Fuchu extensively collected scattered scriptures and transcribed them for collection.When he passed by Singapore on his way back to China, he believed that Singapore was the "extreme center" of the world, located on the equator, which was convenient for studying astronomy and calendar, so he stayed.In Singapore, he used his astronomical knowledge to conduct actual observations, and as a result, he wrote two works, "Synopsis of the Universe" and "Astronomy and Calendar Sources" in Arabic and Chinese respectively.These two works later became important teaching materials for Muslim religious education.Ma Fuchu also wrote the book "Pilgrimage Journey" based on his own pilgrimage experience.After returning to China, Ma Fuchu gave lectures in Jianshui, Yuxi and other places in Yunnan, and studied Islamic teaching principles.He improved scriptural education, and with the assistance of his disciples, he translated part of the Arabic and Persian textbooks into Chinese, selected the essence, and annotated them so that they could be easily understood by Muslims.Ma Fuchu has written and translated many works, including more than 30 volumes, covering Islamic dogmatics, jurisprudence, linguistics, history, geography, astronomy and many other fields.The general translation of Chinese into Chinese was also initiated and practiced by Ma Fuchu.He translated in Chinese and translated 20 volumes.It is a historic pity that the work of translating the scriptures was not completed due to being killed by the Qing government.Later, the translated version was burned in the fire, and now there are only five volumes left, which are named "Bao Ming Zhen Jing Zhi Jie".The main works compiled and written by Ma Fuchu include "Four Classics and Important Meetings", "Dahua Zonggui", "Xingming Purpose", "Tao and Xing", "Rituals and Laws and Love", etc.Ma Fuchu absorbed the strengths of Shaanxi School and Shandong School in scripture education, and established the Yunnan Branch.Ma Fuchu has made valuable contributions to Chinese Islamic academic research and scripture education.