Chapter 6 Section 5 Islam in the Qing Dynasty

During the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties in the early Qing Dynasty, the country flourished.The rulers of the Qing Dynasty believed in Buddhism and respected Taoism. After entering the Central Plains, they actually governed according to Confucianism, and they guarded against "Islam" more than they believed in it.At the beginning of entering the customs, in order to deter the remnants of the former Ming Dynasty, the Qing government once publicized that "the Han Dynasty is too late to return".However, when it was necessary to balance ethnic relations, the Qing court changed its tone and shouted that "it is too late to return to Han".During the Kangxi period, there were rumors in the world that Muslims "gathered at night and scattered at night" with the intention of plotting rebellion.Kangxi issued an edict and refuted it, saying that "the Han is too late to return."In the first year of Yongzheng (1723 A.D.) and the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730 A.D.), local officials asked the court to strictly prohibit Islam and get rid of Hui customs.Yongzheng denounced the ignorance and stupidity of these local officials.But at the same time, he thinks that Hui people are "contemptible people" who "are willing to be different", and "Islam has nothing to gain".Therefore, Yongzheng's ethnic policy is "returning to Han and restraining".

In the late Qianlong period, an anti-Qing peasant uprising broke out in the Shaanxi-Gansu region under the banner of Islam.The Qing government began to adopt a high-pressure policy against Islam.To win over the upper class of Chinese Islam and "resist it with retaliation"; to use different sects to destroy and weaken Islam; once conflicts intensify and form fighting, resolutely suppress them by force. This is the basic strategy of implementing the high-pressure policy.After the end of the Qing Dynasty, this strategy did not change much. In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong (AD 1782), a literary inquisition directly involving Chinese Islam occurred.In the history of Chinese Islam, it is known as the "Hai Furun Incident".In the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong (AD 1774), Hai Furun, a Muslim from Sanya, Hainan, left home to study in the Mainland.Seven years later, that is, the forty-sixth year of Qianlong (AD 1781), Hai Furun returned to Hainan from Shaanxi, stayed in Hankou due to illness, and lived in a mosque.There is a Yuxing hat shop next to the temple, the owner is Yuan Guozuo, a Muslim from Nanjing.Yuan was enthusiastic about the cause of Islam and had published works by Liu Zhi and others.Yuan Guozuo presented Hai Furun with 10 volumes of Chronicles of the Most Holy Records of Tianfang, one volume of "Explanation of Tianfang Alphabets", one volume of "Halal Interpretation of Doubts", and one volume of "Tianfang Three-Character Classic".In May of the forty-seventh year of Qianlong, Hai Furun was interrogated when passing through Guilin, and 21 Islamic works in Arabic and Persian, as well as the above-mentioned Islamic works in Chinese were found.Jia Zhongfu, the prefect, then arrested Hai Furun and sent him to prison, and reported it to Zhu Chun, the governor of Guangxi.Zhu Chun issued a document requesting the provinces in the south of the Yangtze River to assist in the investigation of the case, and at the same time to play it to the court.After receiving the letter from Zhu Chun, the Hubei side seized Yuan Guozuo and seized many Islamic books in Chinese.After receiving the letter from Zhu Chun, the Jiangsu side will soon change Shaoxian (who wrote the preface to Yuan's engraved "Chronology of the Most Holy Record of Tianfang"), Yuan Guoyu (brother of Guozuo), and Tan Zhengwen (who stored "Tianfang Xingli", "Tianfang Ceremony" "Second book edition) three people seized.Jin Tianzhu (the author of "Halal Interpretation of Doubts") was spared because the officials did not know his whereabouts.Liu Zhi was dead, his grandson Liu Zuyi was summoned and his home was searched.Because Shaoxian mentioned "Guangxi Hugong" (Hu Shixiong) in the preface, he also sent Hu Shixiong who was far away in other provinces to Suzhou.The Guangdong side searched the mosque in the provincial capital and Hai Furun's home.In Yunnan and Guizhou, the magistrate of Shiping Prefecture personally went to the home of 86-year-old Sai Yu (who wrote the preface to "The Chronicle of Tianfang Zhisheng Shilu") to search.The whole incident involved various provinces in southern China, and there are too many people involved.After seeing the reported memorial, Emperor Qianlong believed that the handling was improper and ordered that the case should not be handled.The edict stated that "Protestantism" is an "evil religion", but it has been eliminated.As for the "old religion", there are many people living in Shaanxi and Zhili, and its classics follow the old version, and there is no defamatory or disobedient language.Islamic works in Chinese are all like "vulgar books".Hui people believe in this religion because of their "stupid and ignorant".This incident was nothing more than a false alarm to the court, so it had to be let go.

After suppressing the anti-Qing uprising of Shaanxi-Gansu Muslims, the main method used by the Qing government to manage Islam in China was to implement the "township treaty" system.The so-called township contract system is a system that allows the township and relatives to jointly guarantee each other. "Township Covenant" is an ancient Chinese system.A similar township contract system in the Ming Dynasty had been implemented among Muslims.In the early years of Jiajing (1522-1566 A.D.), the government of the Ming Dynasty set up a "Baochang" in the residence of the Semu people, and "everyone who resides is subject to restraint."During the Wanli period (1573-1620 A.D.), the Ming government "established the Baojia with Huiyi" and ordered them not to gather, hold weapons, and so on.During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty (1723-1735 A.D.), the township contract system was implemented in the Hezhou area of ​​Gansu.After the forty-sixth year of Qianlong (AD 1781), this system was widely implemented in Muslim-inhabited areas in Northwest China. "Township covenant" is another kind of job.The township is the basic administrative unit, and the township contract is the person in charge of both religion and administration in a township.Muslims take the township as a unit, and the township is its representative, assuring the government that there will be no violations of the law, and the government will not interfere in its religious affairs.Township appointments are divided into two types: temple appointments and return appointments.Mosque appointments are practiced in places where there are mosques.The local officials choose the "just people" in the church to act as temple covenants and order them to restrain the church members of the church.Generally speaking, the imam in the temple is likely to be the appointment of the temple.Retaliation is practiced in places where there are no mosques.According to the number of people in his village, choose an "elderly man" as a return contract, and order him to restrain the congregation in his village.The Qing government issued seals to the temples for appointments or repeals, ordering them to be managed in sections, generally for a period of three years, and replaced when the period expired.All teaching workshops that implement the township covenant do not need to establish the title of head teacher or imam.In these areas, imams only refer to themselves within the church; externally or to officials, they are called "Xiangyue" or "Headman".The mosques in the areas where the township treaty is implemented have certain political powers.After the Township Agreement, it is also called "Xuedong".Xuedong is not necessarily an imam.Since the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (AD 1784) in the southeast of Gansu, each teaching workshop has implemented the Xuedong system.Xuedong manages the property of the mosque and is responsible for mediation, civil affairs and religious affairs.There is an imam under Xuedong who presides over religious activities.There are also "villagers" who assist Xuedong in handling various affairs and chant scriptures with the imam.Xuedong was originally elected, but later became hereditary.

Chinese Islam belongs to the Sunni Hanafi school of law.This school believes that as long as you do "religion and vehicle", that is, adhere to the five merits of "reading, ritual, fasting, class, and court", you should be considered a good Muslim.However, the Sufis believe that this is not perfect, and they should also practice the "Tao Vehicle" and recite "Zikr" (internal secret mantra).Each Sufi order has its own unique "zikel".From the end of Ming Dynasty to the beginning of Qing Dynasty, some Sufi orders were introduced into China, forming a Chinese-style Sufi order called "Menhuan", also known as "Protestantism".As a result, Islam in China began to divide.The part that did not form the system of eunuchs is called "Jiaojiao" or "Laojiao" as opposed to the Protestantism of eunuchs, that is, "the wood of Ge".Even in the period when Menhuan was prevalent, the vast majority of Muslims in China still belonged to Gedimu.The eunuchs practice the leader system.In the sect, all power belongs to the leader, and believers must obey the orders of the leader (seeking calls).The eunuchs generally deified the leader, and after the death of the leader, he built a Gongbei for him and worshiped it for generations.In areas where there are eunuchs, educational and government affairs are either directly controlled by the leader, or the leader sends his agent ("Reyes") to implement hierarchical management.The leader owns a large amount of movable and immovable property.Some leaders even set up personal guards.The leader is generally hereditary.It is believed that the formation of the leader system is the main symbol of the formation of men and officials.

The division of sects and eunuchs was a major event in the history of Chinese Islam in the Qing Dynasty. There are four sects and three sects of Islam in China.The four eunuchs are "Zhehelinye", "Gedilinye", "Hufeiye" and "Kublinye".The three major sects are "Gedimu", "Xidaotang" and "Yihewani".As far as the number of believers is concerned, Gedimu ranks first, Jehelin Yeh ranks second, and Yihewani ranks third. Zhehelinye Zhehelinye is an Arabic transliteration, meaning loud, so it is also called "Gao Nian School", that is, to recite "Zikr" loudly.Because of his head shaking from side to side when chanting scriptures, he was once falsely called "shaking head teaching".Zhehe Linye is a family eunuch with a large number of people, a wide spread, a great influence, and a typical development.It is mainly distributed in Xunhua in Qinghai, Linxia in Gansu, Xiji, Haiyuan and Guyuan in Ningxia, as well as parts of Yunnan and the Central Plains.Its founder is Ma Mingxin.This man was from Gansu, born in the fifty-eighth year of Kangxi (AD 1719) and died in the forty-sixth year of Qianlong (AD 1781).When he was 10 years old in the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728 AD), he went to Mecca with his uncle on a pilgrimage.In Yemen, he entered the "Shazilinye" Taoist hall to study.In the ninth year of Qianlong (AD 1744), he returned to Xunhua, taught the purpose of Shazilin Ye Daotang according to his teacher's order, and named it "Zhehe Linye".Ma Mingxin advocates the simplification of some religious ceremonies, opposes compulsory zakat, and emphasizes that alms should be used to relieve the poor, religious power should be passed on to the virtuous and not to their sons, and the head of the mosque should be freely selected by the congregation.These propositions of Ma Mingxin are very popular among local Muslims, and the number of believers is increasing.

The lineage of Zhehe Linye is as follows: The first generation of leader Ma Mingxin died in the forty-sixth year of Qianlong (AD 1781); the second generation leader Mu Xianzhang died in the 17th year of Jiaqing (AD 1812); the third generation leader Ma Tian died in the 20th year of Jiaqing In the second year (AD 1817); the fourth generation leader Ma Yide, the eldest son of Ma Yide, died in the 29th year of Daoguang (AD 1849); the fifth generation leader Ma Hualong, the eldest son of Ma Yide, died in the tenth year of Tongzhi. Year (1871 A.D.); Ma Jincheng, the sixth generation leader, was the eldest grandson of Ma Hualong. He died in the fifteenth year of Guangxu (1889 A.D.). Died in the ninth year of the Republic of China (AD 1920); Ma Zhenwu, the eighth generation leader, was the fourth son of Ma Yuanzhang.

Zhehe Linye was a family official who practiced both teaching and Taoism.This is its obvious feature in religious practice.However, less emphasis is placed on Hajj.It is believed that pilgrimage to the leader Gongbei and Daotang can replace the pilgrimage to Mecca.The main homework in Taoism is to chant Zikel aloud.Although there are various ways, it is common to chant loudly with music.The religious practice of the leader is mainly meditation, twice a week.The inheritance of the leader must have a certificate, that is, "missionary clothing".Mosques generally do not have a Xuanli building, and instead of calling for missions, beat the clapper.Gongbei and Taoist halls are also places for mass activities.In the diocese, a hierarchical management of the "hot clothing system" is implemented.In terms of clothing, Zhehelinye believers wear six-tooth hats, which represent the "six major beliefs". The leader's is green, the elderly are mostly white, and the young and middle-aged are black.Men wear Chinese-style robes with breasts and don't have beards.It is not advocated that women wear coverings and veils.

Zhehelinye held several armed struggles against the Qing Dynasty under the banner of Islam.Including the Su Forty-three Uprising in the forty-sixth year of Qianlong (1781 AD), the Tianwu Uprising in the forty-ninth year of Qianlong (1784 AD), and the Great Uprising in the Shaanxi-Gansu region in the first year of Tongzhi (1862 AD). Hufeiye Hufeiye is an Arabic transliteration, meaning low voice, so it is also called "low reading school".There are many branches of this family eunuch, about 21.There is no direct relationship between the various branches of the sect and the transmission of orthodox traditions.Mainly distributed in Linxia, ​​Lanzhou, Tianshui, Xunhua, Xining, Yinchuan, Tongxin, Xihaigu, Xinjiang, Yunnan and other regions.Among them, Huasi Menhuan (in Linxia, ​​Gansu) was founded earlier, and the founder was Ma Laichi.Ma Laichi went to study in Yemen and returned to China in the 12th year of Yongzheng (1734 AD).After returning to China, he became an eunuch of Chuanghua Temple.Ma Laichi and Ma Mingxin studied together in the Hufeiye Daotang in the Shazilinye system in Yemen.However, after returning to China, the two set up their own sects, and in the Qianlong period, they eventually lost peace and caused bloodshed.

Gedilinye Gedilinye is an Arabic transliteration, meaning mighty.This eunuch originated from the Sufi order founded by the Persian Gedir.Mainly distributed in Linxia, ​​Lanzhou, Haiyuan, Guyuan and other areas.Among them, Dagongbei Menhuan was founded earlier, and the founder was Qi Jingyi.Qi Jingyi began to spread the purpose of Gedilinye in the middle of Kangxi (1662-1722 A.D.).Da Gong Bei Men Huan has "monks", which is a distinctive feature of the Men Huan.Monks do not marry wives, and practice in the deep mountains and old forests far away from their hometown, so they are called "halal monks" or "halal Taoist priests".There is no leader in Dagongbei Menhuan, and a leader is elected by the monks to be in charge of the teaching affairs.Due to the influence of Buddhism and Taoism, Dagong Beimen eunuchs pay special attention to "enlightenment" in religious practice, and the thought of being out of the world is also relatively heavy.

Kubulinye is an Arabic transliteration, meaning the greatest one, and claimed to be introduced in the Ming Dynasty.According to research, its introduction time will not be earlier than the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty (AD 1662-1722).According to legend, Kublinye was directly spread in China by Mu Huyin, a descendant of Muhammad.After Mu Huyin's father and son came to China, they settled in Dawantou, Dongxiang, Linxia, ​​and changed their surname to Zhang, so they were also called "Zhangmen".Kubulinye is not widely spread and the number of people is small, mainly in the Dawantou area.

The wooden grid of the wooden grid is an Arabic transliteration, meaning ancient.As far as Islam in mainland China is concerned, Gedimu is the oldest sect, so it is also called "Old Sect".Before the formation of the eunuch system, Chinese Islam did not have a “standard of character” because there was no sectarian differentiation.Menhuan was differentiated from it, Yihewani and Xidaotang were also differentiated from it, and the rest is itself - Ge's wood.Ge's wood has the longest history and has a history of more than 1300 years since it was introduced in the Tang Dynasty.Ge's wood spreads all over the country, and has the most believers.Chinese Islam is based on lattice wood. The basic content of Gedimu teachings includes two aspects of belief and merit.Adhere to the "six major beliefs" in terms of belief.Adhere to the "five major homework" in homework.As for the practice of Taoism, I think it is a secondary work, and it is not very necessary.Ge's wood implements a single church system that is not affiliated with each other.It is a mosque management system formed by connecting mosques with the surrounding Muslim masses.The mosque is not only the place of religious activities, but also the center of politics, economy and culture. Yihewani Yihewani is an Arabic transliteration, meaning brother; also known as "Ai Haili Sunnai", meaning following the scriptures.The Chinese Yihewani may have originated from the Wahhabi sect in Arabia.Wahhabism became popular in the Arabian Peninsula after the mid-18th century.This sect advocates reforming Islam in accordance with the original spirit of the Sunnah.China's Yihewani advocates "teaching according to the scriptures" and "following the scriptures and changing customs".Its founder is Ma Wanfu, a native of Guoyuan Village, Dongxiang, Linxia, ​​Gansu, commonly known as Ma Guoyuan, Dongxiang nationality, born in the 29th year of Daoguang (AD 1849) and died in the 23rd year of the Republic of China (AD 1934).In the 14th year of Guangxu (AD 1888), Ma Guoyuan took advantage of the opportunity of pilgrimage to receive education in Saudi Arabia and accepted Wahhabi teachings.When returning home, bring back a batch of Wahhabi classics.After Ma Guoyuan returned to his hometown, he called himself Yihewani, claimed that the eunuchs did not conform to the doctrine, and called for "overthrowing the eunuchs and overthrowing Gongbei".Yihewani advocates the practice of "five merits", does not advocate the practice of Taoism, believes that recitation of scriptures should not be paid, and attaches importance to the education of "Chinese (Chinese) Arabic (Arabic)" scriptures, and implements the practice of mutual non-affiliation. Single church system.Later, Yihewani split into two factions.One group is called "Su Pai", or "Yi Tiao Jiao".The other faction is called the "White School", or "Three Carrying Teachings".The Baipai also called themselves "Sailaifu".Yihewani is mainly distributed in Gansu, Ningxia, and Qinghai provinces, and there are also followers of Yihewani in some large and medium-sized cities in the interior. The founder of Xidaotang Xidaotang is Ma Qixi.He was born in Lintan, Gansu Province. He was born in the seventh year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1857 AD) and died in the third year of the Republic of China (1914 AD).Ma Qixi was a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty and had a solid background in Sinology.The Xidaotang he founded mainly preached Chinese Islamic classics, especially the works of Liu Zhi.Ma Qixi said: "The seeds of Jielian (character Liu Zhi) and Guan Chuan (referring to Ma Mingxin) blossom, and I want to bear fruit." Ma Qixi believes that Chinese Muslims must learn Chinese and traditional culture.This proposition has been realized in the primary and secondary schools established by Xidaotang.Propagating Liu Zhi's theory and elucidating Islamic teachings with traditional Chinese culture is one of the distinctive features of Xidaotang.Another notable feature of Xidaotang is the practice of collective ownership and collective life.Xidaotang is located in a large village in the west of the old city of Lintan, with an area of ​​more than 100 mu.In addition to engaging in religious activities, Xidaotang also established various undertakings such as agriculture, industry, commerce, and literature.The members of Xidaotang, especially the upper class members, have a relatively high level of education, and 60% of the members have reached the elementary school level.Therefore, most of the non-religious businesses they founded were very successful.By 1949, Xidaotang had established 13 collective farms, 13 forest farms, 3 pastures, 11 large businesses, and caravans; in addition, there were many workshops and handicraft workshops. Xidaotang regards the "five major homework" as its full merit, opposes the practice of Taoism, attaches great importance to worship, fasting, and religious festivals. It has a leader but is not hereditary, and implements a church system.Xidaotang attaches great importance to education, and advocates that both men and women should go to school, and children are not forced to read scriptures.According to research, Xidaotang has some origins with the Negesh Bandi Church. After Mongolia wiped out Xiliao, most of Xinjiang was included in the jurisdictions of Okuotai Khan and Chagatai Khan.The Mongols implemented a policy of religious tolerance here, allowing various religions to exist.Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, and Manichaeism have all developed to varying degrees.The eastern region is dominated by Buddhism, and Gaochang (near today's Turpan) is its center.There is Christianity in the northern regions.Islam is prevalent in the southern region, and its distribution is centered on Kashgar and Hotan. It extends eastward to the Luobu (now Ruoqiang) area on the southern edge of the Tarim Basin, and extends eastward to the Kuqa area on the northern edge. In the late Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian nobles of the Chagatai family that ruled Xinjiang began to split.Bald Hei Lu Timur was proclaimed Chagatai Khan in Aksu in the seventh year of Yuan Shun Emperor Zhizheng (1347 A.D.).Later, this khanate was called East Chagatai Wulusi, and the capital was Ali Mari (northwest of Huocheng today).Among the Eastern Chagatai Khan, the bald black Lu Timur was a very accomplished ruler.During his reign, he vigorously promoted Islam, which enabled Islam to develop rapidly. It is said that 160,000 people became believers of this religion.Bald black Lu Timur himself became a Muslim.In the 23rd year from Yuan to Zhengzheng (1363 A.D.), Tuhei Lu Timur died.After more than 10 years of civil strife, his son Hei's Er Huo Zhe was proclaimed East Chagatai Khan.During his reign, he conquered Turpan and forced the local Buddhists to convert to Islam.This is a major event in the history of the development of Islam in Xinjiang, with a far-reaching impact.Since then, Islamic civilization has replaced Buddhist civilization in eastern Xinjiang.Hei Er Huo Zhe sent an envoy to the Ming court in the 24th year of Ming Hongwu (AD 1391).From 1408 to 1416 AD, all the "Mongols" (Chagatai Mongols) believed in Islam.The Hami area also completed Islamization at the end of the 15th century.In the southern part of Xinjiang, it has been ruled by the Mongolian Duglat tribe.It belongs to the Eastern Chagatai Khanate.In the ninth year of Ming Zhengde (AD 1514), Saide established the Yarkand Khanate.In the Yarkand Khanate, with the in-depth development of Islam, the power of the Hezhuo family extended from Central Asia to southern Xinjiang, and gradually controlled the local Islam. "Hezhuo" is a Persian transliteration.The so-called "Hezhuo" in the history of Islam in Xinjiang refers to the religious aristocrats in Central Asia who have the identity of saints.There are two types of saints in Central Asia, one is called "Said" and the other is called "Hezhuo".In terms of status, Said is slightly higher than Hezhuo.However, Xinjiang and Zhuo both consider themselves the descendants of Caliph Ali and Muhammad's daughter Fatima, who are actually "Sayed".Hezhuo is divided into two departments, one with a certificate, called "Hezhuo Said Atta", and the other with lost certificates, called "Hezhuo Jubali". The Hezhuo in Central Asia in the 16th century all belonged to the latter line, and it is difficult to be sure that they are the true descendants of the saints. In the middle of the 16th century, Mahe Dumu Azamu, who claimed to be Hezhuo, came to Kashgar to preach.He is the twentieth Taoist ancestor of the Central Asian Sufi Nagshbandi Order.At that time, the Yarkand Khan Rashid asked Mahdum Azam to stay and gave him many preferential treatment in order to fight against the Alsiddin family who held the religious power of the Khanate.Mahedum Azamu died in the 21st year of Ming Jiajing (AD 1542).In the thirty-ninth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1560 A.D.), Rashid Khan died of illness, and his son Abdu Halim succeeded to the throne.At this time, the Hezhuo forces of the Yarkand Khanate were represented by Ishakwari and Ichan Karan.They are both the sons of Mahdumu Azam.Mahedumu Azamu's eldest son Muhammad Yimin (i.e. Yichan Karan) founded the "White Mountain School", and his youngest son Ishakwari founded the "Black Mountain School".The Hezhuo family forces in Xinjiang split into the above two factions in the early 17th century.During religious activities, believers of the Baishan sect wear white hats and white belts around their waists, so they are also called "white hats" or "Baishan sect"; "Black Hat Hui" or "Black Mountain Sect".Both of these sects originated from Sufis, and there is no difference in doctrine, only a slight difference in the form of worship.The struggle between the two factions is a struggle for secular power under the cover of religious factions.Between the two factions, the flesh and blood are fighting each other, and there are endless disputes.At this time, the Yarkand Khanate was completely controlled by Hezhuo forces, and religious courts were set up everywhere to handle civil and criminal cases with Islamic law.The secular government is just a decoration.Since 1620, the Montenegrin faction has ruled southern Xinjiang four times, for about 55 years.Since 1638, the Baishan faction has ruled southern Xinjiang three times, about 45 years.Hezhuo became an important social force that cannot be ignored in the history of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty. In the eighth year of Kangxi (AD 1669), Yarkand Khan Ismain supported the Black Mountain faction and expelled the leader of the White Mountain faction, Apak Hezhuo, from Kashgar.Apak fled to Tibet.With the help of the Dalai Lama, Apak joined forces with Galdan, the leader of Junggar in northern Xinjiang, to send troops to southern Xinjiang in the 17th year of Kangxi (AD 1678) to eliminate the Yarkand Khanate.The Junggar Khanate began to rule southern Xinjiang.Apak and Zhuo became Galdan's agents in ruling southern Xinjiang.In southern Xinjiang, the Islamic and Zhuo forces finally realized the unity of religious power and political power.In the thirty-fourth year of Kangxi (AD 1695), Apak and Zhuo died of illness and were buried in Kashgar. When Apak and Zhuo were expelled from Xinjiang, they went to Gansu, Ningxia, and Qinghai to preach.He directly taught nine disciples.They are Ma Shouzhen, Xianmeizhen, Ma Diangong, Tong Taibaba, and Li Taibaba from Xining, Ma Zongsheng and Qi Xinyi from Hezhou, Liu Boyang from Lanzhou, and Grandpa Anxi from Hexi.Ma Shouzhen established the Mufti family official, Ma Zongsheng established the Bijiachang family official, Xian Meizhen established the Xianmen family official, and Liu Boyang established the Liu family official. After the collapse of the ruling regime of Apak and the Zhuo family, his descendants have never given up their ambition to split the regime, always dreaming of making a comeback and restoring them and the "paradise" of the Zhuo family.In the 22nd year of Qianlong (1757 A.D.), the size and Zhuo rebelled.From the 23rd to 24th years of Qianlong (AD 1758-1759), the Qing army aggressively attacked Kuqa, Kashgar, Yarkand and other places.Under the suppression of the Qing army and the resistance of the people of various ethnic groups in southern Xinjiang, the size and Zhuo abandoned the city and fled.They crossed Congling Mountains to Badak Mountain, where they were captured and killed by the local leader Suletansha.The Qing government unified the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains and strengthened the central government's jurisdiction over Xinjiang. In the summer of the third year of Tongzhi (AD 1864), Sidi Ke, the leader of the Kirgiz tribe, seized Kashgar.In order to consolidate his rule and fight against the Qing army, he sent people to the Kokand Khanate (a feudal khanate established by the Uzbeks in Central Asia in the 18th century) to request military assistance.King Kokand decided to send Yaguba and Busuluk, the great-grandson of Yamato Zhuoporonidu, to Kashgar.In January of the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865 A.D.), Aguba led his troops to invade Xinjiang, my country. Aguba was originally a scoundrel in the Khanate of Kokand, who became a high official by virtue of drilling and nepotism.In order to eliminate the threat of Aguba to himself, King Kokand Khan sent him to assist Busuluk in invading Xinjiang.Aquba took advantage of Muslims' belief in Hezhuo to help Busuluk to the throne of Khan. Agubai captured Kashgar, Hotan, Kuqa, Korla and Karashar successively.At this time, Yagubo proclaimed himself "Bidiaolethan" ("King of Hongfu").In the eighth year of Tongzhi (1869 A.D.), Yagubo forced Busuluk away.The northern invasion began in the second year, and at the end of the year, most of the northern Xinjiang was occupied. In the first year of Guangxu (AD 1875), the Qing government appointed Zuo Zongtang as the imperial envoy to supervise military affairs in Xinjiang.In March of the second year of Guangxu (April 1876), Zuo Zongtang entered Suzhou from Lanzhou and began to march to Xinjiang.His policy is "first north, then south", that is, to recover northern Xinjiang first, and then attack southern Xinjiang.In October of the same year, all northern Xinjiang was recovered.In March of the third year of Guangxu (April 1877), Qing general Liu Jintang led his troops from Urumqi to attack Turpan.More than 2,000 people were wiped out in this battle, and more than 10,000 enemies were forced to surrender, destroying the main force of Yagubo.Yagubo committed suicide in Korla. After Agub's death, his son Burke Curry continued to fight against the Qing army.In July of the third year of Guangxu (August 1877), the Liu Jintang Department of the Qing Army began the battle to regain southern Xinjiang.At the end of September, the four eastern cities of Korla, Baicheng, Aksu and Wushi in southern Xinjiang were recovered.Then, the Qing army marched towards the four western cities, and at the beginning of the fourth year of Guangxu (February 1878), they completely conquered Kashgar, Yarkand, Yingjisha and Hotan in the western four cities of southern Xinjiang.When the Qing army attacked Kashgar, Burke Curry fled abroad. By the beginning of the fourth year of Guangxu (February 1878), the Qing army completely recovered southern Xinjiang.The Agubai forces have existed in Xinjiang for 13 years. The Islamic sects in Xinjiang are more complicated than those in the mainland.Generally speaking, the vast majority of Muslims belong to the Sunni sect and follow the Hanafi teaching.Some Uighurs in Shache and Tajik Muslims in Taxkorgan belong to the Shiite sect.Among them, the Uighurs in Shache belong to the Twelve Imams of the Shi'ite sect; the Tajiks belong to the Ismaili sect (Seven Imams) of the Shi'ite sect.Within the Sunni sect, there are two different types of sects: one is the sect that emphasizes the merits of teaching and teaching, including the traditional Sunni sect and the Hadith sect (Wahhabi sect), which has emerged in recent years; the other is the sect that emphasizes The mystic school of Taoism practice (that is, the Yichan sect).Yichan Sect is a rather complex sect, and it is divided into several branches: in the early days, there were mainly two branches: Baishan Sect and Heishan Sect; Tiye, Suhelavadiya, Islamiye, Kubrilinye, Maiwuliweiye, Nagshbandiye, Saheer Bandier, etc.Under these large tribes, there are often several small branches. Under Feiye, there is also the difference between the so-called Kashgar Taoist Church and Shakei Church. Below we choose to introduce a few major sects. The Sunni sect is a sect that maintains the orthodox Kailam system as its dominant ideology.Pay attention to teaching and vehicle, and regard Taoism as only a kind of auxiliary work.It is believed that this life and the future life are a unity, and only based on this life can there be happiness in the next life.Strictly abide by traditional customs and oppose innovation.The organizational form of its religious authority is a single mosque system. The mosques are not affiliated with each other, they are independent, they do not interfere with each other, and they do their own thing. Some people call it the "Wahhabi sect". First in Hotan in 1981, and then in Kashgar in 1983, it was gradually formed under the advocacy of some famous big mullahs.Advocates "following scriptures and reforming customs", doing everything according to "sacred teachings", equality between men and women, emphasizing not only respecting the Lord and obeying the saints, but also learning modern science and technology, adapting to the pace of the times, and not being a frog at the bottom of the well.Oppose extravagance and waste and extorting money in the name of religion, and oppose ostentation in marriage, extortionate rituals, and all outdated customs that are not stipulated by the religion.Oppose the worship of the leader, the worship of Mazar, and the Yichan thought trend, and believe that these behaviors violate the scriptures, are polytheism, and damage the status of Allah Supreme.Its ideas are generally approved and supported by young and middle-aged people, and its influence has now spread to Shache, Yecheng, Moyu, Pishan and other places. Gedilinye is said to have been introduced to Xinjiang from Central Asia in the 18th century, and is mainly distributed in Kashgar, Shache, and Hotan areas.Emphasis on the Tao and the vehicle, not the teaching and the vehicle, thinking that there is the Tao first, and then the teaching. Zhehelinye not only emphasizes the teaching of the vehicle, but also the Taoism, advocating "not seeking the present life but seeking the afterlife", and requires people to be pure-minded, practice exercises, and understand their minds and nature.When chanting "Ziker", gather in a circle, shake your head and chant loudly, asking to "spread everywhere" to "show the righteous way".According to legend, it was introduced to Xinjiang from Central Asia in the 18th century, and most of its followers were poor farmers and herdsmen and small handicraftsmen.Worship of saints, Holy Sepulchre.Every year after the autumn harvest, believers from Hotan and Shache go to Imam Japar Sadiq Maja in groups to worship, and the number can reach about 10,000 at many times.It is said that worshiping Gai Mazha seven times, although it cannot be called "Haji", is equivalent to making one pilgrimage to Mecca Kaaba.The leader "Pilinmu", known as "Yi Chan", all claim to be "holy descendants", hereditary from generation to generation, and are the highest spiritual and secular leaders of their sect. Hufeiye was introduced to Xinjiang in the 18th century.Concurrently practice teaching and Taoism, and believe that there is Tao in teaching, and teaching in Tao, they complement each other and cannot be neglected. Only by practicing concurrently can faith be perfected and the goal of being close to the Lord can be achieved.In addition to the "five skills", one should also sit quietly and meditate, and hold the beads and praise Zikel in a low voice.Regard silent chanting and heart chanting as "dark enlightenment noble".Mainly on Mondays, Fridays and Sundays.According to legend, the Beizhuang Menhuan and Dingmen Menhuan of the Northwest Hui nationality originated from the Shadaotang of the same school, and the Menhuan of the Lingming Hall originated from the Kashgar Taoist Church of the same school. The Twelve Imams are concentrated in Shache County, with about 50 or 60 families. The leader is Mamuti Aikeboke, and there is a small memorial hall.Strictly follow the Imam teachings of the Shi'ite sect, worship Ali, believe that the Mahdi must return to the world to save mankind, worship saints and the Holy Sepulchre, do not fast but celebrate the festival of meat. The Ismailis actually belong to the Indian "Hoja" sect of the Ismailis.The Aga Khan is respected as the "living lord". Before the 1950s, people were sent to Mumbai every year to contribute taxes and make pilgrimages to the Aga Khan.Only the morning and evening prayers are performed every day, and the other three prayers and the Juma day gathering are not performed; there is only one kowtow in the worship, and it is believed that doing so can reflect the uniqueness of Allah. In the nearly 200-year history of Islam in China, internal sectarian struggles were very fierce.Various sects often cause large-scale bloodshed due to trivial incidents, and the Muslim people suffer. Chinese Islamic sects have the following common characteristics: First, most of the various sects of Chinese Islamic sects are streams rather than sources.They were either introduced directly by foreign missionaries, or imported from abroad by Chinese Muslims, and rarely created by Chinese Muslims themselves.The Sunnis of the Uyghurs and other ethnic groups in Xinjiang originated from the Sunnis in the Arab region.The hadith sect of the Uighurs and other ethnic groups in Xinjiang is known as the "Zijing sect" and advocates "establishing religion based on scriptures". effects of movement.Both the Menhuan sect and the Yichan sect originated from the Sufi sect, a mystical monastic sect in Arabia and Central Asia.The conversion of the Tajiks to the Ismaili sect was the result of the vigorous preaching of the Iranian missionary Said Suge.The Twelve Imams of the Shache Uyghurs migrated from Pakistan and other places 200 years ago.Only the Xidaotang, known as the "School of Han", was founded by Ma Qixi, a Chinese Muslim, but they also claimed to belong to the Sunni sect and followed the school of the Great Imam Hanifa, that is, the Hanafi school of law. Second, the history of sectarian differentiation in China is not long. Although Muslims of different sects lived and practiced in China long ago, none of them are sectarian divisions of Chinese Islam itself.The history of sectarian division of Chinese Muslims first occurred in the Uyghur region of Xinjiang, and it has only been more than 300 years since then; the sectarian division of Muslims in the interior began around the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century. Third, there is little theoretical difference among the various sects of Islam in China.Whether it is Gedimu, Xidaotang, Yihewani, or the Menhuan sect and Yichan sect, they are all Sunni sects, and they all recognize the four major caliphs as orthodox, and they all abide by the teaching theory of the great imam Hanifa .The main difference between them is neither the difference in fundamental beliefs nor the difference in political views, but some differences in religious practices, religious ceremonies, organizational forms, etc., which are all minor differences. Fourth, Chinese Sunnis retain many customs and influences of the Shiites.Such as heavy green; special respect for Ali and his twelve generations of descendants, called "the Imam of the Righteous Way"; pay attention to commemorating Ali's wife Fatima; pass on the classics and use Persian classics, use Persian for meaning words, and daily religious terms Extensive use of Persian loanwords and so on. Fifth, all sects have accepted the influence of Chinese traditional culture to varying degrees, especially the influence of Han culture.For example, the orthodox concept in China based on the hereditary throne of the eldest son as the basic content, the ceremony of audience with the Chinese feudal emperors, had a certain influence on the sect of men and Yi Chan represented by Zhehe Linye; The influence of Linye Dagong Beimen Huan is very deep; Gedimu and Xidaotang are influenced by traditional Chinese culture, which is well known. Based on the above analysis, it can be considered that there is a common foundation for the unity among the various Islamic factions in China.Although there will be differences and disputes among various factions, everyone believes in Islam and is a Muslim.在“各信各德”、“一视同仁”的原则下，只要做到互不排斥，互不干涉，互相尊重，互相帮助，互相商谈，就一定能求同存异，加强团结，共同建设我们的祖国。