Chapter 6 Section 3 The Development Period of Han Culture in Taiwan (Qing Dynasty)

The Zheng regime was passed down to the third generation, Zheng Keshuang [Shuang Shuang]. Due to internal struggles for power and profit, sectarian conflicts intensified, which seriously hindered the development of Taiwan's economy and culture; . In 1683 (the 22nd year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty), Shi Lang, the admiral of the Fujian Navy, led an army across the sea to attack Taiwan.In the following year, the Qing government changed Chengtianfu to Taiwan Prefecture, under the jurisdiction of Taiwan, Fengshan, and Zhuluo counties, which were placed under the jurisdiction of Xiamen Road, Taiwan, Fujian Province.As a result, Taiwan's economy and culture have entered a new historical period of rapid development.

After the Qing government unified Taiwan, it continued to implement a strict sea ban policy, restricting the normal exchanges of people on both sides of the strait. However, the Han people in the southeast coast of the mainland were forced to live in groups, regardless of the various prohibitions of the Qing government, and flocked to Taiwan in groups, forming a history. unprecedented mass immigration.By 1811 (the 16th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty), the population of Han Chinese in Taiwan had soared to more than 2 million, and it had reached more than 3 million during the Guangxu period, which greatly improved Taiwan's sparsely populated and severely lacking labor force in history.

At that time, mainland immigrants spontaneously formed many reclamation groups of different sizes, "phase rate shifting reclamation".By the Yongzheng period, Taiwan's vast northern plains and most of the southern areas had been reclaimed, "villages of all sizes dotted around" (Lan Dingyuan: "Platform Chronicles·Manager Taiwan's Second Sparse"), towns gradually sprang up, and a scene of prosperity .During the reign of Qianlong, the reclaimed area has expanded to hilly areas with inconvenient transportation.After Jiaqing, only Langqiao (now Hengchun) at the southern tip and Shanhou area at the eastern end remained on the whole island of Taiwan, which remained undeveloped because the Qing government strictly prohibited Han Chinese from entering.

With the reclamation of a large amount of land, the upsurge of water conservancy construction was set off all over the island, and the farming system and farming technology were gradually improved through continuous exploration. The yield per unit area of ​​Taiwan's main crops, rice and sugarcane, increased significantly. "The rice produced can be harvested in one year, which is enough for four or five years." (Huang Shuzhen: "Chi Chibi Tan") The increase in sugar cane production directly stimulated the development of Taiwan's sugar handicraft industry.In the last years of Kangxi, the annual sugar production in Taiwan, Fengshan, and Zhuluo counties reached more than 108 million catties.At that time, Taiwan rice and Taiwan sugar were shipped and sold in large quantities to the mainland, and they became bulk agricultural products with a high degree of commercialization.

The prosperity of the economy and the development of trade have led to the emergence of many wealthy landowners and businessmen on the island. They started their business by raising crowds to cultivate or engage in trade, and their economic strength is strong.This shows that Taiwan's feudal landlord economy and commodity economy have developed to a considerable extent. The massive increase of Han immigrants and economic development have greatly accelerated the process of integration between the Han people and the aborigines.Among them, the Pingpu people living in the west coast had the earliest contact with the Han people, so their economic and cultural development level is also the highest.Before the Opium War in the first half of the 19th century, significant changes had taken place in the life, production, customs and psychological state of Pingpu people.They generally learned how to plow cattle, use iron farm tools, and understand farming methods such as irrigation, weeding, and fertilization; they imitated the Han people in terms of living, eating, clothing, utensils, wedding and funeral customs, etc.; many people read Chinese books and spoke Chinese. , surnamed Han, began to accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality.Other aboriginal ethnic groups have also made progress to varying degrees.They live in harmony with the Han immigrants and jointly contribute to the development of the treasure island of the motherland.

With the leap of economy, Taiwan's culture, art, education, etc. have also caught up with the progress of the mainland at an unprecedented speed of development. After the Qing government unified Taiwan, according to the academic system in mainland China, each prefecture and county in Taiwan established Confucianism in each prefecture and county one or two years after its establishment.The speed of development ranks first among all provinces in the country.During this period, schools in Taiwan were roughly divided into the following six forms: (1) "Confucianism", most of which were established in Confucian temples in various prefectures and counties, and were government-run schools by the local government. .Normally, there are no classes and lectures, and students learn by themselves, but they must take the exam according to the prescribed time in order to advance.Therefore, Confucianism is the educational institution mainly responsible for the promotion examination. (2) "Sociology" is also government-run. In 1684 (the 23rd year of Kangxi), Jiang Yuying, the prefect of Taiwan, founded it in Dong'anfang (two institutes) in the prefectural city and Tuqicheng (jicheng Jicheng) in Fengshan County.Later, it was abandoned for some reason and evolved into a place for literati associations and gatherings. (3) "Yi Xue", commonly known as "Yi School".At the beginning, it was government-run, and it was mostly set up in the streets and villages of various prefectures and counties. It only accepts poor children to enroll and does not charge tuition fees. Most of the students are teenagers aged 6-14, and the students serve as teachers.Later, the folks also donated money to build them. The most famous ones are Zhishan Wenchang Temple Free School (in present-day Shilin, Taipei) and Daguan Free School at Fang〔Fang Fang〕 Bridge (in present-day Banqiao, Taipei). These two free schools still exist today. . (4) "Minxue", which is purely private, commonly known as "private school", "study", "school", etc., mostly recruits children from wealthy families to study.The age of admission is about seven or eight years old, and the duration of study depends on the needs of each individual, and there is no fixed time. (5) "Academy", which belongs to "public private schools", is divided into prefectures and counties.The earliest academy in Taiwan was the "Xidingfang Academy" founded by Shi Lang in 1683 (the 22nd year of Kangxi), while the "Chongwen Academy" established in 1704 (the 43rd year of Kangxi) was the first one in Taiwan with a relatively complete scale. the academy.According to statistics, by 1895 (the 21st year of Guangxu), Taiwan had established 44 academies of various sizes.It can be seen that the development speed of Taiwan's education industry is indeed amazing. (6) "Tufan Yixue" is a kind of "sociology" established in various fan clubs (mainly in the "shu fan" club), which only accepts "fan boys" to study and hires Han people to teach.More than 50 of these "Tufan Society Schools" were established in the Yongzheng period alone, and the number of "Fantong" who are proficient in Chinese and poetry and books is increasing day by day. had a positive effect.

The development of education has brought about the prosperity and prosperity of literature and art.After the reunification of Taiwan, with the immigrant population of the Han nationality, many local operas, music, folk songs, sculptures, and architectural arts from the mainland were introduced to Taiwan one after another, and gradually took root, blossomed, and bear fruit in Taiwan.The number of folk artists and associations specializing in artistic activities is increasing day by day, and they are unprecedentedly active; there are more and more literati and scholars, and in the 200 years after Taiwan's reunification, Taiwan's art circles have shone with stars and talented people, among which the more famous ones are those who preside over the compilation of Gao Gongqian, Liu Liangbi, Zhou Zhongxuan of local chronicles ("Zhuluo County Chronicles" written by him is recognized as the best example of various chronicles in Taiwan by later generations); Chen Pengnan, Chen Weiying, Zheng Yongxi, Wu Degong, who are famous for their poems , Wu Ziguang, etc.; there are also Ji Qiguang, Yu Yonghe, Lan Dingyuan, Yao Ying, Lin Henian, etc. who came to Taiwan with good books.

After the Opium War in 1840, due to the invasion of foreign capitalist forces, Taiwan's economic and cultural development, like that of the mainland, showed new characteristics. After the five-port trade agreement, a large amount of cheap "foreign rice" was dumped into the Chinese market, which caused a sharp drop in sales of Taiwan rice in the mainland, and a sharp drop in price, resulting in the withering of Taiwan's agricultural production and the bankruptcy of a large number of farmers.In addition, the opium imported into Taiwan has increased in a large amount, the opium is becoming more and more popular, and a large amount of silver has flowed out, making the lives of Taiwanese people increasingly impoverished.Especially after the Second Opium War in 1860 (the tenth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty), Taiwan's main ports Anping, Danshui, Keelung, and Kaohsiung were successively turned into trading ports, and foreign businessmen set up foreign firms in Taiwan one after another.Relying on unequal treaties, they seized the management power of our country's customs, making Taiwan's traditional bulk export materials such as camphor, sugar, tea, sulfur, etc., as well as imported goods, controlled and monopolized by foreign businessmen.They conduct unequal trade and wantonly plunder Taiwan's wealth.In this way, Taiwan's feudal economy was gradually transformed into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial economy.

The foreign aggressor forces also intensified their cultural infiltration into Taiwan, dispatched a large number of missionaries to Taiwan to engage in missionary activities, built churches everywhere, and lured Taiwanese people to believe in "foreign religions."In addition, it also published newspapers and periodicals, established church schools, and successively established "Presbyterian Theological Seminary", "Science College", "Tamshui Women's College", "Boys' Presbyterian Secondary School", "Women's Secondary School", etc. A trend of establishing "Western learning" has affected Taiwan's cultural education to a considerable extent.The spread of Western culture in Taiwan was deeper and wider than that of the Dutch colonial era.

Although the invasion of foreign capitalist forces severely damaged the development of Taiwan's feudal economy, it also stimulated the growth of Taiwan's capitalist economy. Due to the hard work of the Taiwanese people, Taiwan's economic and cultural development has advanced at a relatively fast pace after Liu Mingchuan's reform. developed and achieved remarkable results. After the Opium War, the upsurge of mainland Han people immigrating to Taiwan was still in the ascendant. Especially in 1875 (the first year of Guangxu), the Qing government lifted the ban on mountain digging, recruited mainland people to go to Taiwan for reclamation, and gave the applicants various preferential treatment. Taiwan was planned to be cultivated, and a large number of Han people went to recruit. After the Sino-French War in 1885 (the 11th year of Guangxu), Taiwan was upgraded to a province. The Qing government adopted the suggestion of Liu Mingchuan, the first governor of Taiwan, and set up a "General Bureau of Reclamation" in Taiwan to take charge of land reclamation and various economic and economic activities related to the aborigines. Administrative matters have made Taiwan's reclamation business develop in depth.

During Liu Ming's reign in Taiwan (1885-1890), Taiwan took advantage of the mainland's advocacy of "Westernization" and adopted a series of drastic measures to promote Taiwan's modernization: In order to meet the actual needs of the increase, the whole Taiwan was set up as three prefectures, 12 counties and 5 departments under the prefecture, with Changhua in the central part as the provincial capital. , build new forts, and purchase Western-style cannons.Set up the Ordnance Machinery Bureau to manufacture bullets and shells.Set up Gunpowder Bureau, Mine Battalion, and Group Training Bureau, etc.; (3) Economically, set up Coal Affairs Bureau, Brain Sulfur Bureau, Kerosene Bureau, adopt new methods to mine coal, boil camphor, sulfur, and exploit oil, etc.; (4) Transportation In terms of transportation, the "Taiwan Railway Bureau of Commerce" was set up to raise funds to build the Keelung-Hsinchu Railway, to lay submarine power lines, to erect land telegraph lines, and to build a road across the central mountain range.At the same time, a post office was set up to implement a new type of postal service.Set up a steamship company and open up sea routes in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Saigon, Singapore and other places; (5) In terms of finance, set up the "General Bureau of Taxes of the Qing Dynasty" to clean up land taxes and vigorously rectify taxes; The school employs Western teachers to teach English, French, mathematics, physics and chemistry, surveying and mapping, history, geography and other courses.Chinese teaching teaches Chinese language courses.All expenses will be provided by the government, and the first batch of 64 students will be recruited.Set up a telegraph school to learn telecommunications expertise.The "Fan School" was also set up to recruit "Fan Tong" and teach Chinese, calligraphy, Mandarin, Taiwanese and daily etiquette.As a result, Taiwan's education has entered a new historical period, and a group of new intellectuals who are proficient in Chinese and Western cultures have emerged. The scope of Liu Mingchuan's reforms was quite extensive, and most of the measures were effective. Before the Japanese invaders occupied Taiwan at the end of the 19th century, Taiwan's economic and cultural development level had leapt to become one of the most advanced provinces in the country.