Chapter 4 Section 1 The Germination Period of Han Culture in Taiwan (Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties)

When did the direct contact between the aborigines of Taiwan and the Han people in the mainland begin?When was the first time when the mainland Han people managed Taiwan and Han culture immigrated?And when did Taiwan officially belong to the territory of our country? The relationship between the mainland and Taiwan has a gradually closer historical development process.According to the previous and later "Hanshu" records, there is a place called "Dongxi" overseas, which is "divided into more than 20 countries" (should be "tribes"), and people often come to Kuaiji (now Jiangsu and Zhejiang) to do business.Most scholars believe that, judging from the location and circumstances of its narrative, the so-called "East Anchovy" is Taiwan.It can be seen that at least as far back as the Han Dynasty, the Han people in mainland China had already started to have formal contacts with the aborigines of Taiwan.

However, the Han people in mainland China managed Taiwan as early as the Three Kingdoms period.In 230 A.D. (the second year of Huanglong in the state of Wu), Sun Quan, in order to expand the territory and seek to develop trade, sent generals Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi to lead thousands of soldiers across the sea to "Yizhou" (that is, Taiwan). Thousands of local residents returned.This is the first large-scale contact between the Han people in the mainland and Taiwan in history, which is of positive significance for enriching the knowledge of the mainland people about Taiwan and promoting the development of cross-strait relations.This can be proved from the mid-3rd century A.D., when Shen Ying, a native of Wu, wrote "Linhai Soil Chronicles", which for the first time described in detail the geographical location, climatic characteristics, and production and living conditions of Yizhou.

The Sui Dynasty was more active in the management of Taiwan.According to the "Sui Shu", Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent people to appease "Liuqiu" (that is, Taiwan) three times in order to "seek visits to foreign customs" and "seek treasures".For the first time, in 607 AD (the third year of Daye in the Sui Dynasty), Yuqiu Zhu Kuan was ordered to inspect Liuqiu, with the sea master He Man as his guide, but returned due to language barriers; the next year, Zhu Kuan was ordered to go again but failed; 610 In the same year, Chen Leng, the general of Wu Benlang, and Zhang Zhenzhou, the doctor of the imperial court, were sent to lead more than 10,000 troops across the sea. Chen Leng's army went deep into the island. Later, because of conflicts with the leaders of the aboriginal tribes, they fought a battle and returned after winning.Now there is a street in Changhua City, Taiwan called "Chen Leng Street", which was named to commemorate the arrival of Chen Leng's army in Taiwan.The Sui Dynasty sent people to Taiwan three times. Although they failed to achieve the expected goals, they made the mainland people understand Taiwan a step further than before.This can be confirmed from the detailed description of the scenery of Taiwan and the social life of the aborigines in "Sui Shu·Liu Qiu Zhuan".In Fulu Mountain, Fuzhou (now northwest of Longtian, Fuqing County, Fujian Province), until the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, there were still 5,000 descendants of the aborigines who were brought back to the mainland from Taiwan by Chen Leng's army (He Qiaoyuan: "Book of Min").

Due to the invasion of ethnic minorities in the north and the continuous development and development of the economy and culture in the south, after the Northern Song Dynasty, the economic center of gravity of the mainland continued to move southward, and the population in the south gradually surpassed that in the north. In particular, southern Fujian was developed, which created opportunities for the relocation of Taiwan and Penghu. necessary prerequisites. Penghu is located in the middle of the Taiwan Strait and is the first stop for the Han people from the mainland to immigrate to Taiwan.The first people to immigrate to Penghu were fishermen along the coast of southern Fujian.At first, they often went there to shelter from wind and rain, replenish fresh water, firewood, repair fishing gear, and stop occasionally.Later, I went a lot, and some people temporarily set up some simple thatched huts on the shore as a temporary place to live.Later, some fishermen simply moved with their families, opened up wasteland and farmed land, raised livestock, built houses, settled down, and gradually formed villages, becoming the first group of Han immigrants on the Penghu Islands.

The Song Dynasty began to notice the trend of private development of Penghu.In addition, with the advancement of navigation technology, the connection with the outside world through sea routes has become more frequent, and Penghu has become increasingly important in the development of foreign trade. The Northern Song Dynasty regime began to send troops to guard Penghu, but it was only "sent in spring" and "returned in autumn". , belongs to seasonal defense.Until 1171 A.D., the seventh year of Emperor Xiaozong’s reign in the Southern Song Dynasty, Wang Dayou, the prefect of Quanzhou, sent a navy to build 200 houses to guard Penghu, and put Penghu under the jurisdiction of “compiled households” under the jurisdiction of Quanzhou Prefecture. This is the first time that the mainland feudal regime has stationed troops in the Penghu area all the year round to carry out effective rule.Since then, the Taiwan and Penghu areas have officially been included in the sphere of influence of the Chinese feudal dynasty.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the traffic between China and the West was opened up, and shipping became more and more frequent. Penghu and Taiwan, as the hubs of maritime transportation, received more and more attention from the feudal regime in the mainland.Around 1290 A.D. (the 27th year of Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty to the 27th year of the Yuan Dynasty), the Yuan government set up an "inspection department" in Penghu, which governed Penghu, Taiwan and other islands, and belonged to Tong'an County on Quanzhou Road.This is the first time that the mainland feudal regime established an administrative agency in the Penghu area.In Yuanzhong, there were 200 Han households settled in Penghu, and there were more than 1,600 residents in the first year of Dade. Dozens of ships.

Penghu and the west coast of Taiwan are only separated by a water channel about 25 nautical miles wide.After the development of Penghu, it provided more convenient conditions for mainland Han people to cross the Taiwan Strait, further contact with the aborigines on the island, and even relocate to the main island of Taiwan and spread Han culture. The migration of Han Chinese from mainland China to the main island of Taiwan was still pioneered by fishermen from southern Fujian.They first went to the west coast of Taiwan to stay for a period of time during the fishing season, and then took a short rest, and then settled down slowly, gradually becoming a small fishing village with a dozen or dozens of households.The west coast of Taiwan is flat, with fertile soil, dense rivers, and a warm climate. Compared with Penghu, the natural conditions for the development of agricultural production are superior.Over time, many fishermen who immigrated to Taiwan became half-fisher and half-farmers, or even abandoned fishing to reclaim wasteland, and established the first batch of Han Chinese villages.With the passage of time, more and more mainland Han people immigrated to Taiwan. At that time, Taiwan's aborigines were still in the primitive society stage of "using stone as an edge". , languages, religious beliefs, folk arts and so on were brought to Taiwan.Some Han people intermarried with the aborigines and taught them production technology and cultural knowledge.As a result, the process of melting between Han immigrants and indigenous peoples began, and mainland Han culture began to germinate and spread in Taiwan, Taiwan.

In the Ming Dynasty, the relationship between the mainland and Taiwan and Penghu became more and more inseparable, and the development of Taiwan's main island accelerated.When Portuguese merchant ships passed through the Taiwan Strait in the middle of the Ming Dynasty and marveled at Taiwan as "Formosa" (beautiful island), the Chianan Plain on the west coast of Taiwan was already densely covered with fields and smoke from cooking houses, a vibrant scene of prosperity. In the process of the mainland Han people's first colonization of Taiwan, the achievements of Fujian people Yan Siqi and Zheng Zhilong (the father of Zheng Chenggong) were particularly outstanding. In 1621 (the first year of tomorrow's Qi Dynasty), Yan Siqi led a group of people to Taiwan, landed in Bengang (now Beigang), built villages for reclamation, and town Fufanshe.After Yan Siqi went hunting in the mountains and died of illness, his subordinate Zheng Zhilong inherited his career. Around 1630 (the third year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty), there was a severe drought in southern Fujian for years, and there was no harvest. Zhilong "recruited tens of thousands of hungry people" and sent them to Taiwan by sea to make them open up wasteland for self-sufficiency. Give a cow, and he will lend all the seeds and agricultural tools needed. "What Qiucheng gained is twice as much as Zhongtu", "In addition to food and clothing, I will rent and rent the Zheng family" (Huang Zongxi: "The Beginning and End of Giving the Surname").This is the first large-scale organized immigration to Taiwan in Taiwan's history.The mainland's feudal production relations began to be implemented in some areas of Taiwan.

There are more and more Han Chinese immigrating to Taiwan, "going to Taiwan is like returning to the city", and together with the local aborigines, they worked hard and worked hard to cultivate.At the same time, there were so many fishermen traveling between the two sides of the strait, "unprecedented", and Bengang and Jilong (now Keelung) became important ports for mutual trade and navigation between Fujian and Taiwan. Apparently, the migration of Han Chinese from the mainland to Taiwan had become an irresistible historical trend. If it were not for the interference of various human factors, this trend would have moved forward at a more rapid speed.

The defense of the Ming Dynasty always focused on preventing the invasion of ethnic minorities in the northern frontier (Mongols in the early stage and Manchus in the later stage), and did not pay much attention to the defense of the southeast coast.The Ming Dynasty changed the policy of actively managing Taiwan during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and regarded Taiwan as an "abandoned land" and ignored it. It even ordered the abolition of the Penghu Inspection Department, forced residents to move to the inland, and strictly prohibited coastal people from making sea-going ships. Transporting foreigners, privately trading goods".From the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, this stupid "sea ban policy" was implemented for 200 years, and it was not forced to be abolished until the middle of the 16th century.This not only set up many obstacles for the mainland people to move to Taiwan, but also opened the door for foreign enemies to invade.So from the beginning of the 16th century, pirates and Japanese pirates were rampant along the southeast coast of my country, and the aggressive forces of Japan, Spain, the Netherlands and other countries expanded to Taiwan and Penghu areas one after another, and fierce competition was launched, causing unprecedented suffering to the people in the southeast coast. and havoc. In 1624 (the fourth year of Mingqi), the Dutch invaders occupied Taiwan.Since then, Taiwan has been ruled by the Dutch colonists for 38 years.

The Dutch colonists implemented a brutal policy of enslavement to the people of Taiwan.They took all the fields that the Han people worked so hard to cultivate into "state-owned" and called them "king fields", and forced farmers to pay land rent and perform hard labor.He imposed heavy taxes on the people of all ethnic groups and plundered a lot of wealth from Taiwan.Nearly 200,000 deerskins and 1.5 million catties of sugar are shipped out every year. Other materials and money are even more difficult to count. In order to consolidate their rule, the Dutch colonists carried out "slavery" education in Taiwan, focusing on "domestication" of the aborigines in an attempt to use them to deal with Han immigrants with a higher level of economic and cultural development.They built churches in various places, and sent a large number of trained missionaries to various communities to preach.In addition, they also set up "primary schools" to teach "Fantong" in Dutch, Dutch and the "Bible", as well as "Jesus Questions and Answers" and "Ten Commandments of Moses" translated in "Fan language in Roman characters". In a few years, "there were six hundred students before and after" (Lian Heng: "Taiwan General History·Education Chronicle"). The Dutch colonists also tried to lure the Han people into religion, but the Han people were not very interested in "Jesus" and the "Bible".The reason is simple: these Han people from all over Fujian and Guangdong have a very strong sense of nationality and hometown. When they left their hometowns and crossed the sea to Taiwan, they each had their ancestral "patron saints" and did not need any Western "God" to come to Taiwan. bless them.Although the early Han immigrants had not yet established their own educational institutions, the roots of Central Plains culture had already been deeply rooted in their hearts. The result of colonial oppression could only arouse fierce resistance. This is exactly the fact. During the 38 years of Dutch rule, the people of Taiwan continued to rise up to resist and struggle, and there were no less than 20 or 30 large-scale riots.The Dutch colonists carried out brutal and oppressive policies. "Taiwan County Chronicles" records that in September 1652 (the ninth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty), after the failure of the Guo Huaiyi uprising in Chichi, more than 1,800 Han people were massacred, accounting for about 4/5 of the population of the Chichi area at that time. . The plunder and bloody rule of the Dutch colonists greatly damaged Taiwan's productivity and greatly slowed down the development of Taiwan's economy and culture.