Chapter 13 Section 3 From anti-imperialist patriotism to anti-Qing revolution
During this period, studying abroad and saving the nation had been closely linked. Under the impact of this patriotic upsurge, any behavior that harmed China's national dignity would make the students studying in Japan grieve and rise up to resist.The Japanese police searched the luggage of the students of Hongwen College for no reason. The foreign students felt that this was depriving the people of a weak country of their freedom. Many of them were so sad that they stayed up all night.As a result, there were a lot of discussions, connected with each other, and they were going to protest by withdrawing from school. After many persuasion and explanations, they calmed down.The exhibit at the Yasukuni Shrine, which featured many "trophies" from the Sino-Japanese War, aroused the ire of Chinese students, who mobbed and knocked the exhibits to the ground.Visiting the Osaka Expo, they found that products from Fujian Province were displayed in the Taiwan Pavilion, and Taiwan was occupied by Japan at that time. They keenly felt that this was Japan’s move to regard Fujian, China as its sphere of influence, and firmly opposed it. After fierce negotiations, it will eventually These products move out.Tokyo Crouching Hall vilified Chinese women during the exhibition of "Active Photo". The visiting Chinese students studying in Japan protested by leaving the venue. Song Jiaoren stood at the entrance with another student, admonishing Chinese people not to enter, and asked someone to write a A note was posted at the door telling everyone what happened.The manager of the museum refused to allow the poster to be posted, and the two sides argued. Song Jiaoren pointed out sternly that you have the freedom to exhibit, but we have the freedom not to let the Chinese see it. If you insult China, the Chinese will protest .As a result, the owner of the museum was speechless and had to apologize.Chengcheng School held a sports meeting, and hung the national flags of all countries, but did not hang the Chinese flag. Hundreds of international students cried bitterly and protested unanimously, and made it clear that the sports meeting would not be held unless the Chinese flag was hung.After a long struggle, the school finally forced the school to hang the Chinese flag.The young Lu Xun studied medicine during his stay in Japan. However, during a microbiology class, a slide showing a massacre of Chinese people during the Russo-Japanese War was shown. The state of the world with national consciousness prompted Lu Xun to decide to use literature to awaken the people. He said:
This school year is not over yet, and I have already arrived in Tokyo, because since then, I have felt that medicine is not an important matter, and all stupid and weak citizens, no matter how healthy and strong they are, can only do nothing. There is no need to consider it unfortunate that there are more or less sickness and death among the public display materials and spectators.So our first priority is to change their spirits, and what is good at changing their spirits is that I thought at that time that it was natural to promote literature and art, so I wanted to promote literature and art movements.
The passionate patriotic sentiment among the students studying in Japan quickly developed to a climax in the huge "Russia Resisting Movement". In 1900, Tsarist Russia dispatched 170,000 armed troops to occupy the three northeastern provinces of our country. By April 1903, the Tsarist Russian troops stationed in the Northeast not only refused to withdraw as scheduled, but instead made seven unreasonable demands, openly clamoring to include the three eastern provinces into Russia’s territory .When the news spread to Japan, the study abroad community was indignant, and immediately set off a vigorous anti-Russia movement. On April 29, more than 500 students studying in Japan gathered in Tokyo, advocating to organize the rejection of the Russian Volunteer Team from going to the front.Young students signed their signatures one after another, determined to die for the country and shroud in horse leather.In just one day, there were more than 130 signatories, and the establishment of the Volunteer Team to Resist Russia was officially announced. On May 2, the Volunteer Team Resisting Russia was renamed the Student Army, and formulated 12 rules, requiring the fight against Tsarist Russia under the leadership of the Qing government.However, the Qing government at that time had become a puppet of foreigners, patriotic and guilty, saving the nation and punishing them.It regards the anti-Russian activities of students studying in Japan as a crime of rebellion, and has repeatedly asked the Japanese government to ban them.Cai Jun, the Minister of the Qing government in Japan, sent a telegram to Duanfang, saying: "Tokyo international students formed a righteous team, with a total of more than 200 people. They are called Resisting Russia, but they are actually revolutionaries. The court also secretly ordered the governors: "The students studying in Tokyo have all turned into revolutionary parties, so we must take precautions... The local governors can get them at any time for students who return home. Rectify the law on the spot.” The perverse actions of the Qing government promoted the awakening of the students studying in Japan from the opposite side, and they finally realized that only by overthrowing the traitorous Qing government and establishing a new government to save the country can China be saved from subjugation. "If you want to avoid carve-up, you have to pour down the Qing government first, and there is no way to save it." In this way, the Anti-Russia Movement became an important turning point for the vast number of patriotic intellectuals from patriotism to revolution. In the summer of 1905, Sun Yat-sen came to Japan from the United States, and more than a hundred representatives of students studying in Japan went to Yokohama to welcome him. On August 13, an unprecedented grand welcome meeting was held in Tokyo. Patriotic young people gradually gathered under the banner of Sun Yat-sen. Into the vigorous torrent of the bourgeois democratic revolution.
The students studying in Japan made a lot of publicity for the Revolution of 1911. At that time, almost all the associations of the same provinces studying in Japan had their own publications, such as "Jiangsu", "Zhejiang Tide", "Hubei Student Circle", "Henan", "Sichuan ", "Dongting Wave" and so on. After 1903, these publications unanimously advocated the revolution and anti-Qing. People at the time said that the situation at this time was: "There are international student associations in all provinces of Japan. There must be a newspaper in the association, and it is ashamed not to speak of revolution." Among these publications, "Minbao", which was founded in November 1905, took the promotion of the Three People's Principles of the Tongmenghui as its general outline. Gritting their teeth and hating it, they took precautions again and again, but the students studying in Japan continued to import it skillfully into China, and some mailed it back to China with the title of "Psychological Lecture Notes" on the cover.They also wrote a large number of books to provide spiritual weapons for the anti-Qing revolution. Among them, "Revolutionary Army" written by Zou Rong, "Menghuihui" and "Warning Bell" written by Chen Tianhua were the most influential.In "Revolutionary Army", Zou Rong declared:
If China wants to get rid of the shackles of the Manchurians today, it must have revolution. If China wants to be independent, it must have revolution. If China wants to be on par with the world powers, it must have revolution.
The text of "Revolutionary Army" is easy to read, and it sold very well soon after it was published. It not only inspired and encouraged the revolutionary youth, but also had a great influence on some educated youth who were outside the revolutionary camp.Hu Shi was infected by this when he was young. He recalled: "One day, Wang Jun borrowed a copy of Zou Rong's "Revolutionary Army". Yes, so we arrived at night, after the dormitory inspector's night passed, we secretly got up and lit candles and took turns copying a copy of "Revolutionary Army". How can a young man who is copying "Revolutionary Army" be willing to go to the official hall for the exam?" Chen Tianhua The "Slam Back" and "The Alarm Clock" are popular and sad:
Every word and sentence, throwing the ground like a sound of gold and stone, has a huge revolutionary appeal.Yang Yuanjun, a student studying in Japan in Hunan, brought 7,000 copies of "Menghuihui" back to China from Tokyo at one time. These pamphlets were quickly spread all over the country, especially the schools in Lianghu and the barracks of the New Army, which played a great role in promoting armed uprisings in various places.
After 1905, with the establishment of the Tongmenghui, the bourgeois democratic revolution reached its climax, and six years later, an armed uprising broke out that buried the Qing Dynasty.During this period, students studying in Japan became the backbone force. According to statistics, from 1905 to 1907, the Tongmenghui had 379 testable members, of which 354 were foreign students, accounting for 93%, and the vast majority were students studying in Japan, such as Huang Xing, Hu Hanmin, Zhu Zhixin, Liao Zhongkai, Qiu Jin and others also presided over the work of the Tongmenghui.In order to push the revolution to the whole country, many students studying in Japan gave up their studies and sneaked back to the motherland for activities. They organized and participated in armed uprisings, and many people shed blood on the battlefield.Xu Xilin and Qiu Jin died heroically in the Anqing and Datong Uprisings respectively; among the 72 martyrs in Huanghuagang, eight were students studying in Japan. Among them, Yu Peilun, a student from Chiba Medical School in Japan, had a basket of bombs on his chest during the uprising One person took the lead and wiped out many enemies until he was seriously injured and arrested. Facing the enemy's butcher knife, he generously shouted: "The theory cannot be killed, especially the revolution." Lin Juemin, a student of Keio University in Japan, left his wife and son and went to the battlefield. Unfortunately, he was injured and arrested, and died awe-inspiringly. The last letter he wrote to his beloved wife, blood and tears intertwined, heroic and tragic, showed the great mind of a revolutionary who dedicated himself to the country, and it is still widely read today.Ten years after the Revolution of 1911, when Sun Yat-sen reviewed this period of history, he made a very fair evaluation of the contributions of the students studying in Japan. He said: "Our party used to organize the Tongmenghui in Japan, and its members were only more than 10,000 students. , went to various provinces to publicize, so the Wuchang Uprising of 1911, ascended to the top, and the whole country responded, and in less than half a year, the great effect of national unification was achieved.” It is the patriots who have followed one after another, so that our nation has repeatedly encountered danger without sinking. After suffering catastrophe, it can be revived.