Chapter 13 Section 6 Calculations and calculations

Today, people often use words with the word "chip" such as planning, planning, and chip when writing articles and speaking. In fact, "chip" was originally a small round stick used for calculation, also called "counting chip". ".It is generally made of bamboo, but also made of wood or other materials, with a diameter of one minute and a length of six inches (13.8 centimeters today). The word "calculation" is also related to this calculation tool.In "Shuowen Jiezi" in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the earliest dictionary in my country, there are two characters "suan" and "筭〔suan Suan〕". It is said that "suan" is used to calculate calendars and numbers. It is composed of "bamboo" and The composition of "Nong" means that fiddling with these bamboo sticks can make calculations accurate.The word "suan" means counting, that is, using bamboo tools to calculate the number.Counting chips is a unique calculation tool in the history of our country. At the latest in the late Spring and Autumn Period and early Warring States period, our ancestors had already mastered the counting and calculation methods of counting chips.

In counting chip notation, the number of units is expressed in vertical and horizontal arrangements.Among them, one to five are expressed by arranging the corresponding number of calculation chips vertically and horizontally, for example, four is recorded as [four bars (horizontal)] or [four bars (vertical)]; When it is five, add the chips below to express it, such as nine is recorded as [a horizontal bar above four vertical bars] or [a vertical bar above four horizontal bars].When expressing multiple digits, the ones digit is vertical, the tens digit is horizontal, the hundreds is vertical, and the thousand is horizontal. In this way, if zero is encountered, it will be empty, such as 8906.This counting method follows the decimal value system.

Calculating with calculations is called calculating.For the addition and subtraction of calculations, first align the place values, that is, ones to ones, tens to tens, hundreds to hundreds, from left to right, counting from the high digit.Multiplication uses Jiujiu Gejue.Jiujiu Gejue was originally created by China, which embodies the superiority of the Chinese language, which is not available in foreign countries.The method of multiplication with counting chips is the same as the multiplication of abacus in later generations.Division is calculated by arranging the quotient, dividend and divisor into upper, middle and lower layers in turn.Computing methods can even solve linear equations, higher-order equations, and higher-order equations.

Before the invention of the abacus calculation, calculations were always performed in my country.Moreover, calculation is a very advanced calculation method in ancient times, which has a great influence on the formation of traditional mathematics with calculation as its specialty in my country.