Chapter 8 Chapter 8 “Dunhuang” in Beijing——Fangshan Shijing and Yunju Temple

Yunju Temple is located at the foot of Baidai Mountain in the southwest of Fangshan, Beijing, 75 kilometers away from Beijing City.Baidai Mountain belongs to the Taihang Mountains, with an altitude of about 500 meters. It is named for the white clouds that often surround the top of the mountain.There is a stone chamber chiseled in the mountain, which stores Buddhist scriptures carved in stone in the past dynasties, so it is also called "Stone Scripture Mountain". The Fangshan Stone Scriptures were engraved from the Sui Dynasty to the 30th year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1691 A.D.). The largest number of carvings were recorded in the prosperous Tang, Liao, and Jin periods. in the crypt.

Jing Wan (AD?—639), the founder of engraved scriptures, was a monk in Youzhou during the Sui and Tang Dynasties.During the more than 30 years from his vow to engrave scriptures to his death in the thirteenth year of Zhenguan (639 AD), there has been no interruption.The engraved classics include: "Lotus Sutra", "Avatamsaka Sutra", "Nirvana Sutra", "Vimalakirti Sutra", "Victory Sutra (Manman) Sutra", "Diamond Sutra", "Buddhist Sutra", " There are more than 10 kinds such as the Infinite Meaning Sutra and Maitreya Ascension Sutra.The compilation method of the stone inscription scriptures is based on the inscription on a remnant stele unearthed in 1989 under the stone railing in front of Leiyin Cave in Shijing Mountain (engraved in the eighth year of Tang Wude, that is, in AD 625).After research, the inscription is Jing Wan's inscription after she finished engraving the Nirvana Sutra.Among them, it is recorded that "Nirvana Sutra" carved a total of 81 stones, which are divided into six groups.Arranged in the order of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 groups, the number of carved stones in each group is 17, 20, 18, 11, 12, 3 stones respectively.The engraving sequence of scriptures starts from the front of each stone in the first group. After the front is full of scriptures, turn to the back of each stone to continue engraving.And so on, until the stones of the sixth group are full.Among all the stone scriptures in Fangshan, only Jingwan's "Nirvana Sutra" is grouped and engraved on the front and back.In the eighth year of Zhenguan (634 A.D.), 177 stones were used to engrave the "Dafang Guangfo Huayan Sutra". At the beginning of the engraving, the first seven stones were also divided into a group. But starting from the eighth stone, it is no longer divided into groups, but one stone is used as a unit. After the front is full, it is turned to the back to continue carving, and so on, until the last stone.From the changes in the engraving method, it can be explained that the Huayan Sutra was engraved immediately after the Nirvana Sutra.The scriptures engraved by Jing Wan only selected and engraved some Mahayana Buddhist classics, and did not compile the catalog in advance and then publish all of them.

After Jingwan passed away in the thirteenth year of Zhenguan (AD 639), his disciples Xuandao, Yigong, Huixian (some called "Siamgong") and Xuanfa successively presided over the engraving of scriptures.Xuandao is engraved with "Four Sutras and Laws", that is, four volumes of "Langa Abatara Treasure Sutra", four volumes of "Siyi Brahma Questions Sutra", one volume of "Buddha Land Sutra", and the other may be "Maha Prajna Paramita Sutra". through".The scriptures were engraved from the late Tang Taizong period to the Gaozong period, and the engraved classics can be regarded as the second batch of engraved scriptures in Fangshan.

After Xuan Dao passed away, Duke Yi succeeded him.The time when Princess Yi presided over the engraving of scriptures was around the Wu Zhou period (690-704 A.D.).The scripture stones carved in this period include at least: the Diamond Sutra by Pang Dexiang in the first year of Chuigong (AD 685); In the third year of Changshou (AD 694), Shamen Zhengzhi made the "Buddha Said Maitreya's Next Generation Sutra", Zhang Rende made "Buddha Said Maitreya's Ascension Sutra" and Zhou Xun made "Buddha Said Bodhisattva Dedicated to Feeding Hungry Tigers and Raised the Pagoda Sutra and so on.This batch of stone scriptures can be regarded as the third batch of Fangshan carved scriptures.

After the death of Duke Yi, Hui Siam succeeded him.The classics engraved by Hui Xian presided over, first of all, the "Buddha Saying Constant Water Flowing Tree Sutra" and "Medicine Master Sutra" engraved in the second year of Xiantian (713 AD) by Liang Jianchao (zhe Zhe) and the 10th year of Kaiyuan (722 AD). .Then, after the completion of the new scripture hall, several great scriptures based on the new and old translated scriptures donated by Princess Jinxian began to be carved, such as "Zhengfa Mindfulness Sutra", "Dafang et al. Zunsheng Dharani Sutra; later engraved with "Dajijing Rizangfen", "Dajijingyuezangfen" and so on.These can be regarded as the fourth batch of Fangshan scriptures.

The fifth batch of engraved scriptures mainly refers to the "Great Prajna Paramita Sutra".According to the analysis of the "Inscription" on the stele inscription of Yunju Temple, the date of its inscription is the first year of Tianbao (742 AD) of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, and some of them may be as early as the end of Kaiyuan (741 AD).More than 500 volumes were engraved in the Tang Dynasty (the remaining eighty or ninety volumes were supplemented by the Liao Dynasty).The engraved scriptures include "Miaofa Lianhua Sutra", Tang Xuanzong's "Imperial Commentary on Vajra Prajna Sutra", "Vatican Net Sutra", "Mahayana Circulation of All Beings Sutra", "King Kong Samadhi Sutra", "Golden Light Sutra of the Most Victorious King", etc.

The sixth batch of engraved scriptures mainly refers to the engraved scriptures from the late Tang Dynasty.According to the "Inscription", Shi, the governor's mansion stationed in Youzhou in the late Tang Dynasty, was more enthusiastic about the cause of engraving scriptures.For example, Yang Zhicheng engraved the "Parents' Kindness Sutra" in the seventh year of Taihe (833 AD).Shi Yuanzhong, governor of Youzhou, engraved 31 scriptures around the first to fifth years of Kaicheng (836-840 A.D.), totaling 61 volumes.Zhang Yunshen carved 90 stone scriptures from the eighth year of Dazhong to the fourth year of Xiantong (854-863 A.D.), and almost every scripture tablet has a year and month inscription.However, most of the steles carved by Shi Yuanzhong and Zhang Yunshen were small steles, and they were repeated back and forth, which shows that they have no plan to engrave scriptures.In Sui and Tang Dynasties, none of the engraved scriptures were engraved with thousands of characters.

During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, the engraving of scriptures was greatly developed, and under the personal intervention of the emperor, its scale was even larger.The Liao Dynasty edited "Khitan Tibetan" to compete with the Song Dynasty, and at the same time continued to inscribe stone scriptures.First of all, the last part of the "Great Prajna Paramita Sutra" (volumes 521-600) began to be engraved in the seventh year of Taiping (1027 A.D.) of Emperor Shengzong of Liao Dynasty. ) completed.After that, 120 volumes of "Dabao Jijing" were engraved, which was completed in the second year of Liao Daozong Qingning (AD 1056).So far, the engraving work of the four major classics of Shijingshan has been completed.Among them, those with outstanding achievements are masters of general management.In the ninth year of Da'an (AD 1093) and the tenth year (AD 1094), he led his disciples to engrave 44 scriptures and 4800 pieces.In the Jin Dynasty, Jian Song and others presided over the engraving of scriptures.

At the beginning of the engraving of scriptures in the Liao Dynasty, like the Tang Dynasty, there was no thousand-character script numbering. It was not until Liao Xingzong engraved the "Dabaojijing" in the eleventh year of Chongxi (AD 1042).That is to say, in volume 31, on the back of the second stone, and in the middle of the position of the stele, the word "bird" numbered in the thousand-character script was found for the first time (probably related to the compilation of "Khitan Collection" when Daozong of Liao Dynasty began), but in these 10 volumes Not every side is engraved with the word "bird".According to statistics, there are 32 pieces of stone carvings in volumes 31-40 of the "Great Treasures Sutra", with a total of 64 sides, and only 30 sides are engraved with the number of "bird", which is less than half; 29 sheets, 58 pages, only 23 pages for those engraved with the number "Official" in the thousand-character inscription.It was not until March of the 17th year of Chongxi (AD 1048), when the engraving reached volume 51, that the word "人" was engraved on the back of the first stone, and it really went on the right track, that is, it was numbered in the thousand-character script.It is estimated that the "Khitan Collection" edited and published by Liao Xingzong had already been published, which may be the reason why it was used as the original version of engraved scriptures.

When Jing Wan first carved the scriptures, there is no way to check what kind of original copy she used.However, in the eighteenth year of Kaiyuan (730 A.D.), Princess Jinxian gave more than 4,000 volumes of old and new translated scriptures of the Tang Dynasty as the sage, and Fanyang County, Chongyou Prefecture, served as the stone scriptures, and sent them to the monk Zhisheng of Chongfu Temple in Beijing" ( According to the records in Shijingshan Wang Shoutai's "Postscript of the Stone Pagoda on the Top of the Mountain", Jing Wan's engraved scriptures must be the official corrected and corrected originals, and Shijingshan's subsequent engraved scriptures must also be based on this.In the early Liao Dynasty, the "Khitan Collection" was compiled into Zixing, so the subsequent stone scriptures must be based on the "Khitan Collection".For this reason, the Shijingshan Inscribed Sutra must be the best model for errors such as miswriting, misengraving, falling off, and tampering in the printed scriptures after collation.

The materials used for engraving scriptures in the Liao Dynasty were relatively unified and complete, but there were also some changes.From the fifth year of Daozong Qingning (AD 1059), the thousand-character inscriptions "cai" to "ke" were all inscribed with medium-sized tablets, about 160 cm high and 65 cm wide, until the Da'an period (AD 1085). -1094) until all the caves on the mountain were full.In the ninth year of Da'an (1093 A.D.), Master Tongli came to Yunju Temple. During the process of presiding over the engraving of scriptures, he reformed the materials used for the scriptures.The large stele was changed to a small stele, and the scroll-style paper of "Khitan Collection" was changed to one side of the stone scripture edition. Each side has 27 lines and each line has 17 characters.This change is not only easy to obtain materials, but also easy to carry and collate.Therefore, the speed of engraving scriptures was accelerated, and it took only two years to engrave 44 sutras.This stele-shaped format was used until the Jin Dynasty.So far, we have used this kind of small stele rubbings to compare with the unearthed "Khitan Tibetan" fragments, and found that the number of lines, characters, and characters of the two are exactly the same; therefore, in turn, it proves that the scriptures engraved in the Liao and Jin Dynasties in Fangshan are indeed "Khitan Tibetan". "Reprinted version. An overview of Fangshan Stone Classics can be summarized in the following three aspects: Form aspect.The stone scriptures inscribed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties (including the early Liao Dynasty) are generally in the form of steles, larger in size, engraved on both sides of the front and back, without uniform specifications, and the names of the callers, engravers, and givers sometimes change, and there is no fixed formula .During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, small steles were mainly used, with a fixed style. The width of the stele was mostly between 76 and 80 cm, and the height was mostly between 30 and 40 cm. Letters were engraved on both sides, and the number of lines and words on each side were roughly the same. .On the front and back of the scripture stone, there are scripture titles, page numbers and Zhi numbers compiled according to the order of "Thousand Characters", and the author's name is engraved on the front page of each volume.The number of stones in each volume of scriptures is engraved in sequence, the volumes are distinct, and the top and bottom are continuous, just like woodcut scriptures. Some of the scriptures are also engraved with the number of inscriptions on the stone and the name of the engraver.In particular, the small scripture stones hidden in the crypt under the Sutra tower in front of the south tower of Yunju Temple have this characteristic. content.There are more than 1,000 volumes of scriptures in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, among which the Mahayana Buddhist classics are the most, and the Hinayana scriptures only have more than a hundred volumes. Some of the head sutras are re-engraved.The stone scriptures carved in the Liao and Jin Dynasties were based on the "Khitan Collection" of the Liao Dynasty, numbered in the order of "Thousand Characters", and the key points were selected. A total of more than 2,000 volumes were carved. Although the content is still mostly Mahayana Buddhist classics, the Esoteric Buddhist classics It has increased to 50 zhi (about 500 volumes), which shows the prosperity of Esoteric Buddhism at this time. Text aspect.There are quite a lot of simplified characters and other characters carved in stone scriptures in the late Tang Dynasty, such as "wu" for "wu", "er" for "尒", "lai" for "lai", "hao" for "hao" and "輭". Make "耎", "net" as "net", "微" as "微", "庄" as "zhuang", "早" as "(upper dan lower cun)", etc., there are countless crosses.This is the same or similar to the simplified Chinese characters used today, which shows that the simplification of Chinese characters has a long tradition. After the engraving of the stone scriptures at Yunju Temple in Fangshan was completed, all the scripture plates in the Sui and Tang Dynasties were stored in the Xiaoxitian Nine Caves. During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, most of them were hidden under the South Tower of the temple, and a small part was hidden in the Nine Caves.Number of scriptures in each cave: 1,131 shi for one cave, 1,091 shi for the second hole, 333 shi for the third hole, 164 shi for the fourth hole, 146 shi for the fifth hole, 200 shi for the sixth hole, 285 shi for the seventh hole, 819 shi for the eighth hole, and 390 for the ninth hole .There are 419 stones left outside the cave.There are 10082 stones under the South Tower.A total of 15060 stones. Regarding the names and numbers of the scripture caves, they are arranged in the order of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, and there are nine caves in total.This work was carried out during 1950-1958 when the Buddhist Association of China excavated and sorted out Fangshan Stone Scriptures.The numbering is re-assigned according to the geographical location of the existing caves, from bottom to top and from south to north.Therefore, the new names of the caves are not consistent with the time when they were excavated.In addition, Fangshan stone scriptures were first carved by Jing Wan, so some people mistakenly believe that the cave for the Tibetan scriptures was also first carved by Jing Wan.In fact, it is not the case. According to the "Inscription", the scripture cave was neither opened by one person nor dug in a period of time, but the result of long-term management.Now, according to the relevant materials, a brief description of the excavation history of the nine caves is given. First, Huayan Cave (newly edited fifth cave), also known as Huayan Hall, Shijing Hall, commonly known as Leiyin Cave, is located in the middle of the existing cave in Xiaoxitian. It is large in scale and exquisitely decorated. There are 4 stone pillars carved in the Sui Dynasty. .There are 1056 gold-coated small stone Buddhas carved around the pillar.There is a hole in the hall, and there is a stone box in the hole, and there are 3 Buddhist relics in the box.The inscription on the stone letter said: "In the twelfth year of Daye in the Sui Dynasty, Bingzi, in April, on the eighth day of Dingsishuo, Jiazi, placed three Buddhist relics in this letter and wished to be abbot forever."It is generally accepted by the academic circles that this cave was dug the earliest, and some people even think that it was dug by Jing Wan.However, according to the analysis of "Inscriptions", the theory of Jing Wan's chisel is debatable.In the 23rd year of Tonghe, Shengzong of Liao Dynasty (AD 1005), Shamen Zhiguang wrote "Re-engraving Yunju Temple Stele" and said: "...waiting to Cishi, Dongfang Aurora, southwest of Yancheng, more than ten Shana to Yunju According to the "Fanyang Tujing", Jing Wan, a monk of Zhiquan Temple, saw that there was a stone chamber in Baidai Mountain, so he wrote twelve scriptures and published the stone as a stele." That is to say, when I read the Stone Scripture Mountain), I saw the existence of a "stone chamber", so I became emotional when I saw the scene, and made a vow to engrave the scriptures and store them forever.It can be seen that the Huayan Cave already existed, but it was only used by Jingwan.Of course, it is undeniable that the cave has its current scale only after being processed or modified by Jingwan.It has not only become a place for storing scriptures, but also a venue for storing (yiyi) Tibetan Buddhist relics and holding Buddhist activities.So when was the Huayan Cave first dug or decorated?The Records of Zhuolu Mountain Stone Scripture Hall written by Liu Ji of the Tang Dynasty said: "The Zhuolu Mountain Stone Scripture Hall began in the Northern Qi Dynasty when Ji sealed the inner mountains and rivers. By the time of the Sui Dynasty, Shamen Jingwan saw the miraculous traces of layers of peaks and made a wish to build ten stone scripture halls. Two stone scriptures." It can be proved that the Huayan Cave was first cut or decorated in the Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577 AD). Second, newly edit the seventh and eighth holes.The "Nirvana Sutra" hidden in the seventh cave of Xinbian and the "Huayan Sutra" hidden in the eighth cave are both one of the 12 scriptures engraved by Jingwan. The "Nirvana Sutra" also clearly records that it was completed in "the fifth year of Zhenguan" (631 AD).Therefore, the seventh and eighth caves should be one of the earliest caves dug by Jing Wan in the early Tang Dynasty. Third, newly edit the first and second holes.Weiliang's book "The Stele of the Stone Sutra Hall of Yunju Temple in the Tang Dynasty" contains: "There is a master Siam... who buys hanging stones, holding hard steel, □Qiao 㷘 [yanyan], and filling deep 癴 [pi skin], □for the Buddhist scriptures. Tiannai □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ and built a new hall under the old hall. The third-generation heir to the business, he was active in the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty.This stele was erected in the "fourth year of Kaiyuan" as evidence.The stele happened to be found in the first cave.Therefore, from all aspects of analysis, it can be concluded that the first and second holes newly compiled in the lower layer are the "two new halls" dug by Hui Siam, and they are the first caves only later than the fifth, seventh and eighth holes in the new compilation. Three generations of scripture caves.In addition, the "old hall" and "new hall" in the inscriptions can also prove that they are caves in the same strain as Huayan hall. Fourth, newly edit the third, fourth and ninth holes.In the newly compiled scriptures in the third and fourth holes, there are a large number of inscribed scriptures from volume 105 to volume 192 of the "Great Prajna Sutra".Most of these volumes were published during the Qianyuan, Dali, and Jianzhong periods of the Tang Dynasty (758-783 A.D.).From the analysis of other scriptures in the cave, most of the scriptures in the third cave were carved in the early Tang Dynasty, and the earliest scriptures in the fourth cave were carved in the second year of Xianheng (AD 671).It is estimated that the third hole may have been dug in the early 7th century, and the fourth hole may be in the late 7th century.The Ninth Cave Tibetan scriptures are mainly engraved scriptures in the mid-Tang Dynasty. It is estimated that the cave may have been excavated in the late 7th century or early 8th century. Fifth, the newly edited sixth hole.Inside the cave are mainly engraved scriptures of the Ming Dynasty, and there is a plaque inscribed by Dong Qichang with "treasure".Therefore, some people think that the hole was dug in the Ming Dynasty.However, there are many inscriptions inscribed in the first year of the Tang Dynasty in the cave. Therefore, when the cave was dug still needs further research. The engraving and storage of Fangshan Stone Scriptures has a long history, and the Yunju Temple, which was built at the same time, also has a long history.Temples are needed to engrave scriptures, and temples are more prosperous because of engraving scriptures, which promote and complement each other. Regarding the time when Yunju Temple was first built, many people think that it was built when Jingwan carved scriptures, but it was not.According to the "Story of Sakyamuni Buddha Relic Pagoda at Baidai Mountain Stone Jing Yunju Temple in Fanyang County, Yanjing, Zhuozhou, Daliao Province" in the seventh year of Liao Tianqing (AD 1117): "All the biographies and monuments of the temple were erected. It turns out that this temple began in the Northern Qi Dynasty. (A.D. 550-577), up to the Sui Dynasty, there was the Shamen Zhiyuan of Zhiquan Temple in Youzhou,...the intention was to grind the Yingzhen stone and engrave the Tripitaka to prepare for the destruction of the Dharma." It can be seen that Yunju Temple was first built in the Northern Qi Dynasty .Referring again to the records of "The Stone Sutra Hall in Zhuolu Mountain began in the Northern Qi Dynasty", and the grand occasion of Buddhism, Buddhism, and engraved scriptures in Yedu during the Northern Qi Dynasty, the statement that Yunju Temple and Huayan Hall both began in the Northern Qi Dynasty is credible, but it is only specific The construction situation is difficult to test. Regarding the story of Jing Wan's construction of Yunju Temple recorded in Tang Lin's "Ming Bao Ji", excluding its perforated part and using its reasonable materials, it can be proved that Jing Wan chose Shijing Mountain and the original cave at that time, and vowed to engrave it for a long time. At the same time, Yunju Temple was indeed expanded, just as it is said in "Ming Bao Ji": "There are many craftsmen in the garden, Taoism and customs rush together, and they want to build wooden Buddhist halls and dining halls and bedrooms in front of the rocks. It is difficult to do tiles, and I am afraid of spending money and materials, so I can't start work...There are thousands of big pines and cypresses at the foot of the mountain...The garden is for the craftsmen to choose the wood, and the town is happy to help build the hall. Zhiyan." This should be the first expansion of Yunju Temple rather than the initial construction.Judging from the fact that it has Buddhist halls, dining halls, and dormitories, which can meet the requirements of many artisans, and the materials used amounted to thousands of roots, the scale of the expansion at that time was not small.Later, in the inscription in the second year of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty (669 AD), the word "Yunju" appeared for the first time. In the middle of the 9th century, Yunju Temple was expanded again.He Zuo wrote "The Stories of Yunju Temple in the Tang Dynasty and the Preface to the Inscription of Dade's Shinto", which said: "The Dharma...has been in this temple, and he did not set up the Tao (altar). Please ask a few people to transfer the Tibetan scriptures seven times... Yamato Ninth Sacrifice (835 A.D.) suffered from illness for three days in late autumn, and died in the east courtyard of this temple.” In the Liao Dynasty, with the active support of Mu Zong Yelvjing, Yunju Temple received another large-scale construction and expansion.The "Inscription" in the temple contains: "In the 14th year of the imperial dynasty (AD 964), the master of the temple, Bi chu [bi chu must be removed] (that is, the bhikkhu), humbly completed the repair of a temple and married a thousand people. Please fill in Que Lang The steles made by the princes and princes are the most famous, and they are either handed down on bamboo and silk, or recorded in the heart, or recited in the mouth." , Supplementing the government of Shaolong, there is an order. The altars are collected in ten directions, so one storehouse, five rooms and six shelves are built; the people are provided for the four people, so it is built..." It can be seen that the monk Qian satirized for decades , He successively presided over the construction of Buddhist halls, lecture halls, scripture rooms and ancillary buildings, etc., with a total of more than 67 rooms.It is a pity that "he was injured due to the fire."Therefore, there was a phenomenon that "all the palaces of the vacancies were deployed and the magistrates were all officials. Wailang gave the purple gold fish bag teaching (that is, Wang Zhengzi Wangjiao), read the relics of the ancestors, and paid for the repairs." In the Jin Dynasty, Yunju Temple was built and rebuilt again.According to the "Master Qiangong Lingta Ming": "In the 25th year of Dading (1185 A.D.), there were people in the courtyard and the altar in this temple. The donors rebuilt the corridors, built a monk's nunnery, and ordered the west to the east. The kitchen looks brand new." During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, there were only some small repairs in Yunju Temple. "You Xiaoxitian Ji" records: "In the middle of February in the ninth year of Hongzhi (AD 1496), I encountered a large stone nest to open a pond to fetch stones. In the spare time of the supervisor, I watched the temple statue dumped, so I was sincere, and the helpers rebuilt it. Put □□□ inside, powder the ground, and paint on it, so that it will look brand new, and you will have something to rely on and people to look up to..." Looking at the records of previous dynasties, Yunju Temple was completely burned down by the Japanese invading army from the beginning of its construction to around 1940, and there were at least five major constructions and expansions.A cultural relic warehouse has been established on the ruins of Yunju Temple to preserve and organize the pagoda and stone scriptures. There are more than 10 towers of various types built at the same time or before and after the Yunju Temple Pagoda in Fangshan, from the Tang Dynasty to the Liao Dynasty, forming a famous local pagoda group.There are seven surviving towers. The earliest one is a stone pagoda made by Wang Jian (Jiaojiao) in the second year of Jingyun in Tang Dynasty (711 AD), and the latest one is a small octagonal stone pagoda built in the eighth year of Liao Tianqing (1114 AD). .At present, there is still a Liao Pagoda on the north side of Yunju Temple. There are exquisite small stone pagodas in its four corners. 722 A.D.) and the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan (727 A.D.), it can be seen that the base of the North Pagoda should be a relic of the Tang Dynasty.The existing north tower in the middle of the center combines the pavilion style and the covered bowl style into one, and its shape is quite different.Some people think that if the small pagodas in the four corners are unified and observed, it will be the prototype of the Vajra Pagoda, so it can be said.Most of the pagodas in Yunju Temple have pagodas or inscriptions, which are important materials for studying Shijingshan and Yunju Temple.