Chapter 8 Section 6 City and city warfare equipment

City warfare equipment includes siege and defense equipment.It is a special equipment other than general offensive and defensive weapons.They emerged with the rise of the city, and developed with the development of the city.They promote each other and complement each other. By the Song Dynasty, a unique system had been formed, and it had developed to its peak in the Ming Dynasty. A city is a defensive wall built of earth or bricks with gates around a city in ancient China (see Figure 12). There are two types: the closed city city and the belt-shaped Great Wall.The construction of ancient Chinese cities has a long history. According to some historical records, around the late Neolithic Age, the tribal leader Gun who lived in the Songshan area of ​​the Central Plains had already begun to build the earliest cities.In recent years, archaeological departments have unearthed late Neolithic rammed-earth cities in many places, most of which were built in areas where tribes lived.For example, Chengziya in the south of Longshan Town, Zhangqiu County, Shandong Province, and Wangcheng in the southwest of Shouguang County, Pingliangtai Ancient City in the southeast of Huaiyang County, Henan Province, and Wangchenggang in the west of Gaocheng Town, Dengfeng County.According to the identification of archaeologists, most of them were built in the Longshan culture period about 4,000 years ago.According to the news from Zhengzhou Evening News reprinted by "Beijing Evening News" on September 15, 1995, the Henan Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics recently announced that after more than three years of exploration, a 5,300-4,800-year-old monument was discovered in Xishan, Zhengzhou. The ancient city, which was built after the Miaodigou culture, was abandoned before the Miaodigou culture came into being.After research and analysis, archaeologists believe that it is a building of the Yangshao culture period, and it is the earliest and most advanced Neolithic ancient city architectural site discovered in China so far.The ruins of the city are slightly circular. The existing west wall is about 60 meters long, and the north wall is convex, with a residual length of about 200 meters. During the cultural period, the method of city building was more advanced, so the age of adopting this ramming technology was advanced by about 1500 years, and the beginning of the original city building in ancient my country was pushed forward by 800-1000 years.This is one of the latest achievements in the current archaeological field, and people expect the archaeological report on this discovery to come out soon.

With the evolution of society, the development of social productivity and the scale of war, fortification as a complete concept has gradually been developed and improved.For example, Fenghao in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Luoyi in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (known as Wangcheng in history), Qufu in the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (now in Shandong), Linzi in the State of Qi (in today’s Shandong), and Guxu in the State of Wu (now in Suzhou, Jiangsu) , Xianyang in the Qin Dynasty, Chang'an in the Han Dynasty, etc.By the Tang and Song dynasties, a city-walled city-pool-style military fortification system had basically been formed centered on the city, supported by the city wall, highlighted key points, combined points and lines, and comprehensively configured.This system consists of the following parts.

The first is the city wall.The city wall is the wall that surrounds the city, looking down from the air, it forms a closed geometric shape.Most of the walls are between four and six feet high.Under normal circumstances, the ratio of the height of the city, the thickness of the root of the city, and the thickness of the top of the city is 4:2:1.However, this is a ratio without considering the complex topography and geological conditions. Most of the fortifications must be adapted to local conditions and adjusted according to the topography and geological conditions of the city site.The perimeter of the city wall varies from long to short, ranging from a few miles for a small city to dozens or even hundreds of miles for a large city.

Next is the city gate.The city gate is usually a passage inside and outside the city, and it is the focus of the city defense forces in wartime.Usually, at least one gate should be opened on each wall of a square city, and two or three or even more gates should be opened on each side of a city above a medium size.The gates are made of thick wood and covered with metal skins to make them strong and difficult to break. Some gates even have secret passages.There are towers with single or multiple eaves on the city gate, so that the generals defending the city can go to the city to watch the enemy's situation and command operations in wartime.

The third is Wengcheng.Wengcheng is a semicircular (or rectangular) city built outside the city gate. It is named for its shape like a pottery urn. It is also called Mamian City because of its shape like a horse face. It is a military building that enhances the defensive toughness of the city gate. .There are also some urns built on the inner side of the city gate, such as the inner side of the Jubao Gate in Nanjing City, where there are three inner cities.The urn city is as high and thick as the main city gate, and there are partial gates on one or both sides of the city wall, which not only facilitates the passage inside and outside the city, but also prevents people from outside the city from looking directly into the city, which has the function of shielding the city gate.

The fourth is the sheep and horse wall.The sheep and horse wall is a low retaining wall built on the inner bank of the moat more than ten steps away from the city wall outside the city. It is usually built corresponding to the city gate and extends a certain distance from the city gate to the left and right sides.Each section of the sheep and horse wall has a gate facing the moat bridge, which is similar to the city gate. The fifth is the female wall.The female wall is a kind of thin retaining wall built on the outer edge of the top of various city walls. It is about five feet high, roughly equal to the height of soldiers, and has perforations for shooting arrowheads in the middle.

The sixth is enemy towers, battle sheds and crossbow platforms.These are all key defense facilities built on the basis of the entire line of defense around the city.This kind of facility generally extends from the city gate to the left and right sides, and is built at a certain distance (the enemy tower at the corner of the city wall is called the regiment tower), each of which can accommodate 10 or 20 soldiers, and is equipped with bed crossbows. Heavy-duty destroying weapons and equipment such as catapults, trebuchets, and rolling logs and rocks constitute key defenses, and together with the soldiers lined up behind the female wall, they form a defense system that combines points and lines and supports each other.Together with the moat, sheep and horse walls, gates and urns, this system formed a complete city defense system.

The seventh is the moat.Usually outside the sheep and horse walls, a moat was dug, and some were used as moats.The moat has a wide surface and a narrow bottom, more than two feet wide, and about one foot deep.The function of the moat is to block the enemy's troops and large-scale siege equipment across the river, and not directly to the city wall, which has the effect of blocking the enemy's siege. The eighth is the trench bridge.Also known as the suspension bridge.It is usually used as a passage through the moat inside and outside the city.In wartime, it can be suspended or removed to make it difficult for the siege enemy to pass through the moat.

Different from the closed city fortification is the belt-shaped fortification, which is commonly known as the Great Wall.Belt-shaped fortification began in the Western Zhou Dynasty. At that time, the Zhou Dynasty built some castles along the northern border in order to defend against the nomads in the north, and then organically connected these castles to form a belt-shaped defense.During the Spring and Autumn Period, some vassal states also followed this method and began to build facilities such as pavilions, flints, barriers, and fortresses in their border areas as strongholds for defense and information transmission, and then gradually expanded to form belt-shaped city walls.During the Warring States period, Yan, Zhao, Wei, Qin, Qi, Chu and other vassal states also built belt-shaped city walls of different sizes.After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, around the 33rd year of Qin Shihuang (214 BC), he sent general Meng Tian to lead a total of 300,000 soldiers, civilian husbands and prisoners. It took more than 10 years to build Xiqi Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province). territory), east to the Great Wall of Liaodong.After the fall of Qin, from Han to Tang, some dynasties built some new Great Walls in addition to repairing the original ones.The Song and Yuan dynasties did little repairs to the Great Wall.From the first year of Hongwu to the thirteenth year of Hongzhi (AD 1368-1500) and from Jiajing to the end of Ming Dynasty (AD 1522-1644), the Ming Dynasty carried out two large-scale constructions, reconstructions and expansions of the Great Wall.The existing Great Wall is roughly the Great Wall left after the Ming Dynasty built, with a total length of about 12,700 miles.

In addition to the Great Wall, after the end of the Liao Dynasty and the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty also began to build the Golden Great Wall starting from the Nen River in the east and reaching the Hetao in the west in the fifth year of Jinzhangzong Changming (1194 A.D.). In order to enhance the defensive toughness of the belt-shaped city wall, successive dynasties of the Central Plains and the Jin Dynasty also built various defense facilities at various points along the Great Wall and the Jin Great Wall to form the defense system of the Great Wall.This system consists of the following parts:

The first is the city wall.The city wall is the main body of the Great Wall and the Golden Great Wall. It has similarities with the city walls of the city, but also has certain differences.Taking the Great Wall as an example, except for the Guancheng, it is not an enclosed structure, but stretches over a land of more than 12,700 miles in twists and turns following the ups and downs of the terrain.Its construction is not as uniform as the city walls of the city, but because of the different terrains, it presents various forms, such as earthen walls, wooden walls, stone walls, cut walls, brick walls, etc. Therefore, The garrison facilities also vary with the different forms of the city walls. Some have parapets and crenels, while others use natural cliffs without building artificial garrison facilities. The second is the barrier city.The barrier city is a circular fortification built on the inner side of the Great Wall and a support point where the defenders are stationed. Its size, number and density of distribution all depend on needs. The third is the Beacon Tower.The beacon tower is an earthen platform built for the transmission of military information and emergency alarms. It is generally 9-16 meters high, with a base of 12.3 meters long and a width of 10.5 meters.There are female walls and crenels around the top of the platform, and a smoke stove (fire pool) and tall poles for hanging lanterns and flags are built in the center.Because wolf dung is often used to burn smoke, it is also called "Wolf Yantai".If there is an enemy situation, the smoke in the daytime is a flint, and the fire is a beacon at night, so it is also called "beacon flint". The fourth is the hollow enemy platform.The hollow enemy platform was built by Qi Jiguang in the second year of Ming Longqing (AD 1568) after he went to Jizhen to preside over military training.There are 1,489 arquebus guns in the platform, such as Frang machine, sharp gun and quick gun, which greatly improved the defense capability and majesty of the Great Wall from Shanhaiguan in the east to Huikouling in the west. The fifth is the barrier wall.The barrier wall was built for the barrier city on the top of the barrier mountain. It is a horizontal partition wall perpendicular to the main city wall in the shape of a "ten". It is built at a certain distance, and most of them are built at places where the relative height difference of the main city wall changes greatly. .When the enemy attacking the city from the foot of the mountain, the defenders can shoot the enemy through the perforations on the barrier wall, so that the enemy will have to pay a heavy price when they capture each barrier wall.This is Qi Jiguang's great creation in improving the defensive capabilities of the Great Wall. The sixth is the battle wall.This is 40-50 meters outside the main city wall. The outer wall is built with rocks. In some places, multiple overlapping battle walls are built. There are perforations on the battle walls, which become the front position of the main city wall. Increased the defense depth of the main city wall.It not only reduces the effective force of the siege enemy army, but also delays the enemy's attack, and creates conditions for the main city wall defenders to wipe out the enemy. The seventh is the garrison fort and frontier fort.The Fortress is a castle built on the inner side of the Golden Great Wall.Also known as moat fort.Most of them have a square layout with a circumference of about 60 feet. They are as high and thick as the main city wall. They are built with rammed earth. Most of them are built near valley entrances and passages.Most of the border forts are built in small cities far away from the Great Wall of China, and most of them are built on platforms or gentle slopes near the main passage.Its construction method and defensive function are the same as those of the fortress. In order to strengthen the city defense, ancient military technicians, in addition to building solid city walls and belt-shaped city walls, also manufactured various defense equipment and obstacle equipment. The defense equipment refers to the equipment specially used for defending the city in addition to the general-purpose weapons.Although there are many types of these instruments, they can be roughly divided into six types of instruments: counterattack, listening, defense, impacting, burning, and fire extinguishing in terms of their functions in the defense of the city (see Figure 13). Counterattack defense equipment mainly includes trebuchets and bed crossbows. The listening-type defensive equipment was called urn listening in the Song Dynasty, and it was called ground listening in the Ming Dynasty. The basic method used by the two is the same: when the enemy comes to attack the city, the defenders in the city will dig a cave like a well on the main passage. It can be as deep as two feet, and then cover the mouth of the well with a brand-new pottery urn covered with rawhide without cracks, and order soldiers with sensitive hearing to take turns to put their ears on the pottery urn to listen for any abnormal sounds.Because if the enemy army wants to dig a tunnel to attack the city, there will be a vibration sound caused by the tunnel digging. After the guarding soldiers hear it, they will report to the officer on duty and take defensive and counterattack measures in the corresponding area. There are many defensive defensive devices, including wooden curtains, cloth curtains, and leather curtains hanging on the outside of the crenels, and bamboo stands, wooden stands, grate fences, leather bamboo fences, and moat shelters erected on the city walls. Equipment, to block the arrows and stones shot by the siege enemy; there are boards, secret doors, gate cards, gate knife carts, wooden female heads and wooden female walls to strengthen the defense of city gates and battlements, etc. In order to use these devices for emergency relief when the city gates and parapets are destroyed, and prevent the enemy from rushing into the city from the breakthrough; Hitting and smashing type defensive equipment, there are crashing carts and iron bumping woods that crash the enemy's ladders and pointed wooden donkeys, and there are various types of wood (including Yaksha, brick, and mud) that smash the enemy's horses and siege equipment. , wood, car foot), naihe wood, falling stone, wolf tooth racket, etc. Burning-style defense equipment includes iron fire beds, swimming fire iron boxes, row furnaces, fierce fire oil tanks, swallowtail torches, flying torches, gold fire pots, etc. They burn the enemy's troops with violent flames or molten iron juice. and siege engines. The fire-fighting type defense equipment includes water bag, water bag, hemp pad, pump, slide tube and so on.Their function is to extinguish the fire when the enemy army burns the city gates and towers. In addition, there are some special-purpose defensive equipment, such as flying hooks, iron hooks, and winches for hooking enemy soldiers and equipment, and cranes, cranes, and rope ladders for soldiers to go up and down the city wall to resist attacks from tunnels. City fan carts, earth-colored felt curtains, etc. In addition to equipment dedicated to defending cities, obstacle equipment is also mostly used to defend fortified cities and fortresses. Obstacle equipment includes barbed caltrops, repelling horses, staghorn wood, (扌chu) [chou pumping] hooves, ground astringent, etc. to prevent the enemy from moving (see Figure 14). Tribulus terrestris, also known as Zama nail, is named for its similar shape to terrestris.It has four sharp thorns, shaped like chicken feet, and each thorn is four to five centimeters long. There is a hole in the center, which can be threaded with a rope for carrying and distributing.When fighting, spread it on the road that the enemy must pass and the passages around the city, and stab the enemy's horses. A horse refusal is a movable wooden obstacle.It uses a large log with a diameter of two feet as a crossbar, and the length depends on the need.A cross-cut hole was made on the big log, and several ten-foot-long wooden poles were installed with sharpened upper ends. They were used as supports for the crossbars and were installed at the city gates, alleys and main roads to prevent the movement of enemy troops and horses. The antler wood is made of hard wood, with many forks and spikes on it, like antlers, several feet long, buried in the ground for more than a foot, and is designed to stab the feet of enemy horses.It began to be used in the Han Dynasty, and later it was called Luzhai [zhaizhai]. (扌) The hoof is first made of four large square woods with a diameter of seven inches. There are many nails nailed on the frame. Touch the nail and fall. The ground is an obstacle device with many thorns densely nailed on a wooden board. It is usually placed on the only way the enemy cavalry must pass to the city wall to pierce the feet of the horse. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, explosive equipment such as mines and sea mines were also widely used in the defense of city walls and fortresses. In front of the tall and strong city walls, the attackers are not powerless.On the contrary, ancient Chinese military technicians prepared various siege equipment. Although there are many types of ancient siege equipment, in terms of their functions, they can be divided into six categories: long-distance attack, reconnaissance and observation, connection, shielding, approaching and destroying, and climbing (see Figure 15). . Long-distance attacking equipment includes trebuchets, bed crossbows and fire attack equipment.They can throw stones at a long distance, shoot arrows, indulge fire birds and beasts with fire attacks, kill and injure defenders, destroy and burn city defense facilities, and open passages for siege soldiers.After firearms were widely used, they played an important role in siege warfare. The reconnaissance lookout siege equipment includes nest cars, building cars and watchtowers.According to the Tang Dynasty Du You's "Tong Dian Bing Dian", the nest car is a car with eight wheels on the bottom frame, and a long pole is set up. Peek into the city. The plank house is four feet square, five feet high, with twelve holes, and the four sides are covered with cloth, so that the car can move forward and backward, and go around the city." Because the plank house hanging on the high pole is "like a bird's nest", it has its name.The earliest records of the use of nest carts can be found in "Zuo Zhuan Sixteen Years of Cheng Gong (575 BC)". Once boarded the nest car together to watch the movement of the Jin army.The name of the building car first appeared in "Zuo Zhuan: Fifteen Years of Xuangong (594 BC)". At that time, the Chu army forced the captured Jin envoy Xie Yang to board the building car to persuade the besieged Song people to surrender.According to Jin Duyu's notes, the building car is "looking at the scull from the car", and the nest car is "the scull is on the car", and "the scull" is "the building".It can be seen that in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the nest car and the building car were actually just different names for the same type of reconnaissance and observation equipment.The "Wu Jing Zongyao" published in the fourth year of Qingli in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1044) also has graphics and text descriptions of the nest car and the building car, and the building car is called "Wanglou car", or "Wanglou" for short.The watchtower is placed with four wheels under a large rectangular wooden frame. The car is equipped with a tree looking pole, the watchtower is placed on the pole, and the rotating shaft is installed under the pole. Six ropes are divided into three layers, and the lookout pole is fixed from six sides. Huan Tie 揳 [Xie Xie] goes underground.It can be seen that the watchtowers in the Song Dynasty were more complete than the nest cars. Liu Xiaozu, a native of the Ming Dynasty, recorded a new type of pole-looking cart in "The Chronicles of Four Towns and Three Passes".There are four wheels under the seat, and two guns protrude from the front fender of the seat; a large wooden post is set up in the center of the seat, and the upper part is fastened to the four corners of the seat with eight thick ropes to fix it; There is a leather tube bag near the top of the big wooden column, which can accommodate a soldier standing. The soldier holds a small flag with a streamer on it; the soldier can look around in all directions in the tube bag, observe the enemy's situation, and wave the small flag Signal to the army.This is the third reconnaissance lookout device seen so far. The connected siege equipment includes single-sided and double-sided trench bridge vehicles.During the siege, the soldiers pushed it into the moat, used wheels as a frame to support the bridge deck, and connected the two sides of the moat for the siege soldiers and equipment to pass through.The length of the bridge depends on the width of the moat. If the moat is too wide, the bridge deck will be lengthened or the two moat bridges will be connected. There are three types of shielding siege equipment: large, medium and small.The large ones include wooden ox carts, 轒辒 [fenwen grave temperature] carts, pointed wooden donkeys, dog ridge holes, cowhide holes, etc.They are built with rectangular or ridge-shaped wooden houses on a rectangular car seat, covered with cowhide, with four wheels underneath, just like a movable bunker.When in use, soldiers push it to the bottom of the city, or multiple vehicles are connected to form a ground passage to cover soldiers approaching the city wall and carry out siege operations.Small and medium-sized shielding equipment include thick bamboo circle canopy, half boat, wooden stand, bamboo stand, wooden mantle, leather curtain, etc. They are light and flexible, and can cover four or five soldiers or single soldiers approaching the city wall for siege operations. The approaching and destroying equipment includes tunnel support and excavating equipment, drilling equipment such as Yazui, impacting equipment such as hook carts, and high-rise siege vehicles such as Lugong vehicles and opposite buildings.Their function is to dig down the city foundation, break open the city gate, destroy the city tower, break through the city defense, open a gap in the solid city wall, so that the besiegers can enter through the gap and capture the fortified city.Among them, Lugong chariot is a high-rise siege vehicle with a relatively advanced structure. It was created at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. It has five floors, as high as the city, and eight wheels are installed under the seat. Dig the city wall, the soldiers on the fourth floor will attack the city with weapons, and the soldiers on the fifth floor can go straight to the top of the city and enter the city.It was used more in the Ming Dynasty, and its pictures are contained in "Wu Bei Zhi". Climbing siege equipment includes portable ladders such as flying ladders, creeping ladders, and wooden ladders, as well as composite car ladders for multiple soldiers to climb at the same time.The single ladder has a narrow body and only allows one person to file up. Soldiers must not only pay attention to climbing the ladder, but also fight with weapons, and they are prone to stumble and fall to the ground.The car ladder is a combination of a car seat and a wide-faced ladder, which can be used by multiple soldiers to climb at the same time, which enhances the ability to attack upwards.There are many styles of car ladders, such as sky bridges, parapet walls, ladder cloud cars, sky bridges, etc. Their structure is similar to the gangway used for boarding on the airport. In the battle of attacking and defending the city, both sides must use various weapons and equipment comprehensively to win the victory.Under normal circumstances, the siege troops swarmed with all kinds of siege equipment, besieged and camped tens of feet away from the city, quickly set up long-distance attack equipment, and destroyed the city defense facilities; The military situation is ready to lay trench bridges to allow troops to pass through the moat.In the already solid and well-fortified city defense system, the defending troops used the sheep and horse wall as the first line of defense, and used counterattack equipment to destroy the men, horses and equipment of the siege troops, smashing the stone trebuchets and equipment set up by the enemy. Bed crossbow positions, watchtowers, and nest carts.At the same time, the drawbridge is pulled up to prevent the enemy from passing through the moat and reduce the enemy's forces and weapons to attack the city.If the first line of defense is not defended, then the siege troops may quickly lay a trench bridge to allow soldiers and siege equipment to pass through the trench bridge and approach the city wall.The city defense troops used the urn and the city wall as the second line of defense, and used crossbows and catapults to fire arrows and stone bullets at the siege enemy, smashing the enemy's horses and destroying all kinds of siege equipment; The heavy soldiers guarded the city gates, and used ground listening to listen to whether the enemy was digging tunnels to attack the city, and prepared for a counterattack.If the defending troops fail to prevent the enemy from approaching the city wall, the siege troops will dig the city foundation and drill the city wall under the cover of the car and various movable bunkers, use rams to hit the city gate, and erect various ladders to climb the city wall. Lv Gongche and the other high-level siege vehicles and towers went directly to the city, and selected key points to dig tunnels to attack the city.In this emergency situation, the defending troops pushed out the support rods from the city, reached the poles, held up the ladders, and faced the building so that they could not be attached to the city wall; Soldiers in the city destroyed and burned the siege equipment; they fanned smoke and flames into the tunnel through the shaft to fumigate the enemy troops who invaded from the tunnel.If the defense of the city is ineffective and there is no rescue force, then the besiegers will be able to capture the strong city.If the defenders counterattack effectively, and rescue troops come from the periphery, forming a pincer attack on the siege troops, the besiegers will withdraw from the siege, or the whole army may be wiped out. In ancient times, there are many wonderful battles of attacking and defending cities using various attacking and defending equipment, especially the battle of Chencang in Shu Wei, Yubi in Eastern and Western Wei, Juyongguan in Mengjin and Juyongguan in Mengjin, and the capture of Qu by Chang Yuchun. ] The battle of Zhouzhou is the most popular. The battle of the Shu Wei to attack and defend Chencang (now east of Baoji, Shaanxi) took place in the sixth year of Jianxing in the Shu Han Dynasty (228 A.D.).In December of that year, after Zhuge Liang learned that the main force of the Wei army had been defeated by General Lu Xun of the Eastern Wu in Shiting (northeast of Qianshan, Anhui today), and that there were only a few thousand garrisons in Chencang, he led tens of thousands of people back to Qishan (now Gansu, Gansu). East of Li County), besieging Chencang.Chencang guard Hao Zhao led his troops to defend.Zhuge Liang failed to persuade him to surrender, so he attacked the city with ladders; Hao Zhao ordered the Wei army to shoot at the ladders with a volley of rockets, burning the Shu soldiers who climbed the ladders to attack the city.Zhuge Liang attacked the city again with a chariot, and Wei Jun smashed the chariot with a huge stone as big as a millstone fastened with a rope.The Shu army then attacked the city with a hundred-foot-high chariot, and the Wei army built a double female wall to block the Shu army.Zhuge Liang ordered the Shu army to dig tunnels to attack the city, while the Wei army dug shafts in the city to repel the Shu army.The Shu army stormed for more than 20 days and nights, but failed, and Zhuge Liang was forced to withdraw his troops.In this battle, although the besiegers were fierce, the defenders were even stronger, and they finally held the fortified city. The Battle of Yubi took place in the fourth year of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (546 A.D.).In September of that year, Gao Huan, the prime minister of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, led an army to besiege Yubi (now southwest of Jishan, Shanxi), and Wei Xiaokuan, a general of the Western Wei Dynasty, defended the city.Gao Huan's troops first piled up earth hills in the south of the city to attack the city; Wei Xiaokuan raised the enemy towers to break his siege technique.Gao Huan also ordered the soldiers to dig tunnels to attack the city; Wei Bu dug long moats along the walls of the city, piled up firewood, captured and burned Gao's army.Gao Huan rebuilt a trebuchet and sent stones to attack the city; Wei Xiaokuan ordered his subordinates to sew cloth into curtains and hang them on bamboo poles in the air eight feet above the female wall on the city.Gao Huan tied turpentine to the bamboo pole again, and burned the cloth curtain with fire; Wei Xiaokuan ordered his subordinates to make spears with iron hooks, the hook broke the bamboo pole, and the turpentine fell to the ground.Gao Huan also ordered his subordinates to dig 10 and 21 tunnels in the north and east of the city respectively to carry out a strong attack; Wei Xiaokuan immediately ordered the erection of wooden fences to block the enemy.The two sides fought hard for sixty years, Gao Huanzhi was impoverished, and more than 70,000 people were killed or injured, so he was forced to retreat. The battle of Mengjin to attack and defend Juyongguan took place in July of the first year of Jin Zhining (1213 A.D.).At that time, the Mongolian army broke in from Yehuling, conquered Huailai (now Hebei), Jinshan (now Beijing Yanqing), and went straight to the north entrance of Juyongguan (now Beijing Badaling).The elite of the Jin army guarded the pass, smelted iron, sealed it and closed it, and spread barbed wire for more than a hundred miles.Genghis Khan saw that the Jin army was well defended, so he only left a small number of troops to contain the Jin army at Gubeikou. Jebe led his troops to attack Nankou from the small path, and then attacked from north to south to seize Juyongguan.This is a famous example of conquering a strong city by avoiding the real and attacking the false. Chang Yuchun's attack on Quzhou took place in September of the nineteenth year of Yuan Zhizheng (AD 1359).After Chang Yuchun's soldiers came to Quzhou (now Quxian County, Zhejiang Province), he first ordered his subordinates to surround its six gates, and then built large siege equipment such as Linchong Lu Bus, Xianren Bridge, Long Wooden Ladder, and Lazy Dragon Claw, which were as high as the city. , Swarmed to the city to attack the city.At the same time, tunnels were dug under Daximen City to enter the city.Yuan army guard Song Boyan Buhua led his troops to resist with all his strength, poured oil into the bundles of reeds, burned Lv Gongcar, set up a jack hook to destroy the lazy dragon's claws, cut off wooden ladders with a long axe, and built a sandwich city to prevent Chang Yuchun's troops. Dig tunnels.The battle of attacking and defending the city was very intense.Chang Yuchun saw that it was difficult to win by force, so he used the surrendered general as an internal response, attacked the city from Xiaoximen, captured Song Boyan Buhua alive, and won the victory. In the late Ming Dynasty, due to the extensive use of guns and other firearms in the battle of attacking and defending cities, many of the above-mentioned bulky city attacking and defending equipment gradually disappeared on the battlefield.