Chapter 38 Section 6 The Exchange of Chinese and Foreign Art of War

Cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries are a historical and common phenomenon, and they increase with the increase of exchanges between China and foreign countries. The same is true for military cultural exchanges. There are many kinds of carriers, but the most common ones are military books.There are certainly many military books that China has spread to foreign countries, and the military works that have been introduced to China from foreign countries are also considerable. In October 1994, Military Science Publishing House published the "Summary of Sun Tzu's Literature" co-edited by Yu Rubo, Pi Mingyong, Gao Dianfang and others. The situation, and included the abstracts of the main documents of foreign scholars' annotations and researches, so far it is a work that contains the most abstracts of such documents.

According to investigations, in the 22nd year of Tang Kaiyuan (734 A.D.), Jizhen Beizhen, a Japanese student studying in Tang Dynasty, brought the Chinese art of war back to Japan, and during his tenure as Dazai Shaoer and Dazai, he taught the workers "" Sun Tzu's Art of War, Wu Zi and Zhuge Liang's Eight Arrays.During the Kanpei period of Japan (889-897 A.D.), there were 59 Chinese military books recorded in "Nippon Kokukenzai Bibliography", 14 more than the "Tang Shu·Jing Ji Zhi".After that, Japan reprinted and engraved various military books from "Sun Tzu's Art of War", "Seven Books of Wu Jing" to "Wu Bei Zhi".Since the 17th century, Japanese scholars began to annotate, comment and study Chinese military books represented by "Sun Tzu's Art of War". Until the 1990s, there were more than 110 famous works.At present, Japanese scholars are still very popular in studying Chinese military books represented by "Sun Tzu's Art of War".

While the Chinese art of war spread to Japan, it also spread to North Korea, Vietnam and other countries.In the 21st year of Ming Wanli (AD 1593), North Korea published the Korean version of the "Three Volumes of Correction of Sun Ziwen" written by Li Chun, and the "New Journal of Supplementary Notes on Wu Jing" in the 42nd year of Qianlong (AD 1777) The Korean text of "Qi Shu Zhi Jie", the Korean text of "General Jian Bo Yi", and more than 10 other Korean texts for the study of Chinese military art.In addition, Vietnam has Vietnamese versions of military books such as "Sun Tzu's Art of War" and "Six Secret Teachings".Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Israel, Palestine and other countries and regions also have the Thai, Malay, Burmese, Hebrew, and Arabic versions of "The Art of War" respectively.

The earliest Western translation of Chinese military books was the French Jesuit missionary Amiot (JJMAmiot, 1718-1793 A.D., also translated as Qian Deming, whose Chinese name is Joseph Wang) who lived in China.This man is a famous French sinologist who arrived in Macao in 1750. In 1772, "Art Militaire des Chinois" (Art Militaire des Chinois) written in French was published in Paris in Paris.The book contains six military books including "Sun Tzu's Art of War", "Wu Zi", "Sima's Law", and "Selected Two Chapters of Liu Tao's Art of War" (the French version of the book is in the library of the Academy of Military Sciences).After the book came out, it had a great influence and was widely circulated. It was in short supply in Europe, and the second edition was published in 1882. On June 22, 1815, after Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena, he read the book "Chinese Military Art". He lamented that if he had read this book earlier, he would not have suffered a tragic failure.

Following France, Russia published a Russian translation of "Instructions from the Chinese General Sun Tzu to His Generals" in 1860. In 1955, the Soviet Ministry of Defense published the Russian version of "Sun Tzu's Art of War" translated by Sidorenko, which had an important influence in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. In 1905, the first British translation of "Sun Tzu's Art of War" was published.After that, many more perfect English translations of "Sun Tzu's Art of War" came out and were welcomed by the British military.After the Second World War, the British strategist Liddell Hart quoted 15 quotations from "The Art of War" in his "On Strategy", accounting for more than 2/3 of the 21 quotations he quoted.In his opinion, the most complete strategy is "Surrender the enemy without fighting" in "Sun Tzu's Art of War".

In 1910, the German translation of "The Book of Classical Chinese Military Strategists on War" was published in Berlin, including the German translations of "Sun Tzu's Art of War" and "Wu Zi".The deposed Kaiser Wilhelm II (Wilhelm II, AD 1859-1941) said: "If you read "Sun Tzu's Art of War" twenty years earlier, you will never suffer the fate of suffering!" In 1988, von Jurgen Lang The German translation of "Sun Tzu's Art of War" translated by Kersky based on the English translation was published in Munich, Germany, and was valued by the German military circles.

After the Second World War, the American military began to study "The Art of War by Sun Tzu", and it became more common and in-depth after the 1980s. Many troops and higher military schools have listed "The Art of War by Sun Tzu" as a must-read book and Required course.American strategist John Collins believes in his "Grand Strategy": "Sun Tzu is the first great figure who formed strategic thinking in ancient times..."Sun Tzu's Art of War"The thirteen chapters can be compared with the famous works of all dynasties, including Clausewitz after 2200 It is comparable to other works." In addition, "The Art of War" has also been translated into Italian, Romanian, Czech, Dutch, Greek and many other Western translations.Among them, the English translation by American scholar and Commodore Griffith is the best.It was translated based on Sun Xingyan and Wu Renji's "Eleven Family Notes on Sun Tzu", not only the translated text is carefully considered, but also the annotations are unique. It was collected by the "China Representative Series" compiled by UNESCO.In addition to monographs, there are also papers on Chinese military art written in various languages, which are scattered in various newspapers and anthologies.The spread of Chinese military books represented by "Sun Tzu's Art of War" abroad is the contribution of the Chinese nation to the world's military culture.

Over the past 2,700 years, the Chinese nation has not only created an excellent military culture, but also absorbed the military cultures of other countries and nations, making them fused into a new military culture of the Chinese nation.The absorption of Western military culture by the Chinese nation began in the late Ming Dynasty from the end of the 16th century to the beginning of the 17th century.At that time, Chinese scientists represented by Xu Guangqi, a scholar of the University, Li Zhizao, the Shaoqing of Guanglu Temple, Sun Yuanhua, the head of the Ministry of War, Zhang Tao and Jiao Xu, deputy generals of Denglai, successively used Italian missionaries to benefit from the needs of the Jin army after the Ming Dynasty fought against them. Matthew, Long Huamin, Bi Fangji, Portuguese Yangmano, German missionary Tang Ruowang and others were artificial bridges. While introducing Western science and technology, they also introduced Western artillery manufacturing and use technology, and Sun Yuanhua wrote "Western Law" "Shen Ji", written by Jiao Xu into "Fire Attack and Essentials".These two works focus on the manufacture and use of Western artillery (called "Hongyi Cannon" in the Ming Dynasty and "Hongyi Cannon" in the Qing Dynasty), and also discuss the technology and tactics of combining artillery and cold weapons. The writing method of military books began to be adopted by our country. From the late 19th century to the late Qing period before the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, a large number of books on translation of Western military technology and military theory were circulated in my country.On the basis of absorbing fresh nutrition, Chinese military scientists began to work hard to write a new type of military book that integrated the strengths of China and the West. The "New Book of Military Science" represented by Xu Jianyin was the initial important result of this effort.

The history of military cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries shows that the excellent cultures created by the Chinese nation and other nations in the world, through mutual absorption and integration, each formed a new military culture of its own country and nation.Xu Jianyin's "New Book on Military Science" is like this. American strategist Foster and Professor Miyoshi Osamu of Tokyo Sangyo University in Japan, according to the thought of "Sun Tzu's Art of War: Conspiracy", and a strategic theory based on nuclear weapons, called it The same is true of "Sun Tzu's nuclear strategy".This proves that the ancient military science can only maintain its long-lasting vitality by absorbing the fresh content of the development of the times.And the new military science must also contain the truth content that human beings have obtained in thousands of years of war practice, and has been tested and proved unbreakable, so that it can continue to develop.This is the reason why Sun Tzu's "total victory" thought of "subduing the enemy without fighting" is still respected by wise military strategists in various countries.

Neither the traditional Chinese art of war nor the art of war that absorbs Western achievements can be perfect and flawless. When we absorb its beneficial nutrients, we must also get rid of its feudal dross and bourgeois advocacy of expansion. aggressive content.When this book introduces military books of all dynasties, although it does not list them one by one, it is hoped that readers will absorb its essence and discard its waste when reading the original work. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, scholars have been very active in the study of military art of the past dynasties in China, and there has been unprecedented prosperity. Many books have been published and fruitful results have been achieved.If readers are interested, they may wish to read the book, and they will definitely gain extensive knowledge about Chinese military art of all dynasties.