Chapter 19 Section 12 Zheng Ruozeng, who initiated the study of coastal defense, and his "Planning for the Sea", "Theory of Coastal Defense Maps", and "Jiangnan Jinglue"

Zheng Ruozeng was the founder of my country's coastal defense research. His monographs on coastal defense, "Cuhai Defense", "New Theory of Coastal Defense", and "Jiangnan Jinglue", have a reference effect on the Anti-Japanese War in the late Ming Dynasty and the planning of coastal defense thereafter. . Zheng Ruozeng, courtesy name Bolu, nickname Kaiyang.In the sixteenth year of Hongzhi (AD 1503), Zheng Ruozeng was born in a scholarly family in Kunshan County (now Jiangsu), and received a good family education since childhood.When he was young, he was eager to learn, and when he grew up, he was taught by famous teachers such as Wei Xiao, Wang Shouren, Zhan Ruoshui, etc. He often discussed knowledge with scholars such as Gui Youguang, Tang Shunzhi, Mao Kun, etc. He had a lot of knowledge on astronomy, geography, maps, military affairs, and politics. studied.In the 15th year of Jiajing (AD 1536), Gongsheng failed in the imperial examination twice.In the 31st year of Jiajing (1552 A.D.), Japanese invasion was rampant. Tang Shunzhi persuaded Zheng Ruozeng to write Haiphong Atlas.Zheng Ruozeng compiled the relevant materials collected into my country's first monograph on coastal defense "Chi Hai Tu Bian", which was completed in the 40th year of Jiajing (AD 1561).Hu Zongxian wrote a "preface" for it, which was printed the following year.Zheng Ruozeng was promoted to an official title by the imperial court because of his meritorious service in participating in the anti-Japanese war, but he resigned.In his later years, he still devoted himself to writing books. In addition to "Cui Hai Tu Bian", there are also "Zheng Kaiyang Miscellaneous Works", "Jiangnan Jinglue", "Siku Tu Lun", "Shang Shu Ji Yi" and so on.Zheng Ruozeng spent his whole life seeking profound knowledge, not making progress in official career.In the fourth year of Longqing (1570 A.D.), Zheng Ruozeng died at the age of 68.

"Cui Hai Tu Bian" is a monograph written by Zheng Ruozeng for the defense of the sea. It was the earliest surviving version in the 41st year of Jiajing (AD 1562).After that, there were reprints in the sixth year of Longqing (AD 1572), reprints of the Jiajing edition excavated and modified by Hu Deng in the Wanli period, the fourth year of Tianqi (AD 1624), the thirty-second year of Kangxi (AD 1693) and "Siku Quanshu" and so on.Among the above editions, the Jiajing and Longqing editions are the best, while the Wanli and Tianqi editions are mostly deleted, while the Kangxi editions are more inferior.

"Cui Hai Tu Bian" has 13 volumes, about 260,000 words, and 172 drawings.The book discusses the geographical situation of my country's coastal coasts and sea areas, pass and fortresses, defense of coastal garrisons, water fortresses, battlements, lookout posts, coasts, seaports, and facilities in the sea, and the defense against sea and Japanese wars proposed by courtiers and generals. Strategies, weapons and warships, historical exchanges between China and Japan, the time, place, and leader of the Japanese pirates plundering China, and the Japanese pirates’ three invasions to the Fujian-Guangzhou General Road, to the Zhejiang-Shandong General Road, and to the Liaodong General Road of Korea. The route, the Pingwa battle since the Yongle Year, etc., have been discussed in detail.

"Chi Hai Tu Bian" put forward for the first time a relatively comprehensive strategy of preventing and suppressing Japanese pirates, which reflected the coastal defense ideas of Zheng Ruozeng and some courtiers of the Ming Dynasty.It believes that the fundamental strategy of preventing and preparing for Japanese is to calm the people and prepare for war.To secure the people is to appoint good officials to carry out good governance so that coastal residents can live and work in peace and contentment. Civil security is the fundamental guarantee for consolidating coastal defense.Preparing for war is to strengthen the construction of coastal defense and wipe out the invading Japanese pirates.Zheng Ruozeng advocated that the land and sea should coordinate with each other and attack the Japanese pirates from both land and water; A multi-level coastal defense system combining coastal fortresses and inshore towns.Only in this way can we achieve the goal of "resisting bandits far away", "fighting bandits near the ocean", and annihilating the enemy before landing.

"Creating Sea Maps" believes that in order to consolidate coastal defense, it is necessary to establish a coastal defense force with combat effectiveness.The generals who lead this army need to be selected from among the "martial arts practicers who have experienced battles", from among the heroes of the people, and from training; The true ability to defend the country against the enemy and oppose flashy airs.In addition, the training of the regular army should be carried out at the same time as the training of the countrymen, and the integration of soldiers into agriculture should be achieved.

According to the characteristics of fighting Japanese pirates, "Cu Hai Tu Bian" requires soldiers to pay attention to the influence of coastal terrain, weather and weather on operations, pay attention to the study of the relationship between monsoon, spring flood, autumn flood and Japanese pirate activities, so that soldiers can understand that "you can't know if you don't choose maps. Concise [E Russia] Serbia, you can't implement a strategy without reviewing the situation" ("Fan Li").For this reason, the book lists in detail the important coastal islands, harbors, fortresses, and military locations, and draws diagrams. There are as many as 110 pieces, which can not only be used for people's reference at that time, but also an important map for studying the maps of the Ming Dynasty.It also occupies an important position in the history of Chinese cartography.

The "Maritime Map Collection" attaches great importance to improving the weapons and equipment of coastal defense, and pays extremely keen attention to the new weapons and equipment used by the invading enemy.It describes the gunpowder and Frang machine naval guns used by the Portuguese ships that invaded Guangdong.The description of the introduction and imitation of bird guns is relatively complete.There are relatively detailed descriptions of the power of the large copper Fagong (that is, copper artillery). "Cu Hai Tu Bian" collected information on the manufacture and use of the new western matchlock guns, which provided important information for the imitation and transformation of them by the military industry department of the Ming Dynasty.Looking at the military books of the same period, we can see that it has the largest amount of information on new firearms.At the same time, the book also records the various types of warships built to prepare for Japanese warships at that time, analyzes their structural characteristics and combat performance in detail, and vividly reflects the general situation of warship construction at that time.

"Illustrations of Coastal Defense" is also known as "Illustrations of Coastal Defense" or "On Coastal Defense".There are 14 chapters in the book, from "Guangdong Key Theory" to "Shandong Preparatory Theory", which are compiled from Zheng Ruozeng's "Wanli Coastal Defense Map" (originally published in "Zheng Kaiyang Miscellaneous Works"). Although "Liaodong Military Salary Theory" is a supplementary edition of Ming Wan Shide, its information is also taken from "Wanli Coastal Defense Map". Although "A Brief Introduction to Japan" was supplemented by Yindu in Ming Dynasty, it was also based on "Pictures of Wanli Coastal Defense".Therefore, the whole book is still written by Zheng Ruozeng.Although it was published during the Jiajing period, its original has not been seen so far.The Wanli printed edition was renamed "Haitang Illustration".Afterwards, it was included in "Bingyuan Four Series", "Chang'en Study Room Series", "Zhibuzhai Series" and so on, and titled "Haitang Tulun".

"Coastal Defense Map Theory" discusses the strategic situation and strategic position of the coastal areas based on the topography and Japanese conditions, and proposes a coastal defense strategy of defending the ocean, annihilating the enemy in the near sea, joint defense of all provinces, internal and external attacks, and both land and water.Eliminate internal traitors to block the Japanese pirates, occupy islands to block the sea routes that the Japanese pirates must pass through, combine sub-posts and conference posts to block the gaps that the Japanese pirates can take advantage of, and station more water and land garrison troops at coastal ports to suppress the Japanese pirates. There are measures such as soldiers to resist the Japanese everywhere.

"Jiangnan Jinglue" is Zheng Ruozeng's monograph on Jiangfang to defend against Japanese pirates from invading the Yangtze River.It was first engraved in the second year of Longqing (AD 1568), re-engraved in the forty-second year of Wanli (AD 1614), and another engraved version was engraved in the Kangxi period, and it was included in the "Siku Quanshu" in Qianlong. Although "Jiangnan Jinglue" was written for Jiangfang, its guiding ideology and preparation measures are still similar to those of Haiphong. "The method of resisting invaders is to use naval warfare first, so the coastal defense map is used first, and the coastal defense is lost, and then it spreads to the river, so the river defense map is the second" ("Jiangnan Economic Strategy and General Rules").The whole book starts from Huating and Shanghai at the mouth of the Yangtze River, traces back to Changzhou and Zhenjiang, and draws and discusses in turn. Some of the drawings are still the first ones. Although they are made for temporary expediency, they have long-term reference value.

Zheng Ruo once devoted his whole life to the study of coastal defense and river defense, accumulated decades of wisdom, and left three monographs for later generations. People still remember his historical achievements of pioneering the study of coastal defense.