Chapter 23 Chapter 11 Words of the Qing Dynasty
The highest achievement of this literary style of Ci was of course in the Song Dynasty.Although the Yuan and Ming dynasties also had masters of writing lyrics, they did not form the characteristics of the times as a whole, and their achievements were very small.In the Qing Dynasty, there were more people writing Ci, and the amount of excellent Ci writing was also larger, so there is a saying of ZTE.Qing Ci is an integral part of Qing Dynasty literature, we will give a brief introduction here.
The most famous poets in the early Qing Dynasty included Chen Weisong, Zhu Yizun, Nalan Xingde and so on.
Chen Weisong (AD 1625-1682), styled Qi Nian, named Jialing, was born in Yixing, Jiangsu.He is the founder of the "Yangxian School". Some people in the Qing Dynasty spoke highly of his words, calling him "Shen Xiongjunshuang", and some even said that he was "invincible in ancient and modern times".Let's read one of his poems (overnight in Linming [ming name] post):
This is about autumn in the northern land.Linming is located in today's Yongnian County in the south of Hebei Province.The peaks of Taihang Mountain look like women's buns in sunny days, and they look like tadpoles lined up in the sky.The barnyardgrass in the rice fields has turned white from the frost and covered the ground thickly.This is the hometown of Zhao, Wei, Han, Yan and other countries in the Warring States Period. Many mighty and majestic historical events emerged one by one in the minds of poets.Standing outside the Linming Post Station at this moment, watching the sad wind howl, roll up the yellow leaves all over the ground and fly away on the land of the Central Plains.This small poem describes the scenery and nostalgia for the past, vigorous and powerful, vast and desolate, it is a masterpiece.
Zhu Yizun (AD 1629-1709), courtesy name Xichang [chang], nickname Zhulong, was born in Xiushui, Zhejiang.He is a well-known scholar, good at poetry and the founder of "Zhe School".Some people commented on his words as "elegant and empty", "without a bit of human fireworks".He once compiled the excellent Ci in the past as the book "Ci Zong", which has a great influence.We read his nostalgic poem "The Sound of Selling Flowers" (Yuhuatai):
Yuhuatai is located in the south of Nanjing.Nanjing is the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties and the founding capital of the Ming Dynasty. It is famous for its prosperity. Now what the author sees here is a dilapidated and desolate scene.Baimen is the synonym for Nanjing.Da and Xiaochanggan are place names.Decaying trees dot the banks of the Nanjing River, and the river tide beats back and forth against the stone city walls (using Liu Yuxi's sentence "the tide hits the empty city and returns to loneliness").From Xiaochanggan to Dachanggan, the bustling singing houses and restaurants in the past are all scattered, leaving only a few lonely fishermen by the river.The relics of the Six Dynasties era are gone, and the ground is full of decaying grass; the remnants of flowers have fallen on the empty altar where Master Yunguang of Liang Dynasty gave lectures.Come here when there is no one around and lean on the fence to look around, and you can see a few swallows flying around in the setting sun.The country is still the same, the world is different, and history is so ruthless.In the sentence "swallow" in the poem, he used the artistic conception of Liu Yuxi in the Tang Dynasty "the swallows in front of Wang Xietang flew into the homes of ordinary people in the old days", which inspired readers to associate, and used it very naturally and appropriately, seamlessly, which shows the skill of the poet.
Nalan Xingde (1654-1685 A.D.), courtesy name Rongruo, nicknamed Lengjiashanren.He was born in an aristocratic family in the Qing Dynasty and was the most talented and distinctive poet in the Qing Dynasty.Chen Weisong commented on his Ci as "sorrowful and stubborn", which is similar to the Ci of the two masters of the Southern Tang Dynasty.It's a pity that he only lived to be 31 years old, which prevented him from fully displaying his talents.
This poem was written by Nalan Xingde when he followed Emperor Kangxi to the Northeast to worship his ancestors.At that time, the emperor had to camp when traveling, and the Manchu tradition was still maintained.A young man living in an aristocratic family in the capital is not used to this kind of camping life in the cold, wind and snow, but also finds it fresh, and he expresses his true feelings in the words.The diction is fluent, and there are a lot of repetitions, which is really like Li Houzhu's style of poetry.His "Butterfly Love Flower" was written in memory of his deceased wife:
According to the poet himself, his wife said a poem to him before she died: "Holding hatred and wishing to be the moon in the sky, I still have to rejoice to Lang every year." This poem uses the bright moon as a metaphor for his dead wife.The poem said: It's hard for you to come to see me as often as the moon, but unfortunately only one night (Xi Xi) was complete, and the rest of the night (Xi Xi) was semicircle (Jue is a semicircle jade pendant).If you always shine on me like a pure moon, I will also send you warmth in spite of the cold.But the marriage between you and me in this world did not last long.The pairs of swallows stepped on the curtain hook and whispered to each other kindly, which aroused my infinite reverie.I just finished reciting the poems in memory of you, and went to the flowers to look for the amphibious butterfly that symbolizes love. The sentence "Singing the Autumn Grave" is transformed into Li He's poem "The Ghost of the Autumn Grave Sings Bao's Poems, and Hates Blood for Thousands of Years". It expresses endless regret.This poem is one of his four poems "Butterfly Love Flower", and the other three poems are the same as this one, which typically represent his style of "sadness, stubbornness and beauty".
Gu Zhenguan, a good friend of Nalan Xingde, whose name is Huafeng and nickname is Liangfen, is also a famous poet, and his "Golden Hazel Song" (two poems) is the most famous.Gu Zhenguan's close friend Wu Zhaoqian (character Hancha, also a poet writer) was falsely accused of participating in the cheating case in the examination room, and was exiled to Ningguta (in today's Heilongjiang), which was extremely miserable.Gu Zhenguan wrote "Golden Hazel Song" (two pieces) to condolence him, the following is the first piece:
Let me explain the allusion first.Jizi refers to Wu Zhaoqian (Wu is the fourth eldest, and because Wu Jizi was a celebrity in the state of Wu during the Spring and Autumn Period, so he was called this).Cow clothes, straw curtains covering the cows to keep out the cold.In the Han Dynasty, Wang Zhang lived in poverty in Chang'an, was sick and had no blankets. He once covered himself in cow clothes and bid farewell to his wife.Here is a metaphor for Wu Zhaoqian's plight.The concubine's fate is unlucky, and she refers to the new death of Gu Zhenguan's concubine.Bao Xu, Shen Baoxu, a doctor of Chu State in the Spring and Autumn Period, when Wu State was about to destroy Chu State, he swore to save Chu State. He went to Qin State to ask for rescue soldiers.Here, the author is determined to rescue Wu Zhaoqian.Black-headed Horse Horn: Crown Prince Dan of Yan was imprisoned in the State of Qin. The King of Qin (later Qin Shihuang) said that he was allowed to return home only if the crow had a white head and the horse had horns.
The general meaning of this word is: Are you okay?Even if he could return one day, the countless ups and downs in his life would be unbearable to look back on.It is a long way to go in exile in the north, who will comfort you?What's more, the mother's hometown is poor and the children are young.The scenes of our drinking and gathering together in the past are blurred in my memory.It is common for ghosts to harm people, but I never thought that you would be framed by the hateful enemy, making you live such a long and miserable life in the ice and snow.You don't have to despair in adversity like Wang Zhang.Even though you have been exiled to a faraway place, you can still be reunited with your wife and children. How many people can do that?Compared with me losing my concubine, you are lucky to have a wife by your side.It's just that it's hard to live in the bitter cold in the far frontier.I want to keep my promise like Shen Baoxu, and try to rescue you within 20 years, even if I wait until the black head and white horse grow horns.Please keep this letter well and wait for the good news.
Later, Gu Zhenguan and Nalan Xingde tried their best to rescue Wu Zhaoqian.This incident was a widely circulated story in the literary world in the early Qing Dynasty.This work of "replacing the script with words" is also loved by future generations because of its sincere emotion and harmonious rhythm.
Zhang Huiyan (AD 1761-1802), courtesy name Gaowen and nickname Mingke, was born in Wujin, Jiangsu.He is a scholar and a poet. He founded the "Changzhou School of Ci" and compiled the book "Selected Ci", which had a positive impact on the development of Qing Ci.His "The Merry Son" (seeing peach blossoms when leaving the customs) has a strong style and delicate emotions, which can represent his style.
In the poem, the mountain-shaped terrain of Shanhaiguan is written, and the writing is vigorous; the scenery outside the Great Wall is written, with peach blossoms laughing alone, and flowing water, which is vivid and vivid.Xia Wei said that when the peach blossoms in Beijing, the imperial capital, were exhausted, the peach blossoms had just bloomed in this remote place outside the Great Wall, which was surprising.Then thinking that they will soon wither in the wind and rain, I want the messenger to send a few branches to relatives and friends, so that they can see the colors of spring again.The idea is new and ingenious, not out of the ordinary.
Zhu Zumou (1857-1931 A.D.), also known as Xiaozang, was born in Gui'an, Zhejiang, with the style name Guwei and the nickname Qiangcun.He was the most representative poet in the late Qing Dynasty, and the "Qiangcun School" was named after him.From the following song "Wu Ye Cry" (Tongzhan Garden Deng Jietai Temple Thousand Buddha Pavilion) can roughly see its style.
