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Chapter 14 Chapter 6 Poems of the Song Dynasty

Chinese poems and songs 刘耕路 5297Words 2018-03-20
In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Yang Yi, Liu Yun, Qian Weiyan and others compiled books in the emperor's secret pavilion (library office), and often wrote poems and songs. There is a library building, so "Xikun" is used as a metaphor for the emperor's secret pavilion).They deliberately imitated the poet Li Shangyin of the late Tang Dynasty, pursued the gorgeous rhetoric, piled up allusions, and the content of the poems was empty and empty, resulting in a very bad poetic style.Due to the high social status of these people, the influence is great. During the prevalent period of "Xikun style", the poets who were not influenced by it and had their own unique creations were Wang Yucheng (title), Mei Yaochen and Su Shunqin.Influenced by Bai Juyi, Wang Yucheng cared about the sufferings of people's livelihood, with sincere feelings and smooth and natural poetry style.And read one of his poems "Village Tour":

"Yexing" refers to the cheerful and fresh feeling of being in nature after living in the city for a long time.The couplet is a famous sentence: The vegetation in the gully makes that unique sound in the evening wind, as if they are talking about something, and the peaks stand silently in the afterglow of the setting sun, as if they are meditating on something.This couplet is the so-called "Poetic Eye". The antithesis is steady, appropriate and natural, and it expresses the feeling that people have felt but never said, which is amazing.Tangli leaves fall, buckwheat flowers bloom, the bridge at the head of the village, the trees in the field, how similar all these are to the scene of the author's hometown!So it aroused his strong nostalgia, and at the same time, it also aroused endless associations of readers.This poem is written under the urging of true feelings, it is creation, not fabrication, so it is really touching.

Su Shunqin was also an accomplished poet in the early Song Dynasty.He served as a local official for two terms, and was once demoted to the people because of his outspokenness and daring to advise.His poems are powerful and approachable, and are highly praised by Ouyang Xiu.It's a pity that due to a long career, he only lived in his 40s and died.His Qijue "Huaizhong Late Bodutou" is the most widely read:
A sunny field is beautiful, and a cloudy field is equally beautiful.How exciting it would be to sail along the Huaihe River in a small boat and suddenly find a tree of bright flowers on the shore in the dark atmosphere!Moored next to the ancient temple in the evening, the poet hid under the canopy to watch the wind and rain all over the river, and the waves in the river, how full of life it was.The whole poem is written from static to dynamic, showing the vitality of nature and depicting the poet's delicate feelings.This poem is similar to the famous line of Wei Yingwu, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, "The spring tide brings rain and comes late, and the wild crossing has no boats to cross", but it is by no means a plagiarism, but a creation, perhaps even better than Wei's poems.

Mei Yaochen and Su Shunqin had the same name, they were called "Su Mei" at that time, and they were both friends of Ouyang Xiu.Mei Yaochen's poems are simple, elegant and detailed.After the death of his wife Xie, he wrote several poems "Mourning for the Dead" affectionately. Let's try to read one of them:
Due to the excessive sadness, every time I go out, I feel in a trance as if in a dream, and the pain is even more painful when I see people reluctantly chatting.When I returned home, there was no one to talk to, and in the sleepless loneliness, I noticed a lone firefly entering through the window, and a geese flew into the sky.There is nothing more painful than this in the world, and all my energy is spent in it.The scenes in the whole poem are seamlessly integrated, fully expressing the sadness of being lost.Some of his poems describing the sufferings of the people are more valuable, and they are consistent with Du Fu.

Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072 A.D.) styled Yongshu, nicknamed himself a drunkard, and also named Liuyi Layman, was a leader of the literary world in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was both a scholar and a literati.He, Mei Yaochen, Su Shunqin and others worked together on poetry creation, corrected the disadvantages of "Xikun style", and made contributions to the development of poetry in Song Dynasty.We all know that the Song Dynasty was the dynasty with the most serious border problems.In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Liao Dynasty, which was mainly established by the Khitan people in the north, often invaded and invaded, and the residents on the border between the two dynasties suffered the most.Ouyang Xiu's "Bianhu" poem reflects this reality:

In order to defend against harassment by the Khitans, the border residents practiced horseback riding and archery among women and children, and they shot at each other without fear in the face of enemy cavalry.In 1004 A.D., Liao and Song had a battle in Chanzhou. Song won the Liao and lost, but Song Zhenzong signed a humiliating peace treaty with the Liao under the condition of victory. Pay tribute.The "North and South knot joy" in the poem is actually ironic, and "the temple (Northern Song court) is a distant picture" is also an allusion to the policy of humiliation and surrender.Although the war has been avoided temporarily, the suffering of the border residents has not been relieved. They have to pay rent and taxes to the two regimes in the north and the south at the same time, and they dare not cast nets in the border river to catch fish.The whole poem is clear and clear, with solid content and valuable thoughts.Under the influence of Han Yu, Ouyang Xiu's poems are like prose, and there are more discussions, which affects the imagery of poems to a certain extent, which later developed into an important feature that distinguishes Song poetry from Tang poetry.

An important poet after Ouyang Xiu was Wang Anshi.Wang Anshi (AD 1021-1086), courtesy name Jiefu and nickname Banshan, was a famous statesman in the Northern Song Dynasty. He implemented reforms during the reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty and lived in seclusion in Jiangning (now Nanjing) in his later years.He is one of the "Eight Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties (Ancient Prose)" and a famous poet.His quatrains are the most famous, with sincere emotions, duality, and the use of words are extremely particular, reaching the highest level.Such as "Mr. Shuhuyin Wall":

Mr. Huyin is the alias of Wang Anshi's neighbor Yang Defeng when he lived in seclusion in his later years.The poem praises the view of his abode.The owner loves tidiness and natural beauty, and "long sweeping" and "self-planting" also show that he is diligent, which shows that he is a person full of zest for life.Looking down from the window, a bright white water channel surrounds the green seedlings; looking up, the two mountain peaks in the south push open the door to bring the green mountain scenery into the room.It was as if loving nature had also come to aid in the beauty of his abode.This poem reflects the unique Chinese sentiment of equality and harmony with nature.His five-character quatrain "Plum Blossom" is also a masterpiece:

Chinese people are particularly fond of plum blossoms and use them to symbolize people's noble character, so plum blossoms have become common themes in poems and paintings.There are two kinds of common plum blossoms, white and red, and the white plum is chanted here.It is the same color as the snow, and heralds the news of spring with its unique fragrance.The poet sang it with his keen feeling and delicate emotion, expressing his joy for the coming of spring.Wang Anshi's quatrains are novel in thought and sophisticated in skill. Some people compare him with Du Mu, a master of quatrains in Tang Dynasty.

Poetry in the Northern Song Dynasty reached its peak after the appearance of Su Shi and Huang Tingjian. Su Shi (AD 1037-1101), styled Zizhan, nicknamed Dongpo Jushi, was born in Meishan, Sichuan.He is a master of ancient prose in the Song Dynasty, a poet, a poet, a painter, and a calligrapher. He is outstanding in any of the above-mentioned aspects and is a comprehensive literary and artistic genius.He has served as a local official for many times, from the official to the Minister of the Ministry of Rites.He was framed and relegated many times in his life, and he was exiled to various places, experiencing the bitter taste of the ups and downs of the officialdom.However, he was broad-minded and optimistic by nature, faced life with a smile, and made unremitting efforts to pursue knowledge and poetry creation, and finally left an immortal reputation in the history of literature with his outstanding literary achievements.

Su Shi is a good official with integrity and conscience, and he does good things for the people wherever he goes.Many of his poems describe the hardships of the people, and the following poem "Traveling in Tianzhu Inspired by Guanyin Temple" is one of them:
The silkworms are about to spin silk, and the wheat is about to be harvested. However, due to cloudy days and continuous heavy rain, farmers cannot go to the fields and women cannot pick mulberries. Seeing that the daily hard work will be wasted, how can we survive?The poet is worried for the peasants.Guanyin Bodhisattva (immortal in white clothes) was supposed to save the suffering, but she sat indifferently in the temple and remained indifferent.Su Dongpo was erudite and well versed in Buddhist principles, but he did not believe that Bodhisattvas made of clay and wood could be effective, so he ridiculed them.Some people also think that the poet is using the "immortal in white" to satirize those officials and lords who don't care about the people (mo mo) in their corpses. This is also possible. Someone once used the word "Qingxiong" to summarize the style of Su's poetry.The so-called "clear" means fresh and natural, and the so-called "male" means vigorous and unrestrained.The following song "Youmeitang Heavy Rain" has a majestic momentum: Youmeitang is located on Wushan Mountain in Hangzhou.Exploding thunder from the soles of the feet shows that the heavy rain is coming fiercely; stubborn clouds cannot be moved away, which means that the dark clouds are overwhelming and cannot be avoided.The force of the rain reminded the author that a black wind from outside lifted up the sea and formed this heavy rain coming from the east of Qiantang River (Zhejiang).The rippling West Lake is like a full wine glass, the water surface seems to be raised, and countless raindrops fall on the water surface, like thousands of drums and hammers beating drums to urge the battle.In the last two sentences, the author had a whim and thought of Li Bai, who was called "the exiled immortal".According to the "Old Tang Book", Tang Minghuang wanted Li Bai to write a poem, but when he found that Li Bai was drunk, he asked someone to sprinkle water on his face to wake him up.Su Shi imagined: Maybe God also adopted Tang Minghuang's method in order to wake up Li Bai to write poems, but instead of using a glass of water, it poured out all the water on the bottom of the sea, thus forming a heavy rainstorm.The shark room is the bottom of the sea. It is said that there is a kind of shark living in the bottom of the sea.Qionggui is a beautiful jade, which describes rain here.The rhetoric of "stubborn cloud", "black wind" and "flying rain" in the poem is peculiar and accurate, coupled with romantic imagination and flying momentum, forming a majestic style. In Song Zhezong's era, due to the frame-up of Cai Jing and other political enemies, Su Shi was demoted again and again, and was exiled to Hainan Island until Zhezong died.When he returned to the north, he wrote a poem "Crossing the Sea at Night on June 20": Judging from the shifted positions of San Xing and Big Dipper, it was nearly three o'clock at night, and the continuous wind and rain stopped suddenly.The sky was fine and the moon was bright, not even a trace of cloud was left, and the sky and the sea showed their original clear and clear appearance.These two couplets describe the scenery, and they also imply that the political situation has become clear and his own suffering has come to an end.The next two couplets are discussions.Confucius once said, "If you can't do the right thing, take a boat and float on the sea", that is to say, if his ideas cannot be implemented, then you should go across the ocean on a raft and live in seclusion.There is a saying that "the joy of Emperor Zhang's "Xianchi" is in the wild of Dongting", that is, the Yellow Emperor once played the music of "Xianchi" by the Dongting Lake.In Su Dongpo's poem, he said that his idea of ​​imitating Confucius and crossing the sea to hide was in vain, but hearing the majestic sound of the sea like the joy of "Xianchi" was also a kind of harvest.I was exiled to the wild Hainan, and suffered a lot, but I saw the natural beauty that I had never seen in my life, and tasted the simple and beautiful Hainan style. no regrets.Su Dongpo's broad-minded mind and optimistic attitude towards life are rare and lovely. Su Dongpo also has many lively, ingenious and intriguing poems that have been widely recited, such as one of the "Five Wonders of Drunken Books in Wanghu Tower on June 27": This is the scenery of Hangzhou.A torrential rain came and went fast, and after a while it was still bright and sunny. The two sentences "black clouds turning ink" and "white rain jumping beads" are lively and just right. The whole poem completely depicts the scene before and after the rain.Another example is "Dongpo" written by the poet when he was demoted to Huangzhou: Dongpo is the name of the place where the poet lived in Huangzhou, and he later used it as his nickname.This poem is about his feeling of walking alone on a moonlit night.After the rain, the sky cleared, the moonlight was like water, and the people who were running around for their lives had all dispersed, leaving the beautiful moonlit night to the "savage" (the author had a job but no power at the time, and was carefree, so he called himself a "savage"). "Nuo Que" refers to uneven stones.The poet is lonely and depressed, but he still appreciates the beauty of nature and enjoys the joy of tranquility. Even the clang of his stick hitting the stone makes him feel the joy of life.After reading this poem, people may think of the ups and downs of the road of life and the attitude one should adopt.Life should also be enjoyed in adversity, which is what the author wants to tell people.Su Dongpo also has some small poems of this kind, which are usually called rational and interesting poems, such as the familiar "I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but only because I am in this mountain" ("Tixilin Stone Wall"), and "Qin Poetry" and so on. .Reasoning in poems, or revealing some philosophical principles in poems, is a characteristic of Song poetry, and it is also a characteristic of Su Dongpo's poetry. Some people compare Su Shi to Li Bai in the Song Dynasty, which makes sense.Of course, Li Bai and Su Shi are different, but they have something in common, that is, they both have a strong romantic temperament, which is reflected in the works with the word "put".The difference is that Li Bai is "wild", while Su Shi is "unrestrained". "Unrestrained" contains some kind of rationality, so it makes people feel more cordial. Just like comparing Su Shi to Li Bai, some people compare the great poet Huang Tingjian who is as famous as Su Shi to Du Fu. Huang Tingjian (1045-1105 A.D.), styled Luzhi, called himself Valley Taoist.He served as an official in the court and in the local area.The struggle between the new party and the old party formed after Wang Anshi's reform lasted for many years. Huang Tingjian was implicated and demoted twice, and finally died of poverty and illness in Yishan County, Guangxi.He admired Du Fu and advocated that "no word has no origin" in poetry, and turning ancient poems into poems is called "turning iron into gold".Many poets were influenced by it and formed a school of poetry. Because Huang Tingjian was from Jiangxi, he was called "Jiangxi School of Poetry".Poetry, like all arts, is valued in innovation, so Huang Tingjian's proposition is not advisable.But Huang Tingjian himself is knowledgeable and talented, and his poems have new creations, forming his own unique "thin and hard" style, that is, he pursues strong bones instead of plump bodies.Let's try to read a song "Send Huang Jidu" written by him to his friends: Huang Tingjian advocated that "smelting iron into gold", so his poem uses a lot of allusions, which are not easy to understand. There are at least four allusions in this poem.The first sentence is that he himself was an official in Dezhou in the north, and Huang was an official in Sihui County in the south several times, and they couldn't meet each other in the south and the north. "Zuo Zhuan" records that Duke Huan of Qi attacked the state of Chu. The monarch of the state of Chu said to Duke Huan of Qi: "The king is in the North Sea, and the widow is in the South Sea." There is no conflict of interest. Why did you attack us? The sayings of "Beihai" and "South China Sea" are based on this, in order to "no word has no origin".The second sentence is to say that even if I want to send you a letter, I can't do it.Here, the allusion of Su Wu in the "Han Shu" was used to pass the book to his hometown with a swan goose from Beihai.Legend has it that wild geese fly south to Hengyang, Hunan Province in autumn and never leave again, and Sihui is further south of Hengyang, so wild geese also declined to pass on the book.The three or four sentences mean how happy we were drinking and talking in the spring breeze of peaches and plums back then, but we have been apart for 10 years since then, and only miss each other affectionately when reading at night with lights on every day.These two sentences are well-known sentences that are highly appreciated.The fifth sentence is to praise Huang several times for being a clean and honest official, and his family is destitute. "Historical Records" said that the great writer Sima Xiangru was very poor, and "the house is surrounded by walls", and this allusion is used in the poem.The sixth sentence is to say that Huang Jidu has very rich political experience and can do great things. In "Zuo Zhuan", there is a saying "Break the arm three times, and you will be a good doctor", which means: if you break your arm three times, you can become a good doctor if you accumulate experience in treating diseases.Huang Shi uses the metaphor of being a good doctor to be a good official to praise his friends.The last two sentences are to say, imagine that you have studied hard for 10 years, and your hair is probably gray, right?But it is still not allowed to be reused by the court. The chirping of the apes in the trees and vines on the other bank seems to be weeping for you.Poems are rich in connotation, including longing, memory, praise, concern, sympathy, and complaints.The reason for complaining is that Huang Tingjian himself was frustrated in the officialdom, and his fate was the same as that of his friends. The poem is full of emotion.In addition to the hard-to-read type of Huang's poems, there are also some short poems that are clear and easy to read, such as: The title is "Four Poems of Calligraphy in Nanlou of Ezhou", which is one of them.The seat of Ezhou is today's Wuhan, where it is a "big stove" in summer.There are mountains and rivers in the distance, and lotus flowers in front of you. It is a great pleasure to come here to enjoy the rare coolness on a quiet, windy and moonlit night.The verses are catchy, light and natural, which makes people feel happy after reading. Huang Tingjian was one of the "Four Sumen Scholars" who was appreciated and rewarded by Su Shi.He is eight years younger than Su Shi, and his relationship with his teachers and friends is extremely close.Su Shi wrote many poems similar to Tao Yuanming's "Return to the Garden" during his relegation to Lingnan.After Su Shi's death, Huang Tingjian wrote a "Postscript to Zizhan and Tao Poems" to praise him: Su Shi was exiled by his political enemies, who wanted to put him to death.However, Su Shi remained calm and still wrote Tao poems to express his ambition and comfort himself.Huang Tingjian said that Su Dongpo and Tao Yuanming lived in different circumstances, but their noble morals and attitudes towards life were very similar, and both would be immortalized for thousands of years.There has always been a saying in China that "literati look down on each other", but it is not always true. The relationship between Du Fu and Li Bai, and the relationship between Huang Tingjian and Su Dongpo are all counter-proofs.Huang Tingjian also has a poem in memory of his poet friends: This is to commemorate the famous poet Chen Shidao and the famous poet Qin Guan.Chen Shidao, courtesy name Wuji, nicknamed Houshan Jushi, official secretary Shengzheng, is an important poet of the Jiangxi School of Poetry. He lives in poverty and often has no food and clothing.It is said that when he had the urge to create, he hurried home, closed the door and went to bed, covered with a quilt to conceive, sometimes for a whole day, hence the name of "searching for sentences behind closed doors".Qin Guan, whose courtesy name is Shaoyou, nicknamed Huaihai Layman, and Zeng Guanshi, is one of the "Four Scholars of Sumen".Qin Guanwen is quick in thinking, and often writes out thousands of characters in one breath.Huang Tingjian thought of them affectionately: I don't know if Chen Shidao, who is poor, has enough food and clothing?And Qin Guan died suddenly and forever in Tengzhou, where he was demoted. Huang Tingjian was the founder of the Jiangxi School of Poetry, and his fame spread far and wide during his lifetime. However, like his friend Qin Guan, he was exiled and forced to live in a dilapidated garrison building at the top of the city in Yizhou (now Yishan County, Guangxi). and died there a miserable death.
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