Chapter 18 The second quarter is full of clean energy

Literati painters in the Yuan Dynasty, influenced by Buddhism and Taoism, regarded naturalness, plainness, and no fake carving as beauty in art, and advocated light ink painting.Therefore, the prominent feature of flower-and-bird paintings in the Yuan Dynasty is the rise and widespread popularity of ink flowers, ink bamboos, and ink birds. Wang Yuan, courtesy name Ruoshui and nickname Tanxuan, was born in Hangzhou.Birth and death are unknown, but he was active in the Zhizheng period of the Yuan Dynasty (the end of the Yuan Dynasty). The paintings are all from the ancients, and there is no style of the school. The landscape master Guo Xi, the flower and bird master Huang Quan, the characters from the Tang Dynasty, all of them are exquisite. Especially the exquisite ink flowers, birds, bamboo, and stones are also contemporary masterpieces." In Wang Yuan's existing Among the works, although there are also Huang Quan's rich and colorful works along the way, the pure ink paintings without a single stroke are the most exciting.For example, "Peach and Bamboo Golden Pheasant", which is 103.3 cm high and 55.4 cm wide, is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing.In the picture, the stream is gurgling, and the peach blossoms are just blooming; the beautiful stones are exquisite, and the green bamboos are shaded.Two golden pheasants, one fell on the stone, pecking at the beautiful feathers; the other hid behind the stone, raised its head and looked straight into the distance.The misty mist in the distance further exaggerates the quiet and beautiful early spring scenery.The whole painting is purely drawn in different shades of ink, just like a modern "sketch".The shape is neat, accurate, and has a strong texture.Such as the smoothness of feathers, the fullness and gorgeousness of flowers, the hardness of stones, etc.What's more valuable is that these ink colors of different shades, dryness and wetness, and different shades are all drawn with traditional Chinese brushwork and ink techniques, which makes people feel colorless and colorful, and shows a refined and elegant style.It marks the revival of the trend of advocating indifferent and simple and elegant aesthetics.Wang Yuan's other ink and wash works include "Bamboo and Stone Collection of Birds", "Peach and Bamboo Spring Birds", "Peony Picture" and so on.

Under the ethnic discrimination policy of the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty, the intellectual painters of the Han nationality emphasized expressing emotions and individuality through borrowing objects, and often used plum, bamboo, orchid to express their outstanding character, which made ink bamboo and ink plum become a generation of fashion.Many famous masters appeared, such as Li Jin, Duan Sheng, Gu An, Ke Jiusi, Wang Mian and so on. Ke Jiusi (1290-1343 A.D.) was styled Jingzhong, named Danqiusheng, and nicknamed Wuyungeli.A native of Xianju, Taizhou.Good at poetry, calligraphy and painting, especially good at painting bamboo.Good at cultural relics identification.During the reign of Emperor Wenzong of the Yuan Dynasty, he was a Doctor of Appreciation of Kuizhangge Academy, specializing in the appraisal of famous calligraphy and paintings in the palace. In 1331, he was forced to resign due to suspicion. After Yuan Wenzong died in 1332, he returned to Jiangnan and died in depression.

Ke Jiusi painted bamboo, and Wen Tong and Su Shi of the Song Dynasty were patriarchal. Sometimes they used thick ink as the face and light ink as the back, just like Wen Huzhou.On the basis of tradition, he also used calligraphy to paint bamboo, which is unique and unique.Xu Xian's "Bannary History Collection Biography" said that he: "Gongshan wrote bamboo and stone, and he got the brushwork from Wentong. He tried to say that he used the seal method to write the stem, the cursive calligraphy to write the branches, and the eight points to write the leaves. The brushwork, wood and stone use golden hairpin strands, and house leak marks. Although it is indescribable, its business is flying, and it looks like a dragon and a phoenix, so scholars and bureaucrats from all over the world strive to cherish it."

Ke Jiusi's existing works include "Ink Bamboo Scroll", "Double Bamboo Picture Scroll", "Bamboo and Stone Picture" and so on.The brushwork is calm, the ink is thick and moist, or the density is sparse, or there are only a few strokes, all of which are thick and light, subtle and subtle. Wang Mian, known for his ink plum paintings, is a legendary figure.His life and conduct are often described in folklore and literary works. Wang Mian (1287-1359 A.D.) was born in Zhuji County, Zhejiang Province.Born in a poor peasant family.He had no money to study when he was young, and he used to herd cattle for others, but he was studious and tireless. He often forgot his cattle because of eavesdropping on students studying, so he was repeatedly whipped by his father.At night, I had no money to buy lamp oil, so I ran to the temple, sat on the lap of the Buddha statue, and read books all night long by the ever-burning lamp in the temple.Later, he was accepted as a disciple by Mr. Han in Kuaiji.Then study hard.He wanted to do something for the society, but failed after repeated attempts, so he burned all the articles he wrote and read the ancient art of war instead.He often wears a high-brimmed hat, green coir raincoat (shrinking) clothes, and long-toothed clogs, or swings a sword and sings, walking on the street;Others thought he was crazy, but in fact it was just an expression of a lonely attitude towards life.He also "went to Soochow, entered Huai and Chu, and visited famous mountains and rivers... North tour Yandu".In Beijing, he has a great reputation for painting plum blossoms, and many literati and nobles came to ask for paintings.It is said that Wang Mian made a picture of plum blossoms and hung it on the wall, with a poem on it: "The ice flowers are all as round as jade, and the Qiang flute can't blow them down." Driven by "nobles", he almost went to jail for this.In the end, he lived in seclusion in his hometown of Jiuli Mountain, bought land and built a house, lived a life of farming, calligraphy and painting, and spent his later years in this way.

The "Momei Picture" in the Palace Museum in Beijing is 31.9 centimeters high and 50.9 centimeters wide.A slanted plum branch protrudes from the right, and its slender branches run through the whole picture.The whole picture is painted in thick and light ink.The branches are moistened and straightened with heavy ink, just like growing branches. The buds and petals are dotted with light ink of different shades, and only the flower pedicles and pistils are dotted with heavy ink.The elegant beauty of plum blossoms and the unique charm of plum blossoms are shown in the faint ink marks.The painter wrote a poem saying: "My house washes the inkstone pool and the head tree, all the flowers bloom with light ink marks, don't let people praise the color, just leave the fresh air to fill the universe." This not only expresses the charm of plum blossoms, but also expresses the The original intention of the artist.

Wang Mian's black plum, there is another kind that wins by secret.For example, the "Plum Blossom" currently in the Shanghai Museum has huge trunks, dense branches, and numerous flowers, which is not very angry.Wang Mian was not only a famous painter, but also a very influential poet in the literary world in the late Yuan Dynasty.In addition to painting poems and posting poems, he also wrote a large number of poems exposing the extravagance and corruption of the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty and reflecting the pain of the working people, with simple and natural language.There is "Zhuzhai Poetry Collection" handed down in the world.