Chapter 10 Section 1 The Modern Classics and Ancient Classics of "Shangshu"

"Shangshu" is an incomplete compilation of ancient historical materials in my country.The content generally includes three categories: one is the precepts or oaths of the monarch to his subjects; the other is the advice or advice of the subjects to the monarch; the third is other ancient historical legends.Therefore, "Shangshu" is a valuable historical material for the study of my country's primitive society and slave society.However, because the Confucian school interpreted these ancient historical materials according to its own political theory, for more than a thousand years, the "Shangshu" has become the "Great Classics and Great Laws" of my country's feudal society, and the general policy of feudal emperors.In the Forbidden City in Beijing, we saw many couplets hung on pillars and poems written on screens, all of which were difficult to understand, many of which were words from "Shangshu".

How did these ancient historical materials come down?According to the "Hanshu Yiwenzhi", our country has had historians who recorded the words and deeds of emperors and princes since ancient times.Historians are divided into "Zuo Shi" and "Right Shi", one for "recording words" and the other for "recording events", each with its own responsibilities.Ancient historical materials are preserved through these words and deeds.Generally speaking, the collection of records is equivalent to today's "Chronicle of Memorabilia", and "Spring and Autumn" is a document of this nature; the collection of records is like today's "collections of speeches" or "quotations", and "Shangshu" is such a document. nature of the literature.However, judging from the scriptures in the current "Shangshu", there are also some records in it, or miscellaneous materials between records and events.

For materials like this, not to mention the legendary Yao and Shun eras, but only the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties that have historical records for thousands of years. If all of them were preserved, there would be tens of thousands of them. There is not much left. Judging from the quotations from the "Shangshu" quoted in the ancient books of the pre-Qin period, there are many chapters that are not in the current "Shangshu".Among them, there are as many as 32 articles whose titles are known.There are about dozens of other sentences that can be found to belong to "Shangshu" (according to Liu Qizhen's "Shangshu Xueshi" statistics).From this point of view, there should be at least a hundred or more chapters in the "Shangshu" that actually existed in the pre-Qin period.Confucius was once used as a history textbook.But how many articles did he choose to teach students?By the time Qin Shihuang burned the books, were the ones selected by Confucius the ones that were circulated in the Confucian school?How much is still preserved?What are they?These are now uncertain. "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" says that Confucius compiled a hundred articles. It should be said that although "the investigation has no real evidence", there is still "a reason for the incident".One hundred articles, not too many.However, the final version of "Shangshu" that we can see today is only 58 pieces, which are collected in "Five Classics and Four Books" in Ming Dynasty, Cai Chen in Song Dynasty's "Shu Ji Zhuan" (representing Song Learning) and "Thirteen Classics" in Tang Dynasty. 58 scriptures in Dai Kong Yingda's "Shangshu Zhengyi" (representing Sinology). "Shangshu Zhengyi" is a statutory scripture promulgated in the fourth year of Yonghui (653 A.D.) by Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty. It has a history of more than 1300 years.

For the convenience of readers who do not have the scriptures of the "Shangshu" at hand, the titles of these 58 scriptures are listed below: Yu Shu: Yao Dian Shun Dian Dayu Mo [mo Mo] Gao Tao [gaoyao Gao Yao] Mo Yiji Xia Shu: Yu Gong Gan Swears Five Sons' Song Yin Zheng Book of Commerce: Tang Swears Zhongfei [Huihui] Zhigao Tang Yixun Taijia Shang Taijia Middle Taijia Xiaxian Youde Pangeng Shang Pangeng Zhongpan Geng Xia Said Fate Said Fate Said Fate Gao Zongxun [rong Rong 〕Ri Xibo and Li Weizi Zhou Shu: Thai oath Shangtai oath Zhongtai oath Mucheng Wucheng Hong Fan Lumastiff [ao boil] Jin 縢 [teng Teng] The order of the great Wei Zi Kang Kang Jiu Gao Zicai Zhao Luo Gao Toast No Yijun Shi 〔shiy〕Cai Zhongzhi ordered many parties to establish a government, Zhou Guanjun, Chen Guming, Kangwang's edict, and Bi Mingjun Yajiong (jiong) ordered Lu Xingwenhou's order, Fei's oath, and Qin's oath

The above are the 58 chapters of the "Shangshu" in the "Thirteen Classics Commentary".There are 27134 words in total. However, among these 58 scriptures, only 33 were handed down from the pre-Qin period, and the remaining 25 were not at all.To be more precise, these 33 articles are actually only 28 articles, they are: Yu Shu: Yao Dian (Shun Dian) Gao Taomo (Yiji) Xia Shu: Yu Gong Gan Oath Book of Commerce: Tang Oath Pangeng (upper, middle and lower) Gao Zongxun, Xibo and Li Weizi Zhou Shu: Shepherd's oath, Hong Fan, Jin Teng, Dao, Kang, wine, Zicai, Luo, many scholars, no Yijun, and many parties established politics, Gu Ming (Kang Wang's patent), Lu Xing, Wenhou's order, Fei's oath, and Qin's oath

That is to say, "Shun Dian" was originally the second half of Yao Dian; "Yiji" was originally the second half of "Gao Tao Mo"; "Kang Wangzhi Gao" was originally the second half of "Gu Ming"; "Geng" was not divided into upper, middle and lower parts at the earliest.If these chapters are restored to their original state, only 28 of them are handed down from the pre-Qin period, and the rest are all descendants. The people in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty used scattered quotes from the "Shangshu" in the ancient books of the pre-Qin period to compose the text, which is not the original.To use an analogy: These 58 scriptures are like 58 ancient artifacts.Among them, 33 are original ancient relics, but three of them were broken into two pieces each, and one was broken into three pieces. If they are restored, 28 complete ancient relics will be obtained.The other 25 pieces are in different conditions. Some of them are like the faience pottery restored with faience fragments in the museum, and some are all forged antiques embedded with fragments of ancient artifacts.It is said to be fake, but there may be some genuine goods inside; it is said to be true, but it is not all the original, and it may not be the original.The 58 articles in the present "Shangshu" are such a pile of ancient historical materials with mixed authenticity and falsehood.When we start to get in touch with "Shangshu", we only need to understand the 28 (or 33) authentic materials, and the rest of the fake articles can be ignored.But it should be noted that pseudo articles are not completely useless, it depends on how we use them.Therefore, in order to fully understand the current "Shangshu", it is necessary to briefly introduce a little history.

According to the "Historical Records: Biography of Scholars", in the early years of the Han Dynasty, there was a man named Fu Sheng in Shandong who had been a doctor of the Qin Dynasty before.When Qin Shihuang burned books, he secretly hid a "Shangshu" in the wall.After Liu Bang pacified the world, Fu Sheng took out the secret collection of books, and dozens of them had been damaged, leaving only 29 (actually 28).Fu Sheng used these "Shangshu" to teach in his hometown in Shandong.During the time of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, the court was looking for someone who could speak "Shangshu", and wanted to invite Fu Sheng to come to the capital to give lectures.But at that time, Fu Sheng was over 90 years old and couldn't walk anymore, so he sent an official named Chao Cuo to study in Shandong.After that, "Shangshu" was circulated again.This record is generally credible.It's just that there was one more article recorded by Sima Qian, making 29 articles.It turns out that there are only 28 chapters in the "Shangshu" handed down by Fu Sheng.According to the "Bie Lu" written by Liu Xiang, a famous scholar at that time, there was a "Tai Oath" (renamed "Tai Oath" in the pseudo-ancient text) among the people during Emperor Wu. Emperor Wu asked the doctors to read it. A few months later, the doctors wrote Annotations to "Tai Oath".The 29 articles mentioned by Sima Qian even included the "Tai Oath" published later in this one (when this "Tai Oath" arrived in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ma Rong first raised suspicions that it was actually a forgery).This is the "Jinwen Shangshu".

In addition, according to historical records, since the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, there have been "ancient texts" Shangshu" appearing continuously.There are several theories in order of time: 1. According to "Historical Records: Biography of Scholars", Kong Anguo, the eleventh grandson of Confucius, has a family biography, which is more than a dozen more than the current version. 2. "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" said that there is an ancient text in the Western Han court collection. Liu Xiang once checked it with the modern "Shangshu" and found that there were many out-of-simplifications and off-characters.

3. "Han Shu·Jing Thirteen Kings Biography" contains "Hejian Xianwang Biography", which said that Hejian Xianwang Liu Dehao visited ancient books and obtained the ancient "Shangshu". 4. "Hanshu Rulin Biography" says that Zhang Ba of Donglai presented an ancient text "Shangshu" during the reign of Emperor Cheng, with 102 articles, called "Hundred Two Articles".100 of them are scriptures, and the other two are the "book prefaces" of the 100 scriptures compiled.After identification, it was found to be forged.But those one hundred "book prefaces" have been handed down and have had a great influence.

5. "Hanshu·Chu Yuanwang Biography" contains Liu Xin's "Shirang Taichang Doctor's Book", saying that King Lu Gong demolished the old residence of Confucius and got the ancient "Shangshu", which is 16 more than the modern "Shangshu". Presented by Kong Anguo To the court. According to these historical records, it can be believed that at that time the court of the Western Han Dynasty did have a copy of the ancient "Shangshu" in its collection, and Liu Xiang and Liu Xin had seen it with their own eyes.However, their origins are uncertain (it is very likely that Kong Anguo’s family heirlooms were dedicated to the imperial court), and these ancient "Shangshu" manuscripts have long been lost after the social turmoil in the late Western Han Dynasty.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the scholar Du Lin once obtained a volume of the ancient text "Shangshu" written in lacquer in Xizhou (northwest Gansu area). "Book of the Later Han Dynasty Rulin Biography" said that Du Lin "Chang Bao loves this volume of ancient lacquer book "Shang Shu", and even though it is difficult, he will never leave his body."And expanded from one volume to 29 chapters in the whole book.He earnestly told his disciples Wei Hong and Xu Xun to say: "Although the ancient prose is out of date, I hope that all living beings will not regret what they have learned!" This lacquered book, "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi" contains 29 articles.The "ancient texts" cited by Xu Shen in "Shuowen Jiezi" do not exceed the scope of these 29 articles, so it can be seen that they are Du Lin's editions.This book does not have the extra "Sixteen Articles" in the ancient text "Shang Shu" handed down in the Western Han Dynasty, but it is the same as the number of articles in the modern text. It can be seen that this book is not the same as the ancient text of the Western Han Dynasty. The ancient lacquer book "Shangshu" was annotated and promoted by Du Lin's students Wei Hong, Xu Xun, Jia Kui, Ma Rong, and Ma Rong's students Lu Zhi and Zheng Xuan, and became popular in the Wei and Jin Dynasties of the Three Kingdoms.However, in the fifth year of Emperor Huai of Jin Yongjia (311 A.D.), Liu Cong, the Hun, invaded Luoyang (known as the "Yongjia Rebellion" in history), and then disappeared again.According to Tang Lu Deming's "Classic Explanations·Xulu": "Yongjia was injured and disordered, and the books of all families died together." But just like at the end of Qin Dynasty, some scriptures were preserved among the people. After Emperor Yuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty established the Pian'an regime in the south, he issued an edict again to ask for scriptures.An official named Mei Zhe (Ze Li) (or Mei Zhe, Mei Yi) presented an "ancient text "Shangshu"" with 58 scriptures, which claimed to be the biography of Kong Anguo in the Western Han Dynasty, and it is said to be The "Book Biography" (that is, commentary) written by Kong Anguo.However, the origin of this book is still unclear to this day.According to the introduction of "Classic Explanations and Records": "Jiangzuo Zhongxing (referring to the establishment of the Pian'an regime in the Eastern Jin Dynasty), the internal history of Yuzhang during the Yuan Emperor's time Meizi played the ancient text "Shangshu" passed down by Confucius, and an article "Shundian" was lost. It is not available for purchase. Take Wang Su's annotation "Yao Dian", and divide it into "Shun Dian" from the following "Shen Hui Wu Dian" to continue. The apprentices are very prosperous." The annotations in this notebook have absorbed the strengths of previous annotations. Not only are the sentences basically understandable, but they are also concise and easy to learn, so they are very popular among scholars.In the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties, it was generally recognized by the academic circles, basically replacing the previously popular annotations by Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan, and it is commonly known as the "Shangshu", an ancient text passed down by Kong Chuan.In the Tang Dynasty, Kong Yingda used this book when he was ordered to compile "Shangshu Zhengyi", and later compiled it into "Thirteen Classics Commentary", which is the current "Shangshu" we see today. However, history has played a big joke on people.This so-called "Kong Anguo's ancient text "Shangshu"" is actually not a pre-Qin classic handed down by Kong Anguo, but a fake compiled by people in the Wei and Jin Dynasties in the name of Kong Anguo.In order to conform to the 58 articles in the ancient text "Shangshu" as said by the Han people, the forgers changed the scriptures equivalent to the 28 articles in the modern article handed down by Fu Sheng to 33 articles. 25 other sentences in ancient books were made up, and 58 were synthesized.It is this "Confucian ancient text "Shangshu"" whose origin is unknown, true and false, which has ruled the Chinese Confucian classics for more than a thousand years. But what is false is always false.Confucian scholars Wu Yu [yuyu] and Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty had raised doubts about the fabricated fakes.Because from a language point of view, the 25 fabricated "Ancient Classics" are much easier to understand than the 28 passed down by Fu Sheng.So Zhu Xi raised a question and said: "Han Confucianism regards Fu Sheng's text as the modern text, and calls Anguo's text the ancient text. If we examine it today, the modern text is more difficult and the ancient text is easy." "However, Fu Sheng's recitation of the text is common Its difficulty, but Anguo's research is based on the confusion and obliteration of the ancient books of Kedou, and the anti-specialization and its changes are unknown." Zhu Xi is worthy of being a master of Confucian classics who is eager to learn and think deeply.His eyes are very sharp.Everything in the world can be false, except language.Because the previous generation cannot speak the words of the future generation.No matter how brilliant the author is, as long as he intends to deceive, his language will inevitably show his flaws.In addition, there are many problems in history. For example, some stems and branches do not conform to the calendar, and some place names come after Kong Anguo. It can be seen that these scriptures and "Kong Anguo Biography" are all fabricated by later generations.Qing Dynasty scholar Yan Ruoqi (qu Qu) accumulated 30 years of work and wrote the book "Shangshu Guwen Shuzheng", listing 128 regulations and evidence, and finally judged it to be a fake book.From then on, the word "pseudo" was added in front of its name, which was called "Pseudo-Confucian ancient text "Shangshu", referred to as "Pseudo-ancient text "Shangshu"".Among them, the so-called "Book Biography" of Kong Anguo is called "Pseudo-Confucius Biography", and the 25 scriptures are called "Pseudo-Ancient Classics".