Chapter 2 Chapter Two Mo Di and the Book of Mozi

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended and there were many schools of thought. Among them, Confucianism and Mohism were the schools with the greatest social influence and many disciples.The birth and death dates, lectures, and political activities of Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, are all recorded in detail. In Qufu, Shandong Province, there is still a Confucius tomb on the shore of Surabaya, and there are still remains of Xingtan, the place where he lectured.The records about Mozi are extremely brief, and his relics have long been lost with the wild smoke and grass.

"Historical Records" did not set up a biography for Mozi, but only added 24 characters in "Biography of Mencius and Xunqing": Gai Modi, a doctor of the Song Dynasty, was good at guarding and guarding, and used it for festivals.Or it may be said that when Confucius was merged, or it may be said after that. Mozi's surname is Mozi and his first name is Zhai. This has been recognized in the pre-Qin period, and there are no differences of opinion in various classics.But after the Yuan Dynasty, some people searched for some untenable reasons, unconventional, and put forward different statements.They even fabricated the statement that Mozi was not Chinese but Indian.In fact, Mo is a surname in ancient China. "Yuan He Surname Compilation" says that the Mo family was transformed from the Mo Tai (taitai) family.

About Mozi's life time, birthplace, academic origin, etc., can only be analyzed and outlined based on limited materials. Regarding the age of Mozi, according to the records in the book "Mozi" and the legends of various schools in the pre-Qin period, Mozi was at the same time as Gongshu Ban, and slightly younger than Gongshu Ban.Gong Shuban was born in 489 BC (10 years before Confucius died).Mozi was also at the same time as Confucius' student "Zixia Zhitu".The story of Mozi's "stopping Chu and attacking Song" is recorded in many ancient books, which shows that this major event is quite credible.The time when Chu attacked Song Dynasty occurred between 445 BC and 440 BC, which is equivalent to when Mozi was 35 to 40 years old.In this righteous action, Mozi rushed from the north to the state of Chu. He did not rest for ten days and nights, which can prove that he was not too old; 300 people.Later, he presented a letter to King Chu Hui, who heard that Mozi was "a sage in the north" in Chu State, and respected him as "Sir", which shows that Mozi is not too young.At this time, Confucius' disciples Zixia and Zengzi were about 60 years old; Mozi's age was about the same as Zisi's, and should be around 40 years old.

In the chapter "Fei Gongxia", Mo Zi once said that "the warlike country today is Qi, Jin, Chu and Yue", and also said that "Uncle Tang and Lu Shangbang are in the same state...the world is divided into four parts".It is also said in "Jiebuxia" that "the princes are fighting hard, the king of Chu and Yue is in the south, and the king of Qi and Jin is in the north."Judging from the relationship between the vassal states at that time recorded in the book "Mozi", the Tian family has not yet replaced the Jiang family's Qi State; the Jin State has not yet been divided into three countries: Han, Zhao and Wei; The country of Yue has not yet fallen.

Based on the above, we can say this: Mozi, surnamed Mo, named Zhai, was born around 480 BC, died around 420 BC, and lived about 60 years old.He was born when Confucius was 70 years old. Regarding the birthplace of Mozi, ancient and modern scholars have about six theories: 1. Doubt.Sima Qian's "Historical Records" said: "Gai Mozi, the doctor of Song Dynasty." "Gai" is an uncertain word. "Doctor of the Song Dynasty" refers to Mozi who was a doctor in the Song State, and did not say which vassal country he was from. 2. Song people said.Ge Hong of the Eastern Jin Dynasty said in "The Legend of Immortals": "Mozi's name is Zhai, and he is also from the Song Dynasty." Yang Yan (jing Jing)'s note on "Xunzi · Self-cultivation" said: "Mo Di, from the Song Dynasty." These two sayings may be the same source.Clear and detailed textual research indicates that Mozi was born in the Song Dynasty, and there is a close friend Gu Jiegang.He pointed out that Mozi was the descendant of Boyi and the descendant of Song Xianggong in "The Origin of the Legend of Zen Rang from Mohist Research".

3. Said by a native of Chuyi and Luyang.This theory is advocated by Bi Yuan and Wu Yi from the Qing Dynasty. 4. Lu people said. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" Gao You's annotation said: "Mozi's name is Zhai, and he was from Lu." 5. Mozi said for Indians or Arabs.There are Hu Huaichen, Wei Juxian and others who advocate this theory (see "Mozi Debates for the Indians" and Wei Juxian's "Ancient History Research" Volume 2).This statement was rash and arbitrary, and no one mentioned it later. 6. The people of Zhu [zhu Zhu] said.Today's Wang Xiantang, Tong Shuye, Yang Xiangkui, and Zhang Zhihan advocate this theory.This book agrees with that.

In the ancient books of our country, such as "General History Clan Briefing" quoted "Yuanhe Surname Compilation" and said: "Mozi, after the Guzhu Lord, was originally the Modai clan, and later changed to the Mo clan." The book title of Mozi is "Mozi"." According to Gu Jiegang's textual research, "Zuo Zhuan" records that in the eighth year of Duke Xi's reign, Prince Zifu and his son Muyi surrendered the country with benevolence.My father said, Muyi is long and benevolent, and Muyi said, if you can give up with the country, what kind of benevolence is the greatest!This is quite similar to the legend that Boyi and Shuqi gave up the country to each other.Mozi is the descendant of Boyi, who are similar in fact and have the same surname, which may be a differentiation of legends.Mozi is the descendant of Boyi, in fact he is the descendant of the son Muyi.The State of Song was a descendant of the Yin people, and Duke Xiang of Song did not capture Ermao (the old man). He waited until the Chu people were in order before fighting.Does Mu Yi's surrender to the country and Mozi's universal love for the world bear the traditional imprint of the Yin nation's practice of benevolence and righteousness without fighting?

Muyi, the same surname of Xiaofangguo in the Shang Dynasty. "Historical Records Yin Benji": "...Afterwards, the country was divided into surnames. There was Muyi." After Muyi entered the Zhou Dynasty, it was merged into the Xiaolulou Kingdom.The son Muyi was granted the title of Muyi, and was buried in Muyi after his death.His tomb is next to Weizi's tomb, and there are still stone carvings from the Song Dynasty.The descendants of Muyi live in Muyi, and Mozi is the descendant of Muyizi (see Tong Shuye's "Spring and Autumn Zuozhuan Research").The son Muyi is the eldest son of Song Xianggong's brother. Because he was granted the title of Muyi, he was named Muyizi.

The address of Muyi, according to the note in "Zuo Zhuan" by Du Yu, a native of Jin Dynasty: "Fox Tai, Zhudi, there is Muyi Pavilion in the southeast of Lu Guofan County." "Teng County Chronicle" compiled in the 13th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (AD 1585) said : "Fox Taishan" is also called "Mutai Mountain".Today's Children's Book Industry "Muyi Pavilion" confirms that "Muyi Pavilion is in the territory of Teng County today".Scholar Wang Xiantang's "Yanhuang Clan Culture Research" said: "There are wood and stone in the southeast of Teng, Jimo Tai."

From the study of Mozi's academic and cultural origins and cultural types, modern people pointed out that Zhulou culture, that is, Zoulu culture.The ancients used to say Zoulu (Zhulou) culture, that is, because Zhu was earlier than Lu, Zhu culture was also more advanced than Lu culture.Lu culture began with Zhou Gong, and Zhu culture can be traced back to Xia and Yin.Zoulu culture is all about peace, against war, and emphasizing benevolence and righteousness. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Zou Lu was the highest level of natural science development.Ancient boats, chariots, clothing, and utensils were often called Zhu or Lou, and it can be inferred that they came from the Zhu and Lou regions.According to legend, the tomb of Xi Zhong, who built cars in ancient times, is only more than ten miles away from Mushi Town, Mozi's hometown.Gongshu Pan, who was at the same time as Mozi, also grew up at the foot of Mount Bian at the northern end of Zhulou. (See Wang Zixiang's "Si Zhi Gou Shen")

Fang Shichu said: "The Zou-Lu region is fond of academics and arts. It is quite similar to Athens in Greece. Knowing this relationship, Lu is the most prosperous state of Confucianism and the origin of Mohism. In terms of skills, The attack of defeat, and the defense of Mozi, both came from Lu people; the common people can suddenly understand the reason." ("Mozi Origin and Development") In the past 40 years, due to large-scale archaeological excavations and a large number of engineering constructions, many underground cultural relics have been discovered, such as the silk books "Laozi", "Book of Changes", "Spring and Autumn Events" unearthed from the tomb of Mawangdui (daidai) Hou in Changsha. "Yunmeng Qin bamboo slips" unearthed in Hubei, "Sun Bin's Art of War" and "Wei Liaozi" unearthed in Yinqueshan, Shandong, Qi Jinggong's martyrdom pit unearthed in Linzi, and Han and Tang documents unearthed in Xinjiang. It broadens the vision of the academic circle and solves some unsolved cases that have not been solved for a long time in history.The research on the pre-Qin philosophers and the textual research on the birthplace of Mozi have clarified the question that has been debated for thousands of years: Mozi is a native of Lu (a large area under the jurisdiction of Lu State), and the place where he was born and studied in his early years is today Mushi Town in Tengzhou City.This cannot but be said to be a new achievement of research on the birthplace of Mozi for thousands of years.The method of exploring the birthplace of Mozi in modern times: exclude the claims of Song people and Luyang people one by one, based on the existing evidence, that is, Mozi is from Lu people within a large range, and then gradually narrow the scope, according to historical records, cultural relics, academic sites, etc. The origin of the idea was implemented step by step in Muyi (Mushi Town) in Tengzhou.This method is more scientific. In general, as we know today, Mozi was born around 480 BC and died around 420 BC.He is from the country of Xiaolu in Lu Zhi, and his complexion is very dark (see "Guiyi").He was born and raised in the hometown of Zoulu culture, and he was born in the lower class of society.In his early years, he personally participated in production labor and was a highly skilled craftsman. He once compared his ingenuity with the famous craftsman Gongshu at that time (see "Lu Wen").He is proficient in the principles and methods of mechanical manufacturing, and can design a variety of defensive equipment for city defense, which is better than Gongshu's ladder for attacking the city (see "Gongshu").He lobbied in the state of Chu, and was called a "bitch" (a person of low social status) by the ministers of the state of Chu, who refused to adopt his opinions (see "Gui Yi").Zoulu area is located on both sides of Surabaya, with abundant products and convenient water and land transportation. It has been a place of prosperous economy and culture since ancient times.The local folklore likes academics and good skills.Under the influence of this environment and atmosphere, in addition to mastering some advanced scientific and technological knowledge, he also accepted Confucianism and studied historical documents.Later, he broke away from direct handicraft labor and entered the ranks of "scholars". He said that he "has no business for the emperor, and no difficulty for farming and farming" ("Plowing Column").He was gradually dissatisfied with Confucianism, created his own theoretical system, and established a well-organized school-Mohism.He publicly criticized Confucianism and became an opponent of Confucianism.He has been engaged in education and lobbying activities for a long time.He had many disciples, mostly from craftsmen.The content of education includes his social and political thoughts, philosophical thoughts, moral concepts, as well as scientific theories and technical methods.He traveled all over the world, preaching and teaching, and actively promoted his theories. He once traveled to Qi in the north, envoys to Wei in the west, and traveled to Chu in the south (the first time he went to Ying [yingying], and the second time to Luyang).He went deep into the society and made friends widely. It was rare for him to live in a fixed place for a long time. Often, the chimney on the stove had not been smoked black, and he went to another place to lobby, so there is a legend that "Motu is not in Guizhou".He lived a simple life, endured hardships and stood hard work, acted bravely, firmly believed in his own ideas and ideals, paid attention to practicality, and practiced by himself.He fought for the immediate interests of the working people of the lower class, and devoted himself to solving or alleviating their poverty and suffering from oppression; he cultivated disciples to realize the ideals of the school, and spent his whole life promoting his own ideas. Mozi's academic thoughts mainly come from his deep understanding of social and political changes in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and his actual experience of the living conditions of small producers and their desire to change their real situation; secondly, he inherited the culture and academic thought materials of his predecessors.Regarding the origin of Mohism, there is an earlier record in "Lushi Chunqiu·Dangran": The envoy of Lu Hui asked the emperor for the ceremony of the suburban temple. King Huan sent Shi Jiao to go, and Duke Hui ordered it.Later in Lu, Mozi learned from Yan. Later, there is a record in "Huainanzi Yaolue Xun": Mozi’s career as a Confucianist, influenced by Confucius’s technique, thought that his etiquette was annoying and did not say (yue), rich burials made the poor poor, and (long) obedience harmed life and harmed things, so he went against Zhou Dao and used Xia politics. These two statements differ and are not mutually exclusive.Shi Jiao is a Zhou historian and is familiar with Zhou rituals; Lu has the most preserved Zhou rituals and is the birthplace of Confucianism. Confucius attaches great importance to Zhou rituals.Mozi did learn from Confucianism but opposed Confucianism. Confucian classics such as ancient history books and "Poetry" have been quoted many times in "Mozi", which is a clear proof.Later, he saw the disadvantages of Confucianism such as "the ceremonies are disturbing" and "the rich burial wastes wealth and the poor", and believed that it was harmful to the people's livelihood of the country, so he deviated from Confucianism and founded his own school. Mozi was very yearning for the achievements of Xia Yu in the legend. In the chapter "Zhuangzi · Tianxia", he said: Mozi praised and said: "In the past, Yu's obliterated the flood, cut off the river and connected the four barbarians and the nine states...Yu personally manipulated the rivers of the world; Mao, bathe in the rain, fight against the strong wind, and set up all nations. The great sage Yu is also working hard for the world!" The Mohists of later generations mostly wear fur and brown as clothes, and use squatting as clothes, day and night, and self-suffering as their own. Ji said: "It can't be like this, it's not the way of Yu, it's not enough to be called ink." This may be an important basis for the "use of Xia politics" mentioned above.Mozi and the school he founded, the thought and style of enduring hardships and standing hard work, helping the world and saving the people are related to this. Zoulu Xiaolu Kingdom, where Mozi lived, was prosperous in academics, economically prosperous, and advanced in science and technology, so the local people loved academics and skills.In addition to Confucianism, Xia and Shang traditions are still preserved here, and the concepts of respecting heaven and respecting ghosts and gods still have a certain influence, which is also reflected in Mozi's thoughts.Mozi was a handicraft laborer, and most of his disciples were also small handicraft laborers. They worked for a long time and lived among ordinary people. .Only those who have personally experienced the pain of labor can feel this way. All of the above have had an impact on Mozi, and can be regarded as the origin of Mozi's theory. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals·Shangde" once recorded the story of Meng Sheng, the giant of the Mohist, guarding the country for the king of Yangcheng, and he would not surrender until his death.This incident happened in 400 BC after Wu Qi's death.Juzi was the leader respected and respected by the Mohist schools at that time, and he was not limited to a vassal state.Juzi is not found in the book "Mozi", but is mentioned in the works of other schools other than Mohism in the late Warring States period after Mozi.It can be seen that when Mozi was alive, he had not yet established such a system of giants handed down from generation to generation.After Mozi's death, Qin Huali inherited Mozi's career, teaching and teaching apprentices.The establishment of the Juzi system should be the first thing after Qin Huali.Meng Sheng is not found in "Mozi", which proves that Meng Sheng not only did not catch up with the era of Mozi's activities, but also should be after Qin Huali and Geng Zhuzi.After Meng Sheng, there was Tian Xiangzi as the giant... Mohism is an academic group with strict discipline.It has the following characteristics: 1. Send students to serve as officials in various vassal states. 2. If a disciple sent out to be an official betrays the basic spirit of the Mohist school (violating the principles of "universal love" and "non-aggression"), the Mohist leader can recall him at any time. 3. The Mohists have extremely strict discipline and a strong organization.Meng Sheng guarded the city for the Lord of Yangcheng, and Meng Sheng and 183 of his disciples were martyred at the same time.Fu (Huang Xiang), a giant of the Mo family, lived in Qin State. His son killed someone. Qin Huiwang said to Fu (Huang Xiang): "Mr. "But Fu (Huang Xiang) said: "According to the Mohist law, those who kill others shall pay for their lives, and those who injure others shall be punished. This is to prohibit all acts of killing and injuring others. But I can't follow the law of Mohism." Fu (Huang Xiang) didn't listen to Qin Huigong's advice, and finally killed his son to pay for his life.The Mohist spirit of obedience to the truth is still being praised time and again even hundreds of years later. 4. The disciples sent by Mozi and the Mohists to serve as officials are obliged to provide part of the official salary to the Mohist group. The book "Mozi", like other pre-Qin philosophers, has been circulated in China for thousands of years.Among them are Mozi's theories recorded by Mozi's disciples, and some chapters are the later Mohist theories. It is a series of Mohism.Although it was not written by Mozi, it cannot be said that the book "Mozi" is unreliable.As Mr. Guo Moruo said: "Although it was not written by Confucius, and "Mozi" was not written by Mozi, we cannot say that the main ideas in it are not from Confucius and Mozi." (See "The Bronze Age" by Guo Moruo) The book "Mozi", according to "Han Shu·Yiwenzhi", has a total of 71 chapters, 63 of which survived in the Northern Song Dynasty, and only 53 survived today. "Mozi" is compiled from the notes of Mozi's disciples.Under the same title, some chapters have the first, middle, and second chapters, such as "Shangxian", "Shangtong", "Jianai", "Feigong", "Jieyong", "Jiebu", "Heaven "Zhi", "Ming Gui", "Fei Le", "Fei Ming" and so on originally had three chapters, the upper, middle and lower, but now some are incomplete, and seven chapters are missing.According to Mr. Guo Moruo's research, there are three chapters on the same topic, which may be because Mozi's theory was later divided into three schools, and the records made by each school are slightly different.The meanings of the upper, middle and lower articles are basically the same.The thoughts of Mozi discussed in this book are mainly based on this kind of material. There is also a part of "Mozi" that talks about machinery manufacturing and war defense. There are 11 extant chapters (from "Beichengmen" to "Miscellaneous Shou").For Mozi and his disciples, this set of specialized techniques of war defense played a role in opposing aggressive wars.These technical knowledge were taught face to face by teachers and students at that time.There may be illustrations attached, but now there are no illustrations, and the written records are too simple, so it is not easy for future generations to understand.If you study the history of engineering and war, these articles are extremely precious original materials.Because this part of the works (the 11 existing ones) has no direct relationship with Mozi's thoughts, this book omits them.However, it must be pointed out that this part had its practical significance at that time.The reason why Mohism was valued by the princes of various countries at that time has a lot to do with their set of specialized skills. Today we study the thoughts of Mozi and early Mohists, with 24 articles including "Shangxian" and "Jianai" as the main materials. In addition, there are some ideas that are not in line with the Mozi school, such as the chapters of "Friends" and "Cultivation of the Body", which are clearly mixed with Confucian theories. According to the textual research of Liang Qichao, Guo Moruo and others, the six chapters of "Jing Shang", "Jing Xia", "Jing Shuo Shang", "Jing Shuo Xia", "Da Qu" and "Xiao Qu" are considered to be the thoughts of Mohism in the later period .These six articles (then called Mo Jing) included China's earliest knowledge on geometry, optics, mechanics and general physics, including a naive materialist epistemology and a fairly complete logic.Because some of the content of these six articles is a criticism of the wrong theories of Gongsun Long and Hui Shi, we can conclude today that this is the work of the late Mohist school.These six articles, such as focusing on the effect of practice, protecting the rights of private property, etc., are inherited from the early Mohist thought.At the same time, these six articles also discarded the elements of religious superstition of the early Mohist "respecting heaven" and "understanding ghosts".Although these six articles are short in length, their academic value is extremely high. The five chapters of "Gengzhu", "Guiyi", "Gongmeng", "Lu Wen", and "Gongshu" in the book "Mozi" record the words and deeds of Mozi and his disciples. The direct material for the study of Mozi's activities.There are also some events that clearly occurred only decades to a hundred years after Mozi's death. The mention of Wu Qi's death, etc., is obviously added by the later students of the Mohist school.Sun Yirang, the most famous expert on "Mozi" in the Qing Dynasty, fully believed in all the records in "Mozi" and determined the age of Mozi based on it, so he had to extend the age of Mozi to over 90 years old .This is not true.In addition to conducting research based on "Mozi", we also need to study books other than "Mozi" and major events in the pre-Qin period in order to obtain the truth that is closer to the facts. The book "Mozi" has been preserved, but it is incomplete. No one has done a complete and detailed annotation on it in the past 2000 years. Only Sun Yirang's "Mozi Jianwen" is a relatively usable annotation, and some difficult problems have not yet been resolved.Mohism, once the largest academic school, has less than 40 disciples whose names can be tested.