Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Song Dynasty Daqu Team Dance

Daqu used to be a splendid form of singing and dancing that prevailed in the court of the Tang Dynasty.However, "Yuyang Nao came to the ground with agitation and shocked the "Neon Clothes and Feather Clothes Song"".The Anshi Rebellion fundamentally shook the regime of the Tang Dynasty.Since then, the Tang Dynasty has been unable to pay attention to the ostentation of music and dancing like the heyday of the Tang Dynasty. After the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, there was a long period of war and separatism in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.The huge court singing and dancing troupe in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty was even more unsustainable.Therefore, the music and dance of the Tang Dynasty gradually disappeared.

After the establishment of the Song Dynasty, music and dance were revived.Inherit the Daqu of the Tang Dynasty and develop it.As a result, there was a new stage of singing and dancing in the court. The basic structure of Song Daqu is similar to that of Tang Daqu.However, compared with Tang Daqu, from the organization of the troupe to the way of performance, Song Daqu has a lot of refurbishments. The performance of Daqu in the Song Dynasty was based on team dance.The design and arrangement of the court team dance in the Song Dynasty is very thoughtful. The program of the performance has a certain format, and they like to express the storyline.

There are two basic teams in the court dance team in the Song Dynasty, one is the "children's team" and the other is the "female disciple team".The children's team is composed of 72 people, and the female disciple team is composed of 153 people. Both teams have 10 basic programs. The programs of the children's team include the "Zhezhi" team, the "Sword Weapon" team, the "Brahman" team, the "Drunken Huteng" team, the "Long Live the Husband" team, the "Children's Sacred Music" team, and the "Jade Rabbit Huntao" Team, "Foreign Land" team, "Children Jiehong" team, "Shooting the Condor Uighur" team.

The programs of female disciple teams include "Bodhisattva Man" team, "Promotion Music" team, "Throwing Ball Music" team, "Beauty Cutting Peony" team, "Flicking Neon Clothes" team, "Picking Lotus" team, and "Phoenix Yingle" team , "Bodhisattva Presents Fragrant Flowers" team, "Colorful Cloud Immortals" team, and "Playing Ball Music" team. Of course, in addition to these programs, "Fisherman's Dance", "Taiqing Dance", "Sword Dance" and so on were also performed at the banquet of the scholar-officials.

The members of the team dancers in the Song Dynasty had a strict division of labor. There is a conductor in the team dance, called "Bamboo Pole".Because he usually has to hold a special baton - a colorfully decorated bamboo pole, that's why he got this name. The band that accompanies the team dance is called "Hou Xing". The main body of the team dance is the "singing and dancing team". There are five actors leading the dance in the team dance, and their positions are often at the core of the formation, so they are called "Faxin".

The performance of team dance has a fixed program: 1. Bamboo poles lead the four or five lead dancers to the stage, standing in line. 2. Bamboo pole reads "Silence".Explain the program content of this show, and add a few auspicious words.If you perform in front of the emperor, of course you must sing praises. 3. After the speeches are finished, the singing and dancing team with a large number of conductors will appear on the stage, which is called "hook team". 4. Playing music, actors singing, dancing, and forming a certain formation. 5. Questions and answers with bamboo poles and flower hearts lead to the most exciting singing and dancing performances.Among them are pas de deux and solo dances.

6. Bamboo poles continue to come out to read the speech, leading to new song and dance passages.The team dance changes formation. 7. After repeating it several times, the bamboo pole reads the speech again, explaining that "the singing and dancing is over, and the meeting will go well", announcing that the singing and dancing has been performed and it is time to leave. 8. In the sound of the band playing, all the dancers danced, and the bamboo poles directed the dancers to leave the stage.This ending paragraph is called "release the team" or "dispatch the team".

Some programs of the team dance in the Song Dynasty originally inherited the traditions of the Tang Dynasty.But after a new arrangement, a different style appeared.For example, the "Zhezhi Dance" was originally a popular dance in the Tang Dynasty. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, it developed into the "Lotus Boy Dance" performed by two children, called "Qu Zhezhi".In the Song Dynasty, the "Zhezhi" team dance became an important program of the "Children's Team".During the performance, there are speeches from bamboo poles, speeches from flower hearts, solo dances with flower hearts, five-person dances, group dances, etc.The main body of the dance music is "Zhe Zhi Ling", but it also uses "Flicking Butterflies", "Thrush Over", etc., becoming a mixture of music from the Western Regions and music from the Central Plains.The make-up has also changed. In addition to still wearing the golden hat with "golden bells scattered" on the head, which means "it seems not a Chinese person", the clothes have been changed from the original long skirt with wide sleeves to a five-color embroidered robe.

The team dance of the Song Dynasty was not only popular in China, but also spread to North Korea and other countries.Until the Qing Dynasty, North Korea still had the "Jin Cuisine Rituals", which recorded the music and dance system.From it, we can get a glimpse of the choreography and formation changes of the team dance in the Song Dynasty.For example, it is said that Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty was watching peonies by the Chenxiang Pavilion, and ordered Li Bai to compose the poem "Qing Ping Le", and the disciples of Liyuan made the music."Beauty Cutting Peonies" led by Concubine Yang is an important program of the "Female Disciple Team" dance team in the Song Dynasty. "Song History Le Zhi" said that the makeup of the team dance is "clothes made of red and colorful, wearing a golden crown, and cutting peony flowers".After this team dance was introduced to North Korea, "Jingyue Yigui" said: "Set a peony flower bottle on a plate, and 12 female performers stand around the bottle, each take a bottle flower, and dance forward and backward." And provided libretto And field record diagram.

In the Tang Dynasty, there were story-telling songs and dances such as "Botou" and "Lanling King".However, Daqu in the Tang Dynasty still focused on emotional singing and dancing.In the Song Dynasty, singing and dancing were more popular than in the Tang Dynasty.The story singing and dancing in the Song Dynasty Daqu troupe dance accounted for a considerable proportion. For example, the "Sword Weapon" dance in the Tang Dynasty was a dance that expressed emotions alone, while the "Sword Weapon" team in the Song Dynasty introduced two famous stories about sword dances from the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty into the team dance.One is to perform "Xiang Zhuang's sword dance, intended for Pei Gong" at the "Hongmen Banquet", and Xiang Bo attends the sword dance to protect Pei Gong;It shows that the Daqu dance in the Song Dynasty is moving from the expression of "emotion" to the expression of "plot".

The performance of stories in Song Dynasty Daqu has something to do with the formation of Chinese opera art.Some programs in Song Zaju, such as "Yingying Liuyao", which shows the love story of Cui Yingying, and "Cui Hu Liuyao", which shows the story of Cui Hu's borrowing money, are evolved from Daqu. Daqu team dance was not only performed in the court of Song Dynasty and the homes of dignitaries.Countries that once confronted the Song Dynasty, such as Xixia, Liao, and Jin, also had performances of Daqu.The form of the performance is no different from that of the Song Dynasty. The Liao Kingdom established by the Khitan people absorbed the music and dance of the Han people and established "Great Music".There are "Jingyun Dance", "Broken Array Music and Dance", "Chengtian Music and Dance" and so on.Among the tomb murals in the sixth year of Liao Tianning (AD 1116) unearthed in Xiabali Village, Xuanhua, Hebei, there is a piece of "San Le Tu", which is a corner of the performance scene of Liao Dynasty Daqu. The Kingdom of Jin established by the Jurchen tribe had been in opposition to the Song Dynasty for a long time.The Jurchens are good at singing and dancing, and the popular "Zhen Peng Peng" - dancing with a single skin drum.During the war between Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty, some Daqu musicians in Song Dynasty stayed in the north, so there were also Daqu dances in the high hall banquets of Jin State. Yuan Deming, a poet of the Jin Dynasty, said in his poem "Viewing Zhezhi Prostitutes": "The sound of waist drums uncovers the painted beams, and the clouds are picked up to bring out Zhezhiniang." It is the popular "Zhezhi Dance" in the Kingdom of Jin.On the wall of Zou Qiongshi's tomb unearthed in Jiaozuo, Henan Province, there is a "San Le Tu", which depicts the dance scene of two artists, and is a precious dance relic of the Jin Dynasty. A sarcophagus was also found in Caopingling Village, Xiuwu County, Henan Province, more than 40 kilometers away from Jiaozuo.A picture of Daqu dance is engraved with lines on the coffin board, which is very similar to the above-mentioned Sanyue picture of Zou's tomb in Jiaozuo.This picture is also engraved with the six characters "Xiaoshidiao Jiaqingle", which indicates the name of the Daqu Palace Tune that was played.There is this song in Daqu of Song Dynasty.The picture depicts the scene of performing Daqu on the ground in the Jin Dynasty, which shows that the music and dance of Daqu in the Jin Dynasty are in the same line as the Song Dynasty. Xixia is a country established by the Dangxiang tribe, descendants of the Qiang nationality.Xixia people have legal attire, and men must be "bald".In Cave 97 of the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, there is a painting "Boy Flying to the Sky", which depicts a bald child with pigtails. You can imagine the appearance of Xixia children dancing.Xixia and the Northern Song Dynasty have had contacts for many years, and the Daqu of the Song Dynasty will also be transmitted to Xixia, but there is a lack of literature. The court dances of the Song Dynasty reflected the extravagant and extravagant style of the rulers of the Song Dynasty.Since the founding of the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty has been in the midst of internal and external troubles.With the succession of the Jin Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty to rule the Central Plains, the court music and dance, which concentrated the artistic characteristics of the Han nationality, gradually declined.However, Song Daqu's story-based singing and dancing paved the way for the formation of Chinese opera art.The art of dance has been absorbed by Chinese opera and has become an important means for Chinese opera to portray characters and express stories.In this sense, the dance art had a new development in the Song Dynasty.