Chapter 3 Chapter Two Hometowns of Pre-Qin Cultural Philosophers

Around 2200 BC, Dayu's son Qi established the first slavery dynasty in Chinese history - the Xia Dynasty.Later, Shang Tang destroyed Xia, and was eliminated by Zhou after passing on for 17 generations.The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties ruled mainly in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. They had left the Stone Age and created a developed bronze culture on the basis of agriculture and handicrafts. The characters also evolved from pictographic oracle bone inscriptions to regular seal script.Both architecture and astronomical calendars have made great progress.The Yin Ruins in the south of Anyang City, Henan Province, is the former capital of the Shang Dynasty.Remains of palaces, mausoleums of Yin and Shang royal families, more than 100,000 oracle bone inscriptions, a large number of bronzes, production tools, and daily necessities have been unearthed here. Kui] dragon pattern and Taotie [taotie dig post] pattern, weighing 875 kg, is a rare heavy weapon in the world.The Fenghao site in the south of Chang'an County, Shaanxi Province was originally the former capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Fengjing of King Wen of Zhou and Haojing of King Wu of Zhou faced each other across the Feng River.Many tombs, chariot and horse pits, house ruins and bronzes have also been unearthed here.Both of these places have been protected by the state, and there are showrooms where a large number of cultural relics are exhibited.

After the fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty, King Ping of Zhou gave up Gaojing and moved his capital to Luoyi, which was called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in history.There were more than 140 vassal states that were separated, and they no longer obeyed the rule of the Zhou royal family. This was the Spring and Autumn Period.After the fierce annexation wars of various countries, in 476 BC, marked by the division of Han, Zhao, and Wei into the Jin Dynasty, it entered the Warring States Period dominated by the Seven Powers.With the advent of great social changes, all kinds of ideas are extremely active, and culture has seen unprecedented prosperity.Laozi, Confucius, Mozi, Mencius, Zhuangzi, Han Feizi, and Qu Yuan are all cultural celebrities who emerged during this period.Among them, the hometown and burial place of Confucius, Mencius and Qu Yuan have become important scenic spots.

Confucius (551-479 BC), named Qiu and named Zhongni, was a great thinker and educator in the Spring and Autumn Period.He founded the Confucian school, deleted and edited the official chronicle "Spring and Autumn" of the State of Lu, and sorted out the collection of poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period.He served as a military officer of the Lu State, and traveled around the world, advocating the restoration of the ritual and music system of the Zhou Dynasty everywhere, but no one adopted his ideas.Confucius devoted his whole life to education. He had three thousand disciples and seventy-two sages.His words and deeds are mainly preserved in the book, which later became an important classic of Confucianism.After Confucius died, Duke Ai of Lu used his former residence in Qufu as a temple, collected his clothes, qin, chariot and books, and ordered sacrifices every year.Later, Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, went to the state of Lu to offer sacrifices to Confucius in person, and the ceremony of offering sacrifices to Confucius by emperors continued until the Qing Dynasty.

Qufu Confucian Temple has been rebuilt and expanded more than 70 times in the past dynasties. The scale of the temple seen so far was built under the personal instruction and supervision of Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty.The area is more than 327 mu, the total length from north to south is 1120 meters, and there are nine courtyards in the front and back.Among them, there are 5 halls, 53 gates, 13 stele pavilions and other ancestral halls, altars, pavilions, halls, etc. The layout is rigorous and resplendent, just like the palace of an emperor. Like all Confucian temples in the country, the main hall of Qufu Confucian Temple is called "Dacheng Hall", because Mencius once praised Confucius as a person who "gathered great achievements", meaning that he concentrated all the cultural achievements of his predecessors.The apricot altar in the temple is a famous scene. According to "Zhuangzi Yufu", it is the place where Confucius gave lectures and rested.In the former residence of Confucius on East Road, there is a poetry auditorium.It is said that Confucius once taught his son Kong Li to learn poetry and rites, so the descendants of Confucius built a hall here to express that they will not forget their ancestors' precepts.There is also a piece of Lubi behind the poetry auditorium, which is also very famous. According to "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi", when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, King Lu Gong expanded the palace and demolished the former residence of Confucius. A group of Confucian classics were found in the wall, which are nine of Confucius's works. The grandson Kong Yu (fu Fu) (some say it was Kong Teng) hid it in it when Qin Shihuang burned the book.Later generations built Lubi to commemorate his achievements in preserving classics.However, many scholars in the Qing Dynasty were very skeptical about this matter.

There are also many precious cultural relics in the Confucian Temple. For example, the forest of steles contains more than 2,000 steles from the Han Dynasty. Together with the forest of steles in Xi'an, the forest of earthquake steles in Xichang, Sichuan, and the forest of steles at the South Gate of Kaohsiung City in Taiwan, they are collectively known as the four major forests of steles in China.Among them, the Forest of Steles of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties is the most valuable. It houses the famous official script steles of the Han Dynasty, such as the Yiying Stele, the Ritual Vessel Stele, and the Shichen Stele, as well as the famous official script steles of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, such as the Kong Xian Stele and the Zhang Menglong Stele.The 28 dragon-carved stone pillars in the corridors around the Dacheng Hall are original objects from the thirteenth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1500). The high level of art can be called the first among dragon pillars in the country.

The Confucian Mansion on the east side of the Confucian Temple is the mansion of the eldest grandson of Confucius.After the death of Confucius, the descendants lived in the former residence.In the Northern Song Dynasty, the 46th generation Sun Kongzong was willing to be regarded as Yanshenggong, and the 56th generation Sun Kongxi Xuecai was ordered to build another mansion, which became the independent Yanshenggong Mansion.In the north of Qufu City, there is Konglin, which is the cemetery of Confucius and his family. There are more than 100,000 tombs in it, all of which are descendants of Confucius. The direct descendants have been buried for 76 generations, and have been uninterrupted for more than 2,000 years.As a family cemetery, it has a long history and complete preservation, which is rare in the world.

Yasheng is Mencius, a famous thinker in the Warring States Period.He inherited the theory of Confucius and became the greatest Confucian master after Confucius, which had a great influence on the ideological world at that time and later generations.Therefore, Confucius and Mencius have always been mentioned together, with Confucius as the sage and Mencius as the second sage. Mencius (about 372-289 BC), named Ke, was born in Zou, State of Lu.Learn from Confucius' grandson Kong Ji (ie Zisi).He once lobbied Liang Huiwang and Qi Xuanwang, but they were not reused.In his later years, he wrote books and taught apprentices, including seven chapters of "Mencius", which gave full play to Confucius' thoughts on benevolence and righteousness.He was buried in his hometown after his death.In the fourth year of Jingyou in the Northern Song Dynasty (1037 A.D.), when Kong Daofu, the 45th generation grandson of Confucius, was the magistrate of Yanzhou, Mencius's tomb was discovered at the west foot of Siji Mountain in the northeast of Zou County, Shandong Province, and a temple was built here to worship.In the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084 A.D.), the imperial court gave another 300,000 yuan to build more tombs and temples and purchase sacrifice fields.In the third year of Xuanhe (1121 A.D.), the Meng Temple was moved to Nanguan in Zou County.In the Yuan Dynasty, Mencius was named the Holy Duke of Zou Guoya, and the Mencius Temple and Mencius' tomb were continuously added and expanded.The existing buildings were rebuilt after the earthquake in the Kangxi year of the Qing Dynasty.There are seven main halls and five courtyards, covering an area of ​​more than 60 mu.There are more than 350 stone inscriptions in the temple. The famous inscriptions include the Qin Li Siyi Mountain Stele imitated in the Yuan Dynasty, and the "Su Yuhua Epitaph" written by Ouyang Xun of the Tang Dynasty.The ancient trees in the temple are lush.The cemetery also developed to cover an area of ​​nearly 6,000 mu during the Kangxi period, and was called "Menglin".There are five halls of enjoyment, and behind the hall is the tomb of Mencius.Next to Meng Temple is Meng Mansion, also known as Yasheng Mansion.It was built about after Song Xuanhe moved to the temple, and it formed a considerable scale in the Ming Dynasty. There are still four courtyards and 116 halls.

Mencius was born in Fufu Village in the south of Qufu City, Shandong Province, so there are historical sites such as Mencius' hometown, Mencius Well, and Mencius Forest in the village.The story of Meng's mother teaching her son has been passed down through the ages.For example, "Meng's mother moved three times", it is said that Mencius's family used to live near the cemetery.Mencius often dug a pit like a funeral, and Meng's mother moved to the market.Mencius followed the example of a peddler to sell for fun, and Meng's mother moved again and lived near the school palace.There are many scholars who know the book and respect the etiquette gathered here. Affected by the environment, Mencius also studied and practiced the etiquette at home all day long.Mother Meng chose a good environment suitable for teaching her children, which was extremely important to Mencius' development throughout his life.In addition, there is a story of "cutting the computer to persuade students to learn".It is said that Mencius did not study hard when he was a child. One day when he came back from school, Meng’s mother asked him about his homework. Mencius said: It is neither good nor bad.Mother Meng cut off the cloth on the loom angrily, and said to Mencius, "If the cloth is broken, you can never pick it up again. If you don't study hard often, you will never learn the skills."From then on, Mencius studied hard.To commemorate Mengmu, there is a monument of "Mengmu's machine break" in Meng Temple.At the foot of Ma'an Mountain, the burial place of Mengmu in Fu Village, there is Mengmu Forest, with a forest land of more than 10,000 mu.There are Xiangdian and Mengmu Tomb in the forest.

If Confucius and Mencius were the masters of the Central Plains culture in the Spring and Autumn Period, then Qu Yuan was the representative of the southern Chu culture in the Warring States Period.In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Chu State had developed from a small and remote country to a powerful country with an area of ​​5,000 miles, becoming one of the Five Hegemons in the Spring and Autumn Period.During the Warring States period, King Huai of Chu united the five countries to attack Qin and served as the commander of the longitudinal treaty.During the long-term wars between Chu State and various ethnic groups in the Central Plains, Chu culture was formed, which infiltrated the Central Plains culture into the witch culture.Qu Yuan's poems such as "Li Sao", "Nine Songs", "Heavenly Questions" and "Nine Chapters" are full of enthusiasm for pursuing lofty ideals, represent the highest achievements of Chu culture, and are immortal models of Chinese classical poetry.

Qu Yuan (approximately 335 BC-296 BC?), named Ping, was an aristocrat of Chu State. He was trusted by King Huai of Chu in his early years. He cultivated laws and united Qi against Qin, but was slandered by the aristocratic political group and alienated by King Huai.Although he was recalled later and served as a doctor of Sanlu, he was exiled when King Chu Qingxiang ascended the throne.When he walked to the Miluo River near the Xiangshui River, he threw himself into the water and died on May 5, the third year of King Qingxiang of Chu (296 BC), which was later designated as the Dragon Boat Festival.There are many relics left by Qu Yuan in Hubei and Hunan.

Qu Yuan's hometown is Xiangluping, Lepingli, Zi [zi], Gui County, Hubei Province. It is said that Qu Yuan's old residence is located.There are also the "reading hole" and "face-to-face well" that he used when he was a teenager.The Ezhu [zhuzhu] that Qu Yuan passed through in exile is in the area of ​​Wuchang today.Now in Tingtao District of East Lake, Xingyin Pavilion, Jusong Pavilion, Canglang Pavilion and memorial hall have been built in memory of Qu Yuan.On the banks of the Miluo River where Qu Yuan threw himself into the water, there are also Qu Zi Temple and Qu Yuan's tomb.There are 12 tombs in total. It is said that Qu Yuan's body went upstream after he threw himself into the river, and half of the leader was eaten by fish and turtles.Of course, these rumors may not be credible, but they reflect the people's love and eternal memory for this great patriotic poet. In his poem "Sorrow for Ying", Qu Yuan expressed his deep nostalgia for Ying Du of Chu State.Yingdu is five kilometers north of today's Jiangling City, south of Jishan, and its old city site is also called Jiying.Since King Wen of Chu established the capital in Ying in 689 BC, 20 generations of Chu kings have guarded the capital here, which lasted for more than 400 years.This was the most prosperous city in the South at that time.From the excavation of the ruins, it can be seen that the Chu State has reached a very high level in urban construction, smelting, bamboo, wood and pottery production, music and art.In the old city of Yingdu, there are still earth-built city walls, city gates, foundations of palace buildings in the city, ancient wells, pottery kiln sites, etc.There are seven gates in total.There are also two water gates, which are the exits of the four ancient rivers in the city, one in the south wall and one in the north wall.The Shuimen site in Nanyuan is a wooden building, consisting of four rows of upright wooden pillars to form three doorways, each row of 10 wooden pillars.The doorway is about 11 meters long and three meters wide, which can be used by ships.There are bridges or other outbuildings on wooden posts.It can be seen that the water supply system at that time was relatively complete. There are also a large number of Chu State tombs on the Baling Mountain, Ji Mountain and the shore of Changhu Lake outside the city of Ying.The gold coin "Ying Yuan" of Chu State, the bronze wares of Yue King Goujian and batches of bamboo slips have been unearthed.25 early Warring States stone chimes were unearthed at the platform in the south of the city. They were made of blue-gray stone with painted phoenix birds and other patterns on them. After acoustic tests, 20 of them had good pronunciation and beautiful sound quality.At present, the ancient city of Yingdu has become an important historical site for the study of Chu history. There is a hill outside Changmen in Suzhou. Legend has it that Fucha, king of Wu, buried his father Helu on this hill. Three days after the burial, "a white tiger sat on it", so it was named Tiger Hill.The mountain is only more than 30 meters high, but it is very imposing.Huqiu Pagoda, that is, the Yunyan Temple Pagoda stands on the top of the mountain and can be seen from a long distance. It has become a symbol of Suzhou City.There are many scenic spots on Tiger Hill related to King Helu of Wu, the most famous ones are Jianchi and Thousand People Stone.The sword pool is rectangular and two feet deep, in front of the tomb of King Helu of Wu.When building the tomb, 100,000 migrant workers were mobilized to transport earth and rocks with elephants.The mercury in the tomb is the pool, and the gold and jade are the mallard geese.Because of Helu's love of swords, he was buried with three thousand famous swords such as "Zhuanzhu" and "Yuchang".Legend has it that both Qin Shihuang and Sun Quan sent people to chisel stones here to seek swords, but they found nothing.The place where the stone is cut forms a deep pool, so it is called Jianchi.There is also a saying that Jianchi is the place where swords are smelted and quenched. When Jianchi was dredging in 1955, notes inscribed by Tang Yin, a famous literati in Ming Dynasty, and others were found on the cliff.After excavation, there is a stone crack at the north end of the bottom of the pool, with a sharp top and a wide bottom, and the inside is like a cave.There is a 10-meter-long roadway inside, which can only be passed by one person.There are four huge stones at the end, which are artificially made bluestone slabs, which are very similar to the cave tomb system in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, and they may be the tomb gates.From this point of view, it is likely that the sword pond was dug to cover the tomb door of King Helu of Wu. The Thousand Persons Stone is a large Pantuo stone.According to legend, after the Helu Tomb was completed, Fu Chai tricked thousands of craftsmen here to drink and watch the crane dance.There is also Sun Wuzi Pavilion on the east ridge of Huqiu.Sun Wu was a native of Qi State at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. He Lu, king of Wu, used him as a general, enabling Wu State to dominate.According to legend, he trained maids for the king of Wu, but the maids refused to obey orders, so he beheaded two favored concubines of the king of Wu.This story happened on the Thousand People Stone in Huqiu."Sun Tzu's Art of War" written by Sun Wu is the oldest military book in our country. It has been handed down to this day and has aroused the interest of many countries in research.