Chapter 24 Chapter 6 Continuation and End of the Split: Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan Periods

In 960, Zhao Kuangyin replaced Hou Zhou through a mutiny and established the Song Dynasty. The capital was still in Kaifeng, Tokyo, which was known as the Northern Song Dynasty in history. In the fourth year of Taiping Xingguo (AD 979), the Northern Song Dynasty eliminated the last separatist regime, the Northern Han Dynasty, and basically restored the territory of the late Tang Dynasty.But its northern boundary has retreated to Hequ, Kelan, Yuanping, Daixian, Fanzhi in Shanxi and Fuping, Mancheng, Rongcheng, Bazhou City and Tianjin City in Hebei.During the war between Song and Liao, the Liao army went south many times, reaching as far as Chan [chan Chan] prefecture (where the government is located in today's Puyang City, Henan); the Song army also advanced to the north of this line; but when the two sides were stable The situation has not changed.

Although Li Jipeng, the leader of the Dangxiang tribe in the Northwest, surrendered to the Song Dynasty for a time, and donated Yin (the government is located in the southeast of Yulin City, Shaanxi Province), Xia (the government is located in Beibaichengzi, Jingbian County, Shaanxi Province), and Sui (the government is located in the present-day Sui County, Shaanxi Province). De County) and You (now the ancient city of Chengchuan in the southeast of Etuoke Banner, Inner Mongolia), but his brother Li Jiqian occupied Yinzhou three years later, and then continued to attack Xia, Ling, Lin and other prefectures. Did not really obey the rule of the Song Dynasty.By 1034 (the first year of Song Jingyou), Li Jiqian's grandson Yuanhao (who was once called Zhao Yuanhao because he was "given" by the Song Dynasty as Zhao) officially established the Xia Kingdom, which was called Xixia in history.Since then, the northwestern boundary of the Song Dynasty has been roughly stabilized at present-day Lanzhou and Jingyuan in Gansu, Tongxin in Ningxia, and Baigan Mountain in northern Shaanxi.

The Song Dynasty has not yet regained control of the ethnic minority areas in the southwest that broke away from the rule in the late Tang Dynasty. The main expansion of territory in the Northern Song Dynasty was carried out during the 30-odd years during the Xining period of Shenzong and the Daguan period of Huizong. In the northwest, the land lost since the late Tang Dynasty was seized from the tribes to which Tubo belonged.In the fourth year of Xining (1071 A.D.), Wang Shao was appointed as the newly installed Taohe pacifier and began to use troops in the Hehuang area.In the following year, he defeated Muzheng of the Qiang nationality, recovered Xizhou, and set up Xihe Road.Lu was a first-level administrative region in the Song Dynasty, generally governing several to ten or twenty states.The Song Dynasty set up a road here, which not only shows the importance it attaches to this battle, but also shows its development plan.In the sixth year of Xining, Wang Shao acquired He (where the government is now southwest of Linxia City, Gansu), Tao (where the government is now Lintan County, Gansu), Min (where the government is now Min County, Gansu), and Dang (where the government is now Dangchang, Gansu). County), 亹〔menmen〕 (where the government is located in today's Menyuan County, Qinghai Province) and other prefectures.In the second year of Yuanfu (AD 1099), there was an internal conflict among the leaders of Miaochuan in Tubo. The Song Dynasty took the opportunity to acquire Miaochuan and Qingtang, and set up Huangzhou (where the government is now in Ledu County, Qinghai) and Shanzhou (the same government).However, it was soon abandoned due to the Qiang people's resistance, and other prefectures were also lost.In the second year of Chongning (1103 A.D.), the Song army recovered Huangzhou, and the following year recovered Shanzhou and Kuozhou (where the government is located in the southwest of Hualong County, Qinghai today).In the second year of Daguan (1108 A.D.), Taozhou and Jishi Army (where the government is located in the west of Guide County, Qinghai today) were recovered.In this way, the territory of the Song Dynasty expanded to the Huangshui River Basin, the Daxia River Basin, and the Tao River Basin south of Wuqiaoling today.

In the southwest, the Song Dynasty progressed to restore control of ethnic minority areas.After many military conquests and "recruitments", today's southern Sichuan, southwestern Hubei, western Hunan, northeastern Guizhou, and western Guangxi were reincorporated into the territory, and formal counties or Jimi prefectures were set up.The most famous one was the fifth year of Xining (1072 A.D.) when Zhang Xiang was sent to open the "Meishan Man".Meishan is now the area of ​​Xinghua and Anhua in central Hunan. It is an area inhabited by the Yao people. Since then, it has established a county, built a city, compiled household registration, fixed taxes, and set up a formal administrative area like the Han area.

In the first year of Jingkang (1126 A.D.), the Jin army captured Kaifeng. In the following year, Emperor Huizong and Emperor Qinzong of Song Dynasty were exiled and moved to the north, and the Northern Song Dynasty fell. In 1127, Zhao Gou (Song Gaozong) ascended the throne in Nanjing (now south of Shangqiu City, Henan Province), known as the Southern Song Dynasty in history.Under the pressure of the Jin soldiers, Emperor Gaozong continued to move southward, and in the third year of Jianyan (1129 A.D.), Hangzhou was promoted to Lin'an Prefecture, and it was built as the office (temporary capital).

Compared with the Northern Song Dynasty, the southern and southwest borders of the Southern Song Dynasty did not change much, but the northern border was greatly moved southward due to the invasion of the Jin people.At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin Bing once entered the central part of the three provinces of Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang.In the ninth year of Shaoxing (1139 A.D., the second year of Jin Tianjuan), the first peace agreement between Song and Jin was established, and the two sides decided to use the Yellow River at that time as the boundary.But the next year, the Jinren broke the contract and sent troops to take Henan and Shaanxi.In the eleventh year of Shaoxing (the first year of Jinhuangtong), Song and Jin agreed to use the Huaihe River as the boundary.In the second year, the western boundary was adjusted to Dasan Pass (southwest of today's Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) and south of today's Qinling Mountains.Although there will be partial changes in the future, it will basically be stable at this boundary.

According to the records in the book "Zhu Fan Zhi" written by Zhao Ru (辶上 (上民下口)) [kuo Kuo] in the second year of Baoqing (AD 1226), at that time the Penghu Islands belonged to Jinjiang County on Fujian Road. .This marks the strengthening of the mainland regime's exercise of jurisdiction over offshore islands.